SENSOR ARRAY Edited by Wuqiang Yang SENSOR ARRAY Edited by Wuqiang Yang Sensor Array Edited by Wuqiang Yang Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Sensor Array, Edited by Wuqiang Yang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0613-5 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Passive Source Localization of Sensor Arrays 1 Junli Liang and Ding Liu Chapter 2 Experimental Calibration for Electronic Beamforming with Sensor Arrays 21 Lara del Val, María I. Jiménez, Alberto Izquierdo, Juan J. Villacorta and Mariano Raboso Chapter 3 Predictive Angle Tracking Algorithm Based on Extended Kalman Filter 37 Sheng-Yun Hou, Shun-Hsyung Chang and Hsien-Sen Hung Chapter 4 Shape Recognition and Position Measurement of an Object Using an Ultrasonic Sensor Array 53 Kozo Ohtani and Mitsuru Baba Chapter 5 Detection of Alkylating Agents Using Optical, Electrical and Mechanical Means 67 Yoav Eichen, Yulia Gerchikov, Elena Borzin, Yair Gannot, Ariel Shemesh, Shai Meltzman, Carmit Hertzog-Ronen, Shay Tal, Sara Stolyarova, Yael Nemirovsky and Nir Tessler Chapter 6 Gas Sensor Array with Broad Applicability 81 Andrzej Szczurek and Monika Maciejewska Chapter 7 Neuro-Fuzzy Classifiers/Quantifiers for E-Nose Applications 109 Ravi Kumar Preface It is my great pleasure to be an editor for InTech Open Access publisher, one of the most successful Open Access book publishers in the fields of science, technology and medicine. Sensor arrays are used to overcome the limits of simple and/or individual conventional sensors. Obviously, it is more complicated to deal with some issues related to sensor arrays, e.g. signal processing, than the conventional sensors. Some of the issues are addressed in this book, with emphasis on signal processing, calibration and some advanced applications, e.g. how to place sensors as an array for accurate measurement, how to calibrate a sensor array by experiment, how to use a sensor array to track non-stationary targets efficiently and effectively, how to use an ultrasonic sensor array for shape recognition and position measurement, how to use sensor arrays to detect chemical agents, and applications of gas sensor arrays, including e-nose. This book should be useful for those who would like to learn about recent developments in sensor arrays, in particular for engineers, academics and postgraduate students studying instrumentation and measurement. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the authors, who made valuable contributions with the chapters in this book. Without their hard work, it would be impossible to publish this book. I would also like to thank Ms Jana Sertic for her efficient management. Professor Wuqiang Yang Professor of Electronic Instrumentation, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 1 Passive Source Localization of Sensor Arrays !"#$%&!'&($)!($*!+&$)!'&#! Xi#an University of Technology, Xi#an, China 1. Introduction ,( &./! -0#12/! %02(%&3(4&0$! &-! (! 5/6! & #/! &$! -/$-01! (11(6! -&)$(%! 7102/ &$)! -#28! (-! -0$(19! 1(*(19!:&1/%/ !20;;#$&2(4&0$9!;&210780$/!(11(6!-7//28!7102/ &$)9!-/&-;0%0)69!/%/2410$&2! -#1./&%%($2/! ($*! ;/*&2(%! &;()&$)9! ($*! 48#-! 1/2/&./-! -&)$&<&2($4! (44/$4&0$=! >%480#)8! (! .(1&/46! 0<! (*.($2/*! (%)01&48;-9! <01! /?(;7%/! @A%4&7%/! BC)$(%! D%( &<&2(4&0$! E@ABCDF9! G-4&;(4&0$! 0<! B&)$(%! ,(1(;/4/1-! .&(! 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[...]... encountered in the passive source localization of sensor array, i.e pairing failure, mixed near-field and far-field source localization, and estimation failure problems Although they have been developed for the uniform linear array and L-shaped array, these algorithms can be easily extended to other sensor array configurations 6 Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation... each sensor to form a beam at a specific steering angle The matched filter block applies an optimal filter to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) This calibration method employs a reference sensor located opposite to the array on a perpendicular axis to the plane of the array (broadside) Two types of calibration are defined: Experimental Calibration for Electronic Beamforming with Sensor Arrays... 4.2 m range and 0º from the array perpendicular angle Pulse signals are transmitted sequentially by each loudspeaker of the transmission array Then, they are received in the reference microphone and, finally, are processed together Experimental signals received at loudspeakers number 0, 3 and 13 are presented in Fig 3-1 Fig 3.1 Received signals from the Tx array 24 Sensor Array Module and phase values... uniform linear array (ULA) with 2 N + 1 elements as shown in Fig.6 Let the 0 th sensor be the phase reference point After sampled with a proper rate that satisfies the Nyquist rate, the signal received by the i th sensor can be expressed as [5-11] xi ( k ) = L l =1 sl ( k )e jτ il + ni ( k ) , − N ≤ i ≤ N , k = 0, l • • • • • • 1 2 − 2 −1 0 −N (9) • rl θl ,K − 1 , • i • N Fig 6 Uniform linear array configuration... avoids the spectral search because both e jγ l ˆ jθ l and e are estimated by solving polynomial roots ( ( ( ) ) ) (( ) ( ) ) 5 Passive Source Localization of Sensor Arrays 2.2 Simulation results To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, let’s consider an L-shaped array with 13 elements as shown in Fig.1 These sensor locations are in unit of d = λ / 2 Two uncorrelated equivalent-power... Spain 1 Introduction A sensor array system with N channels is assumed to have the same characteristics for each channel, which are composed of a sensor and an amplification system In beamforming applications, the gain and phase of each channel are key elements in the synthesis of the beampattern (van Veen & Buckley, 1988) On the other hand, the position of the sensors in the array and the orientation... the errors with arrays with a small number of sensors do not fulfil those previous analytic models Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed analysis of the degradations that are caused by these errors 2 System description A detection and position measurement system has been designed The hardware of the proposed system is formed by: 22 • • • Sensor Array A PC with a Pentium processor, with one... D/A converters A transmission (Tx) uniform linear array (ULA) formed by 8 amplifiers, each one with 2 channels, and 15 tweeters A reception (Rx) ULA formed by 2 multi-channel preamplifiers, each with 8 channels, and 15 studio microphones Fig 2-1 shows the acoustic transmission and reception arrays Fig 2.1 Transmission (below) and reception (above) arrays As the system uses low cost components, the... versus snapshot number Sensor Array 7 Passive Source Localization of Sensor Arrays ( ) ˆ From the above experiments, it can be seen that (i) since a 2 e jγ l is related to C( e jθl ) (i.e ˆ corresponding to a 1 e jθ l ), the proposed algorithm can avoid pairing parameters; and (ii) ˆ ˆ the proposed algorithm avoids the spectral search due to that both e jγ l and e jθ l are estimated by solving polynomial... the Tx array, using a reference microphone Calibration of the Rx array, using a reference loudspeaker (tweeter) Fig 2.2 Signal processing algorithm The calibration system is based on the hypothesis of working with spherical waves, because the acoustic system is used under near field conditions Since spherical waves are assumed, signals that are transmitted/received between the sensors of the array and . SENSOR ARRAY Edited by Wuqiang Yang SENSOR ARRAY Edited by Wuqiang Yang Sensor Array Edited by Wuqiang Yang Published by InTech Janeza Trdine. orders@intechopen.com Sensor Array, Edited by Wuqiang Yang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0613-5 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Passive Source Localization of Sensor Arrays 1 Junli Liang. measurement, how to calibrate a sensor array by experiment, how to use a sensor array to track non-stationary targets efficiently and effectively, how to use an ultrasonic sensor array for shape recognition