ADVANCED TOPICS IN BIOMINERALIZATION Edited by Jong Seto Advanced Topics in Biomineralization Edited by Jong Seto Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advanced Topics in Biomineralization, Edited by Jong Seto p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0045-4 Contents Preface VII Part 1 Biomineralizing Schemes and Strategies 1 Chapter 1 Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Biomineralization 3 Magdalena Wojtas, Piotr Dobryszycki and Andrzej Ożyhar Chapter 2 Single Amino Acids as Additives Modulating CaCO 3 Mineralization 33 Christoph Briegel, Helmut Coelfen and Jong Seto Chapter 3 Control of CaCO 3 Crystal Growth by the Acidic Proteinaceous Fraction of Calcifying Marine Organisms: An In Vitro Study of Biomineralization 49 M. Azizur Rahman and Ryuichi Shinjo Part 2 In Vivo Mineralization Systems 63 Chapter 4 The Chiton Radula: A Unique Model for Biomineralization Studies 65 Lesley R. Brooker and Jeremy A. Shaw Chapter 5 Cartilage Calcification 85 Ermanno Bonucci and Santiago Gomez Part 3 Applied Biomineralization 111 Chapter 6 Biomimetic Materials Synthesis from Ferritin-Related, Cage-Shaped Proteins 113 Pierpaolo Ceci, Veronica Morea, Manuela Fornara, Giuliano Bellapadrona, Elisabetta Falvo and Andrea Ilari Chapter 7 Biofilm and Microbial Applications in Biomineralized Concrete 137 Navdeep Kaur Dhami, Sudhakara M. Reddy and Abhijit Mukherjee VI Contents Preface Emerging from investigations of bone, shell, and tooth formation, the field of biomineralization has rapidly grown in the past decade—utilizing novel method and device developments that have resulted from advances in nano -science and - technology. These tools have enabled direct measurement, manipulation, and visualization of processes at or near the molecular level. Not only have the methods improved, but biomineralization has become multidisciplinary—relying on the active cooperation of molecular biologists, physical chemists, as well as materials scientists to approach questions from other perspectives. Active centers in biomineralization research are found throughout Germany, Israel, Japan, United Kingdom as well as the United States. Biomineralization has become not only an interdisciplinary matter but also an international one, which benefits tremendously from the cooperative as well as coordination of research efforts stretching around the world. Pooling together the expertise at these centers and disciplines to focus on key issues in biomineralization, our understanding of the formation, regulation of properties and application of biominerailized materials have dramatically improved. By examining biomineralized materials at smaller length scales, we can observe interfaces where organic and inorganic interactions occur. At these length scales, molecules have been found that can inhibit mineralization. Another category of molecules that can nucleate mineral are more elusive, but are believed to exist as well. The interactions of the organic with the developing mineral—in the form of ions and clusters of ions—have led to a better understanding of the influence of additives involved in mineralization. Several groups have also found the existence of amorphous phases and their significance in directing the formation of specific crystalline phases. If we fully understand these principles at the atomic and molecular levels, bottom-up construction schemes can be utilized to make materials that are tailored with specific properties. Some groups have even gone into exploring these schemes for building materials for use in construction of large structures like bridges and buildings. In the next decade, we hope that the biomineralization community will continue to grow and VIII Preface develop, incorporating novel examples of Nature’s biomineralization toolkit to create functional materials that will create a more clean, safe, and livable society. Jong Seto Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz Germany [...]... roles in the organization of the collagen matrix and in the modulation of HA crystal formation (Ganss et al., 1999) NCPs 6 Advanced Topics in Biomineralization are often classified as IDPs Some examples of IDPs engaged in HA formation are presented below 3.1 SIBLINGs Small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) with NCPs are involved in the mineralization of bone and dentin (George... n16-N Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Biomineralization 13 simultaneously interacted with β-chitin and the nucleating mineral phase, finally leading to aragonite formation in vitro (Keene et al., 2010) Also noteworthy, n16-N alone induced calcite formation (Kim et al., 2004) It has been suggested that the binding of n16-N to βchitin could trigger disorder-to-order transitions In summary, the intrinsically... deposits in the inner ear of fish, responsible for sensing gravity and detecting linear acceleration They are mainly composed of calcium carbonate, but also contain 16 Advanced Topics in Biomineralization a small fraction of organic molecules (1-5 % w/w) The organic matrix acts as a template for depositing crystals, promoting crystal growth in certain directions, and inhibiting crystal growth in undesired... fluctuations in the peptide chain lead to a greater amount of potential phosphorylation sites, more so than in the case of globular proteins (Bertrand et al., 1996; Iakoucheva et al., 2004) Using the IDP classifications (2.2), one can classify the proteins involved in biomineralization into several groups Those most important for biomineralization are Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Biomineralization. .. is also modulated by interactions with β-chitin OMM64, n16 and β-chitin in isolation can not induce aragonite formation in vitro However, the combination of OMM46/β-chitin and n16/β-chitin molecules result in aragonite formation Moreover, it has been suggested that the intrinsic disorder of n16 is a key factor allowing this protein to simultaneously interact with β-chitin and mineral face (Keene et...Part 1 Biomineralizing Schemes and Strategies 1 Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Biomineralization Magdalena Wojtas, Piotr Dobryszycki and Andrzej Ożyhar Wroclaw University of Technology Poland 1 Introduction Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have the potential to play a unique role in the study of proteins and the relationships between structure and function Intrinsic disorder affects... oligomerization is induced by calcium ions (He et al., 2003b) A fascinating example of IDPs involved in biomineralization is DMP1 This multifunctional protein is able to interact with calcium ions (He et al., 2003a, 2003b), HA crystals (He et al., 2003a), collagen (Qin et al., 2004), DNA (Narayanan et al., 2006), H factors, integrin αvβ3 and CD44 (Jain et al., 2002) Consequently, DMP1 is engaged in biomineralization, ... ions and collagen binding ability (George & Veis, 2008; Qin et al., 2004), (vi) intrinsically disordered molecular character (Tompa, 2002) The SIBLINGs family includes osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) DSPP gives rise to two mature products, dentin phosphoprotein (also called... 5 The innate specialization of IDPs in biomineralization All of the above-mentioned examples strongly suggest that it is no accident that so many proteins involved in biomineralization exhibit an IDP-like character or are simply IDPs Conformational instability is a common feature of proteins that bind to inorganic solids (Delak et al., 2009a; Kim et al., 2006a; Michenfelder et al., 2003) Intrinsic... while the flexibility and plasticity of polypeptide chains permit IDPs to conformationally adapt to different targets (Collino et al., 2006; Delak et al., 2008) Moreover, proteins involved in biomineralization may undergo 18 Advanced Topics in Biomineralization disorder-to-order transitions as a result of binding with a partner, molecular crowding or other factors (Amos et al., 2010) Additionally, . Table 2. Bioinformatic predictions of a disordered structure in proteins involved in biomineralization. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Biomineralization 9 All three bioinformatic. engaged in HA formation are presented below. 3.1 SIBLINGs Small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) with NCPs are involved in the mineralization of bone and dentin (George. ADVANCED TOPICS IN BIOMINERALIZATION Edited by Jong Seto Advanced Topics in Biomineralization Edited by Jong Seto Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000