BIOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS FOR NANOMEDICINE ppt

BIOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS FOR NANOMEDICINE Edited by Rosario Pignatello Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Edited by Rosario Pignatello Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Ali Mazraie Shadi, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine, Edited by Rosario Pignatello p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-661-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biomaterials Processing and Engineering 1 Chapter 1 Bioactive Ceramics as Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Carriers 3 Sayed Mahmood Rabiee Chapter 2 Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives 17 Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol Chapter 3 Hydrogel Scaffolds Contribute to the Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis in the Small Osteochongral Defects 53 Miroslav Petrtyl, Jaroslav Lisal, Ladislav Senolt, Zdenek Bastl, Zdenek Krulis, Marketa Polanska, Hana Hulejova, Pavel Cerny and Jana Danesova Chapter 4 Development and Applications of Varieties of Bioactive Glass Compositions in Dental Surgery, Third Generation Tissue Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery and as Drug Delivery System 69 Samit Kumar Nandi, Biswanath Kundu and Someswar Datta Chapter 5 Elasticity of Spider Dragline Silks Viewed as Nematics: Yielding Induced by Isotropic-Nematic Phase Transition 117 Linying Cui, Fei Liu and Zhong-Can Ou-Yang Chapter 6 Application of Low-Temperature Plasma Processes for Biomaterials 127 Michael Schlosser Uwe Walschus, Karsten Schröder, Birgit Finke, Barbara Nebe, Jürgen Meichsner, Rainer Hippler, Rainer Bader and Andreas Podbielski VI Contents Part 2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicine for Targeted Therapy 143 Chapter 7 δ-Free F o F 1 -ATPase, Nanomachine and Biosensor 145 Jia-Chang Yue, Yao-Gen Shu, Pei-Rong Wang and Xu Zhang Chapter 8 PLGA-Alendronate Conjugate as a New Biomaterial to Produce Osteotropic Drug Nanocarriers 165 Rosario Pignatello Chapter 9 Complete Healing of Severe Experimental Osseous Infections Using a Calcium-Deficient Apatite as a Drug-Delivery System 185 G. Amador Del Valle, H. Gautier, A. Gaudin, V. Le Mabecque, A.F. Miegeville, J.M. Bouler, J. Caillon, P. Weiss, G. Potel and C. Jacqueline Chapter 10 Nanocrystalline Diamond Films: Applications and Advances in Nanomedicine 211 Ying-Chieh Chen, Don-Ching Lee and Ing-Ming Chiu Chapter 11 Transfection of Bone Cells In Vivo Using HA-Ceramic Particles - Histological Study 229 Patrick Frayssinet and Nicole Rouquet Chapter 12 Magnetite Nanoparticles for Cell Lysis Implanted Into Bone - Histological and TEM Study 239 Patrick Frayssinet, Didier Mathon, Marylène Combacau and Nicole Rouquet Part 3 New and Classical Materials for Biomedical Use 251 Chapter 13 Polysaccharides as Excipients for Ocular Topical Formulations 253 Ylenia Zambito and Giacomo Di Colo Chapter 14 Nacre, a Natural Biomaterial 281 Marthe Rousseau Chapter 15 Alumina and Zirconia Ceramic for Orthopaedic and Dental Devices 299 Giulio Maccauro, Pierfrancesco Rossi Iommetti, Luca Raffaelli and Paolo Francesco Manicone Chapter 16 Natural-Based Polyurethane Biomaterials for Medical Applications 309 Doina Macocinschi, Daniela Filip and Stelian Vlad Contents VII Chapter 17 Collagen-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Tissue Engineering 333 Mădălina Georgiana Albu, Irina Titorencu and Mihaela Violeta Ghica Chapter 18 The Use of Biomaterials to Treat Abdominal Hernias 359 Luciano Zogbi Chapter 19 Biopolymers as Wound Healing Materials: Challenges and New Strategies 383 Ali Demir Sezer and Erdal Cevher Chapter 20 Cellular Systems and Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration in Neurotmesis Injuries 415 Ana Colette Maurício, Andrea Gärtner, Paulo Armada-da-Silva, Sandra Amado, Tiago Pereira, António Prieto Veloso, Artur Varejão, Ana Lúcia Luís and Stefano Geuna Chapter 21 Extracellular Matrix Adjuvant for Vaccines 441 Mark A. Suckow, Rae Ritchie and Amy Overby Preface Scientists who dedicate their research activity to biomaterials pass through the typical dichotomy that often characterizes the basic research. On one side is the wish of exploring new frontiers of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, pharmaceutics and all other disciplines to which biomaterials can be applied. Constantly improving of scientific knowledge would feed the freedom of attempting new strategies for producing materials with always tailored and improved characteristics. On the other side, one should have a look to the different ‘official’ definitions given for biomaterials. It is evident how the restriction imposed by words would limit the fantasy and effectiveness of fundamental scientific research. Just as an example- biomaterials are defined as a ’nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems ‘ (Consensus Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials, 1986), or as ‘any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used (…) as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body (NIH), or even ‘a systematically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living systems’ (Clemson University Advisory Board for Biomaterials). Essentially, the only common property is that a biomaterial would be different from a biological material, that is produced by a biological system. Clearly, none of the proposed definitions can succeed to cover the whole landscape of properties and applications of these peculiar compounds, but they can only enlighten a particular aspect of their potentials. A similar situation can be applied for nanomedicine – a research field which often shares technologies and applications with the field of biomaterials – and for which is the gap between ‘official’ definitions and the originality of published researches even larger. These considerations have been one of the basis of the present editorial task, that will comprehend three volumes focused on the recent developments and applications of biomaterials. These books collect review articles, original research articles and experimental reports from eminent experts from all over the word, who have been X Preface working in this scientific area for a long time. The chapters are covering the interdisciplinary arena which is necessary for an effective development and usage of biomaterials. Contributors were asked to give their personal and recent experience on biomaterials, regardless any specific limitation due to fit into one definition or the other. In our opinion, this will give readers a wider idea on the new and ongoing potentials of different synthetic and engineered macromolecular materials. In the meantime, another editorial guidance was not to force the selection of papers concerning the market or clinical applications or biomaterial products. The aim of the book was to gather all results coming from very fundamental studies. Again, this will allow to gain a more general view of what and how the various biomaterials can do and work for, along with the methodologies necessary to design, develop and characterize them, without the restrictions necessarily imposed by industrial or profit concerns. Biomaterial constructs and supramolecular assemblies have been explored for drug and protein carriers, cell engineering and tissue scaffolds, or to manage the interactions between artificial devices and the body, just to make some examples of the more recent developments. In this volume of the Biomaterial series have been in particular assembled 21 review articles and papers focusing on the application of new and already known macromolecular compounds to nanotechnology. The first section of the book deals with chemical and mechanical processing and engineering of biomaterials, tailored towards specific biomedical purposes. The second section presents 6 chapters reporting novel applications of biomaterials to nanomedicine and drug delivery. Finally, 9 chapters have been gathered to show the potential applications of classical and novel biomaterials in different therapeutic and clinical areas. I am sure that you will find the selected contributions of a great interest and that they will inspire you to broaden your own research within the exciting field of biomaterials development and applications. Prof. Rosario Pignatello Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Catania Italy [...]... a glass matrix (Kokubo et al., 1986) Apatitewollastonite (A-W) glass-ceramic is one of the most important glass ceramics for use as a bone substitute The apatite crystals form sites for bone growth; the long wollastonite 8 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine crystals reinforce the glass (Liu et al 2004) Drug and growth factor loading of bioactive glasses and glass ceramics is possible using... porous ceramic were supplied in the form of cylindrical specimens with a mean diameter of 3.4 ±0.5 mm and a mean length of 6.3±0.7 mm Under general anesthesia, bone marrow was harvested from one medullar midshaft of the rabbit femur and diluted with 1 10 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine cc of saline The porous ceramic were immersed in the solution for 5 min before implantation A cavity of 3.5... tissues and penetration of biological fluids and form a chemical bond with bone (Lu & Leng, 2005; Rabiee et al 2008b) Moreover, the Calcium phosphates are freely formed and easily fabricated to satisfy the demands for huge bone and large quantities of bone for bone substitute For these reasons, the Calcium phosphates have been considered as useful materials for bone repair and replacement To fabricate... J.A (2005) Ectopic bone formation in rats: the importance of the carrier Biomaterials, Vol 26, No 14, pp Pages 1829-1835 Hench, L.L (2006) The story of Bioglass, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol 17, pp 967-978 Hench, L.L & Wilson J (1993) An introduction to bioceramics, World Scientific Publishing Co.; Singapore pp 245-251 14 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Karageorgiou,... if used in implants Impure collagen has the potential for xenozoonoses, a microbial transmission from the animal tissue to the human recipient (Canceda et al., 2003) Anyhow, although collagen extracted from animal sources may 22 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine present a small degree of antigenicity, it is widely considered acceptable for tissue engineering on humans (Friess, 1998) Furthermore,... process) with IEP of 4.6 - 5.4 24 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Fig 6 Two methods for gelatine extraction from tissues containing collagen (Ikada, 2002) Type A gelatine (dry and ash free) contains 18.5 % nitrogen, but due to the loss of amide groups, Type B gelatine contains only about 18% nitrogen Amino acid analysis of gelatine is variable, particularly for the minor constituents, depending... phosphates compounds with a Ca/P ratio less than 1 are not suitable for biological implantation Hydroxyapatite with Ca/P ratio of 1.667 is much more stable than other calcium phosphates Under physiological conditions, calcium phosphates degrade via dissolution–reprecipitation mechanisms (Raynaud et al., 2002) 6 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine When the dissolution of calcium phosphate is higher... Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Vol 32, pp 1–31 16 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Ziegler, J., Mayr-Wohlfahrt, U., Kessler, S., Breitig, D & Günther K.P (2002) Adsorption and release properties of growth factors from biodegradable implants Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol 59, pp 422–428 2 Collagen- vs Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives... still contain the N- and C-terminal propeptide sequences, called non-collagenous domains (Brinckmann et al., 2005), which are responsible for correct chain alignment and triple helix formation The propeptides are removed before fibril formation and regulate the fibril formation process Tropocollagens are staggered longitudinally and bilaterally by inter- and intra-molecular cross-links into microfibrils... collagen molecules and by a displacement of 67 nm The fibrils organize into fibres which, in turn, can form large fibre bundles, being both stabilized by intermolecular cross-links (Friess, 1998) Fig 1 Biosynthetic route of collagen fibers (Shoulders & Raines, 2009) 20 Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Fig 2 Structure of type I collagen molecule (Yamauchi & Shiiba, 2008) and (http://www.kokenmpc.co.jp/english/support/tecnical/collagen/index.html) . BIOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS FOR NANOMEDICINE Edited by Rosario Pignatello Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine Edited by Rosario. glass ceramics for use as a bone substitute. The apatite crystals form sites for bone growth; the long wollastonite Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine 8 crystals reinforce the glass. implants for medical applications because of their similarity to hard tissue. These bioceramics have been synthesized and used for manufacturing various forms of implants, as well as for solid