HANDBOOK FOR BLAST-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS pot

HANDBOOK FOR BLAST-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design of Buildings Edited by Donald 0. Dusenberry Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. HANDBOOK FOR BLAST-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS Edited by Donald O. Dusenberry JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. To my wife, Alice This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞  Copyright C  2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbook of blast resistant design of buildings / edited by Donald O. Dusenberry. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-17054-0 (cloth) 1. Building, Bombproof. I. Dusenberry, Donald O. TH1097.H36 2010 693.8  54–dc22 2009019203 ISBN: 978-0-470-17054-0 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 CONTENTS Preface xv Contributors xix I DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 General Considerations for Blast-Resistant Design 3 Donald O. Dusenberry 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Design Approaches 4 1.3 The Blast Environment 5 1.4 Structure As an Influence on Blast Loads 6 1.5 Structural Response 8 1.6 Nonstructural Elements 9 1.7 Effect of Mass 10 1.8 Systems Approach 12 1.9 Information Sensitivity 13 1.10 Summary 14 References 15 2 Design Considerations 17 Robert Ducibella and James Cunningham 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 A New Paradigm for Designing Blast-Resistant Buildings, Venues, and Sites 18 2.3 A Brief History of Recent Terrorist Attacks 21 2.3.1 Terrorists’ Use of Explosives 21 2.3.2 Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices 22 2.3.3 Person-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices 24 2.3.4 Locally Available Explosives 25 2.3.5 Some Counterterrorism Considerations 27 2.4 Collaborating to Analyze Risk 28 2.4.1 Step 1—Threat Identification and Rating 28 2.4.2 Step 2—The Asset Value Assessment 31 2.4.3 Step 3—The Vulnerability Assessment 34 v vi CONTENTS 2.4.4 Step 4—The Risk Assessment 38 2.4.5 Step 5—Considering Mitigation Options 39 2.4.6 The Continuing Role of Risk Management 40 2.5 Consequence Management 42 2.5.1 Consequence Evaluation 44 2.5.2 Function Redundancy 48 2.5.3 Building Location 51 2.5.4 Building Dispersal/Distribution of Functional Programs 54 2.5.5 Disaster Recovery and Contingency Planning 56 2.6 Threat Reduction 57 2.6.1 Accidental Explosions 59 2.6.2 Intentional Explosions 60 2.7 Vulnerability Reduction 63 2.7.1 Standoff Distance 64 2.7.2 Physical Security 65 2.7.3 Operational Security 65 2.7.4 Structural Design 65 2.8 Risk Acceptance 70 2.8.1 Design to Threat 71 2.8.2 Design to Budget 73 2.9 Some Recent Examples of Security Design “Best Practices” 75 2.10 Related Phenomena 76 2.10.1 Progressive Collapse 77 2.10.2 Disruption of Evacuation, Rescue, and Recovery Systems 79 2.10.3 Attendant Fires 81 2.11 Security Design Consideration Guidelines 83 2.12 Conclusion 84 References 85 3 Performance Criteria for Blast-Resistant Structural Components 87 Charles J. Oswald 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Building and Component Performance Criteria 88 3.3 Response Parameters 91 3.4 Empirical Correlations between Response Parameters and Component Damage 95 3.5 Response Criteria Development 99 3.5.1 Explosive Safety Criteria 99 3.5.2 Response Criteria for Antiterrorism 102 3.5.3 Response Criteria for Blast-Resistant Design of Petrochemical Facilities 105 3.5.4 Blast Resistant Doors 107 3.5.5 Blast-Resistant Windows 109 CONTENTS vii 3.5.6 Response Criteria for Equivalent Static Loads 112 3.5.7 Comparisons of Published Response Criteria 113 3.6 Response Criteria Limitations 114 References 116 4 Materials Performance 119 Andrew Whittaker and John Abruzzo 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Structural Steel 119 4.2.1 Stress-Strain Relationships 119 4.2.2 Constitutive Models for Structural Steel 120 4.2.3 Component Level Strain Rate and Temperature Effects 123 4.2.4 Mechanical Properties for Design 125 4.2.5 Failure Modes of Structural Components 127 4.3 Reinforced Concrete 129 4.3.1 Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete 129 4.3.2 Stress-Strain Relationships for Reinforcement 132 4.3.3 Constitutive Modeling of Concrete and Rebar 132 4.3.4 Component Level Strain-Rate Effects 136 4.3.5 Mechanical Properties for Design 138 4.3.6 Component-Level Failure Modes 141 4.4 Strength-Reduction Factors for Steel and Reinforced Concrete 144 References 145 5 Performance Verification 149 Curt Betts 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Performance Verification 149 5.3 Testing 150 5.3.1 Vehicle Barrier Testing 150 5.3.2 Building Components 151 5.4 Analysis 156 5.5 Peer Review 157 References 157 II BLAST PHENOMENA AND LOADINGS 159 6 Blast Phenomena 161 Paul F. Mlakar and Darrell Barker 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Sources of Blasts 162 6.3 Characteristics of Blast Waves 170 viii CONTENTS 6.3.1 Key Parameters 170 6.3.2 Scaling 171 6.4 Prediction of Blast Parameters 172 6.4.1 High Explosives 172 6.4.2 Bursting Pressure Vessels 177 6.4.3 Vapor Cloud Explosions 178 6.5 Summary 181 References 181 7 Blast Loading 183 Paul F. Mlakar and William Bounds 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Empirical Method 183 7.2.1 Empirical Method—Basic Blast Wave Example 186 7.3 Front Wall Loads 186 7.3.1 Empirical Method—Front Wall Loading Example 188 7.3.2 Empirical Method—Oblique Angle Example 192 7.4 Side Wall and Roof Loads 192 7.4.1 Empirical Method—Side Wall Loading Example 194 7.4.2 Empirical Method—Roof Loading Example 196 7.5 Rear Wall Loads 197 7.5.1 Empirical Method—Rear Wall Loading Example 197 7.6 Confined Explosions 198 7.7 Leakage 206 7.8 Ray-Tracing Procedures 208 7.9 Summary 212 References 212 8 Fragmentation 215 Kim King 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 Debris 215 8.3 Loadings 215 8.3.1 Primary Fragmentation 216 8.3.2 Secondary Fragmentation 218 8.4 Design Fragment Parameters 226 8.4.1 Fragment Final Velocity 226 8.4.2 Fragment Trajectory 227 8.5 Fragment Impact Damage 228 8.5.1 Fragment Penetration into Miscellaneous Materials (THOR Equation) 229 8.5.2 Steel 231 8.5.3 Fragment Penetration into Concrete Targets 233 8.5.4 Fragment Perforation of Concrete Targets 235 CONTENTS ix 8.5.5 Fragment Spalling of Concrete Targets 236 8.5.6 Roofing Materials 236 8.5.7 Other Materials 237 References 237 III SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 239 9 Structural Systems Design 241 Robert Smilowitz and Darren Tennant 9.1 General Discussion 241 9.1.1 Seismic versus Blast 241 9.1.2 Analytical Methods 243 9.2 Modeling 244 9.2.1 Systems 245 9.2.2 Materials 246 9.2.3 Members 248 9.2.4 Connections 251 9.3 Analytical Approaches 252 9.3.1 P-I Diagrams 252 9.3.2 Single-Element Analyses 253 9.3.3 Structural Systems Response 255 9.3.4 Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Analyses 255 9.4 Progressive Collapse 256 9.4.1 European Guidance 258 9.4.2 U.S. Guidance 258 References 261 10 Building Envelope and Glazing 263 Eve Hinman and Christopher Arnold 10.1 Design Intent 263 10.1.1 Life Safety 263 10.1.2 Emergency Egress and Facilitating Search and Rescue 264 10.1.3 Critical Functions (Protecting Equipment and Business Processes) 264 10.2 Design Approach 265 10.2.1 Response Criteria 269 10.2.2 Static versus Dynamic 270 10.2.3 Balanced Design 270 10.2.4 Load Path 270 10.3 Fenestration 272 10.3.1 Glass 273 10.3.2 Mullions/Transoms 278 10.3.3 Frame and Anchorage 279 x CONTENTS 10.3.4 Supporting Structure 280 10.3.5 Other Penetrations 280 10.4 Exterior Walls 281 10.4.1 Concrete Walls 282 10.4.2 Masonry 285 10.4.3 Steel 285 10.4.4 Other 286 10.5 Roof Systems 289 10.5.1 Concrete 289 10.5.2 Steel 289 10.5.3 Composite 290 10.5.4 Penthouses/Gardens 290 10.6 Below Grade 290 10.7 Reduction of Blast Pressures 292 References 294 11 Protection of Spaces 297 MeeLing Moy and Andrew Hart 11.1 Areas Isolating Interior Threats 297 11.2 Stairwell Enclosures 298 11.3 Hardened Plenums 298 11.4 Safe Havens 299 11.4.1 FEMA Documents 299 11.4.2 Multi-Hazard Threats 300 11.4.3 Design Requirements for Protective Shelters 301 References 305 12 Defended Perimeter 307 Joseph L. Smith and Charles C. Ellison 12.1 Goals 307 12.2 Standoff 307 12.2.1 Balancing Hardening with Standoff 309 12.2.2 Balancing Costs 311 12.2.3 Site Planning 313 12.3 Vehicle Control Barriers 316 12.3.1 Crash Testing 316 12.3.2 Crash Modeling 317 12.3.3 Walls 319 12.3.4 Bollards 319 12.3.5 Active Wedge 320 12.3.6 Beam Barriers 320 12.3.7 Cable-Based Systems 323 CONTENTS xi 12.3.8 Planter and Surface Barriers 324 12.3.9 Berms, Ditches, and Other Landscaping Features 324 12.4 Pedestrian Control Barriers 325 12.5 Blast Walls and Berms 327 References 329 13 Blast-Resistant Design of Building Systems 331 Scott Campbell and James Ruggieri 13.1 Background 331 13.2 Introduction 332 13.3 Design Considerations 333 13.3.1 Level of Protection 334 13.3.2 Blast Pressures 334 13.3.3 Shock Induced by the Structure 335 13.3.4 Equipment/System Anchorage 337 13.3.5 Placement of Critical Systems Equipment and Control Stations 340 13.3.6 Staffing and Building Operations 340 13.3.7 Construction of Hardened Spaces 341 13.3.8 HVAC and Plumbing Systems 341 13.3.9 Electrical Systems 344 13.3.10 Lighting Systems 346 13.3.11 Other Systems/Considerations 346 13.4 Loading Calculation 348 13.4.1 Blast Pressure 349 13.4.2 In-Structure Shock 352 13.5 Summary 362 References 363 IV BLAST-RESISTANT DETAILING 365 14 Blast-Resistant Design Concepts and Member Detailing 365 Steven Smith and W. Gene Corley 14.1 General 367 14.1.1 Scope 367 14.2 Failure Modes 368 14.2.1 Flexural 368 14.2.2 Diagonal Tension 369 14.2.3 Direct Shear 369 14.2.4 Membrane 369 14.2.5 Stability 370 [...]... awhittak@buffalo.edu xxi Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design o Buildings f Edited by Donald 0 Dusenberry Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved I Design Considerations Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design o Buildings f Edited by Donald 0 Dusenberry Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved 1 General Considerations for Blast-Resistant Design Donald O Dusenberry... selection and building design In considering the design of blast-resistant buildings, the design professionals must partner to become an effective security design team In more traditional building security design efforts, security professionals simply present the design team with the results of their risk assessment, and the security planning component is assumed to be largely finished For reasons expanded... Effects 15.2.5 Beneficial Effects of Composite Construction 15.2.6 Perimeter Column Design 15.2.7 Perimeter Girder Design 15.2.8 Slab Design 15.3 Analysis and Design of Structural Members 15.4 Steel Material Properties for Blast Design 15.4.1 Strength Increase Factor (SIF) 15.4.2 Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) 15.4.3 Dynamic Design Stress 15.5 Design Criteria for Blast Design 15.5.1 General 15.5.2 Load... efficiency in design is achieved through post-yield deformation of the resisting components, during which energy can be dissipated through inelastic strain Of course, this means that the components that need evaluation often are deformed far beyond limits normally established for other loading types, and many of the assumptions that form the basis for conventional design approaches might not be valid For instance,... uncertainty in the actual strength of the elements, and for the consequences of failure Their magnitudes for conventional design have been developed based on studies of structural responses that are commensurate with service performance of buildings and, for seismic design, responses that are anticipated to be sufficiently limited and ductile to allow elements to retain most of their original load-carrying... performing “balanced design, ” in which each structural element in a load path is designed to resist the reactions associated with the preceding element loaded to its full strength Using =1.0 for determination of the full strength of the elements in the load path tends to add conservatism to the loads required for the design of the subsequent elements On the other side of the equation, designers often... 1.9 INFORMATION SENSITIVITY When blast-resistant designs are for the security and safety of a facility in response to a threat of a malevolent attack, information about the assumed size and location of an explosion should be kept confidential This information could be useful to an aggressor because it can reveal a strategy to overwhelm the designed defenses The common practice of specifying the design. .. BLAST-RESISTANT DESIGN 1.10 SUMMARY As consultants in the building design industry have been drawn into the matter of blast-resistant design, many have been handicapped by lack of familiarity with the blast environment, including not knowing how to determine loads for design, or with proper approaches for structural design Consultants often anticipate that they will be able to provide effective designs by... Construction 2005 Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings Chicago, IL: American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc American Society of Civil Engineers 1999 Structural Design for Physical Security: State of the Practice Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers 2005 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-05) Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers Bangash,... Smith of CTLGroup in particular, for organizing and harmonizing the four chapters of Part 4 William Zehrt of the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board improved the quality of this handbook by reviewing the chapters of Part 2 PREFACE xvii I also wish to thank James Harper, Editor of John Wiley & Sons for supporting this effort; Daniel Magers, Senior Editorial Assistant, and Amy Odum for her . HANDBOOK FOR BLAST-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design of Buildings Edited by Donald 0. Dusenberry Copyright. need training and information so that they can provide designs that effectively enhance a building’s response to explosions. 3 Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design of Buildings Edited by. Smith of CTLGroup in particular, for organizing and harmonizing the four chapters of Part 4. William Zehrt of the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board improved the quality of this handbook