VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOIINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENT RESEARCH REPORT THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURITY IN AN ENGLISH LITERARY WORK AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION Te
INTRODUCTION
Aims and objectives
This research project investigates the diverse structures and semantic differences used to convey future events in English and compares them to their Vietnamese counterparts By analyzing these linguistic elements, the study seeks to gain insights into how future time is expressed in these languages, contributing to our understanding of their respective grammatical systems and cross-linguistic similarities and variations.
In order to gain the aim of the study, the following objective are put forward:
- To list ways of expressing futurity in English
- To list ways of expressing futurity in Vietnamese translation version
- To compare the differences of two languages in the ways of expressing futurity
Research questions
To achieve the two foregoing objectives, we build three questions as follows:
- What are the ways of expressing futurity in English in “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”?
- What are the ways of expressing futurity in Vietnamese in the novel’s Vietnamese translation version?
- What are the similarities and differences in the ways of expressing the futurity inEnglish and Vietnamese in the given literary work and its Vietnamese translation version?
Methods of the study
In this study, we adopt comparative and contrastive, statistical analysis methods to conduct this research We collect data from Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and have a statistic results (quantity of utterances -> quantity of construction -> analysis) about the ways of expressing futurity Then we could have a an overview to make compare and contrastive of two languages based on certain criteria.
Scope of the study
To investigate the translation of futurity in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix," we collected 1267 sentences from the English and Vietnamese versions These sentences were classified into six typical constructions, as detailed in Appendix 1.
Significance of the study
Our research paper aims to find out the similarities and differences in the ways of expressing the futurity in both languages The results can support English learners, users, and even educators who can have a wider and more profound view of the future expression ways Our final findings will have the capability of pointing out the same outstanding categories in Vietnamese and English Furthermore, the results also provide the relation between the two languages in grammatical means and lexical means in expressing futurity.
This scholarly inquiry is vital for developing a deeper understanding of the mechanics of language and the awareness of nuanced linguistic elements in translation By concentrating on the novel's Vietnamese version, the research aims to uncover the interpretative strategies employed by translators to express futurity, which is crucial for capturing the story's essence and the author’s intended portrayal of events yet to unfold.The outcomes of this research will contribute to the academic and practical knowledge of translation studies, providing insights into the intricate process of maintaining the semantic integrity of future expressions across languages Our report may be a useful tool for linguistic education, as it will be one of the necessary resources for learners,translators, and etc.
LITERATURE REVIEW
An overview of tenses
Tense is a part of grammatical categories "In fact, tense establishes a relation: it indicates the time of an event in respect to the moment of speaking (or some other reference point)" "The only tense distinction expressed inflectionally in English is that between present and past, even though it is conventional to talk about a three way distinction between past, present, and future tense" In glossary, the term tense is defined as “the grammatical category forms the verb as present tense and past tense” (L, J. Brinton et al, 2010).
Comrie, B (1985) believes that establishing the exact meaning of a grammatical category is not easy even when carefully studying a certain language and using the most reliable sources, including grammatical categories tense.
2.1.2 Kinds of tense indicating future in English
The descriptions oftensein different linguists can change over time Previous analyses by some linguists about tenses will be mentioned below.
Reichenbach’s analysis (1947) developed a tense system by three elements:
E: the point of speech (a speech act),
R: the point of the event (an 'event'),
S: The point of reference (a reference point).
He claims that these three points are relevant to every one of the tenses, not just to tenses such as the past perfect or future perfect And in some tenses, two of them simultaneously exist Reichenbach orders his three points of time in 13 different ways The three terms'anterior', 'simple', and 'posterior' are used to show the relation E and R; the coincidence of
According to Reichenbach's schemata, the letters 'R' and 'E' in verb forms convey the concept of "simple." In non-progressive tenses, 'E' represents a more extended period on the timeline Conversely, in progressive tenses, 'E' denotes a specific point on the timeline This distinction is crucial for understanding the use of progressive verb forms in language.
Comrie, B (1985) propose a theory of tense in which the three 'absolute' tenses (present, past, and future) including two time factors:
- E: the time of the event, and three relations (simultaneity, anteriority and posteriority).
Moreover, he also points out that apart from three distinctions within 'absolute' tense, many languages only have the two ways that are past and non-past or future and non- future.
Declerck, R (1991) has shown his objections to both Reichenbach’s and Comrie’s analysis in some aspects about tenses in his book Tense in English: Its structure and use in discourse His subjection to Reichenbach's system which are the infelicitous terms point of reference, point of event; the problem of Reichenbach's model having no set of grammatical forms to express only by the three terms, and etc.
Regarding Comrie's theory about tenses, Declerck argues that "Comrie’s theory is a theory of verb tense only, not a general theory of time reference." He found Comrie's theory abandoned the outer factors such as adverbials and certain contexts of that situation at some time This will make a big limitation and he reckons we should establish a system more diverse which is able to tackle the temporal specification influenced by other outer aspects, not only verbs forms In addition, Comrie confirms that it is even conventional to talk about the term absolute tense, it is still a misleading term due to the other sentence components related to time Even though once determined, we cannot see the only one certain meaning of sentences in different tenses, the sentences will have similar meanings but not multi-layered meanings.
E.g I don’t know if my assistant has finished the report yet, but I can assure you that he will have finished it before the end of the week, for he has promised to do so and I know that he always keeps his promises(Declerck, R., 1991, p.226).
Three situations can be explained in the sentence about the time “before the end of the week” (Declerck, R., 1991, p.226):
1 He will have finished it before “the end of the week” (the report have been finished or not yet),
2 The assistant is finishing right now,
3 He will do so between the time of uttering (1) (ongoing after the speech act and
“before the end of the week”).
Effective communication occurs despite different perceptions of time because individuals can grasp the central message without significant temporal deviations This understanding stems from the inherent subjective nature of time, allowing diverse individuals to interpret and comprehend its relevance within linguistic contexts without substantial impairment to meaning.
Grammatical categories can be identified either by two means which are formal or notional Regarding formal distinctions, it is made in a language solely by means of inflection (in synthetic languages such as Classical Latin or Greek) Following the first criteria, English has only two tense distinctions, past and present (as indid/do) However, there is assumed to be a universal set of grammatical categories and terms, which for tense are past, present and future (L, J Brinton et al, 2010).
Past, present, and future are three basic words describing time The term tense is used to describe how the form of a verb corresponds to our understanding of time Aspect refers to how we perceive or view the action of the verb, while 'mood' relates the action to certain conditions like certainty, obligation, necessity, or possibility However, these three categories often overlap and influence each other The way we express present and past time must be influenced by aspect (the form of the verb); the expression of the future and the mood (certain conditions) is closely related (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973) Quirk et al.
(1985) assert that "There is no future tense in English", "Futurity, modality, and aspect are closely interrelated" and "future time is rendered by means of modal auxiliaries, by semi-auxiliaries, or by the simple present or present progressive forms" L, J Brinton et al (2010) also confirm that expressing the future is unofficial as the past and present because it needs to be rendered periphrastically.
Overall, in terms of grammar, there is no future tense as many documents mentioned;however, using the word ‘future tense’ when discussing the future time is acceptable and has no controversy as long as English learners still can express the future in the correct ways.
An overview of futurity
According to Oxford Learners Dictionaries, " futurity " is a formal uncountable noun which describes "the time that will come after the present and what will happen then" (e.g. a vision of futurity) Other definitions of “ futurity ” are the word used to specifically refer to “the quality of being in or of the future” or “the time yet to come”.
Comrie (1985) says that not only future action, plan, or intention, the qualitative changes also go with the flow of time He asserts that there are some cultures have no concept of time, some have other definitions different In fact, a grammatical device for pointing out
Wekker (1976) declares the relation between the mentioned action/event and the time of utterance might depend on (secondary) points on either the past or future dimension of imaginary time-line He confirms that there are no specific study to differentiate features of expressing futurity.
"Futurity" and "future" convey similar concepts, expressing actions, events, intentions, or plans that will occur in the future While both terms generally can be interchangeable, "futurity" is often preferred in specialized contexts due to its precision and specificity.
Our collected data belongs to a literary book; therefore, normal sentences is excluded. Futurity expression comes from utterances of characters that are our chosen range And we list collected data about futurity under the viewpoint of the speaker only (speaker- oriented) That means a sentence carries future meaning or not have to analyze and understand context of conversation, dialogue, or maybe the age, notion of the speaker.
2.2.2 The ways of expressing the futurity in English
Saadat Nuriyeva (2016) has researched Ugryumova's Classification about the Ways of Expressing Future in her paper, 14 ways of expressing futurity were shown based on Ugryumova's experiment including modal auxiliaries (9 out of 14) and others Ways of expressing future the number of examples (Nuriyeva, 2016, Table 1) :
4 The Present Indefinite, The Present Perfect
14 idioms with the verb “to be”
Having said that, there are many ways to express the future and it is difficult to classify them in any grammatical category The speaker wants to show his or her intention about anything, he or she can use the modal auxiliaries (can, will, etc) or semi-auxiliaries (like be to, have to, etc)going with the verb, which can illustrate his or her future image, ideas, etc making his or her listener understand Adding those modal auxiliaries is the easiest way for people to tell about their future actions, intentions, dreams, predictions, etc. Furthermore, the combination of aspects (forms of verbs) and moods (certain conditions) to the expression of the future is also popular.
Quirk et al (1985) provide the most common constructions using to express the future that are:
Table 2 1 Most common constructions expressing futurity in English
(1.1) I will/shall arrive tomorrow (Quirk & Greenbaum,
Promise or immediate decision/saying
P rediction of the meteorologist or a report of this person’s prediction
(2.1) It’s going to rain today (L,
J Brinton et al, 2010, p.126) While looking up at a threatening rain cloud
(2.2) You're going to get soaked (Quirk et al., 1985, p.214) The proximity of the future event
(3.1) I am reading at this moment (L, J Brinton et al,
Not only "I read at this moment" but going on in the future time
(3.2) He's moving to London (Quirk & Greenbaum, 1973, p.48) Fixed arrangement, plan, or programme
(4.1) What time is the football match? (Quirk & Greenbaum,
(4.2) The train leaves tonight from Chicago (Quirk &
5 Will/shall + progressive infinitive (5.1) He'll be doing his best
(5.2) When you reach the end of the bridge, I'll be waiting there to show you the way (Quirk et al., 1985, p.216).
A future time with the'temporal frame'
“It has been found that in BrE simple will/shall construction is much the most usual, followed by the simple present construction” (Quirk et al., 1985, p.217) In Ugryumova's Classification about the Ways of Expressing Future, Saadat Nuriyeva (2016) also points out that “will/shall + infinitive” accounts for the biggest number of examples in Ugryumova's experiment Although the last foregoing construction (5) which people do not use as frequently as others, is pretty common in conversations but becomes more popular now It can be said that modal auxiliaries are mainly used; however, two quasi- auxiliary constructions "be to + infinitive" and "be about to + infinitive" also refer to the future Moreover, a sentence can imply a future meaning that futurity is connotation (Eg:
The weather may improve (tomorrow), You must have dinner with us (sometime soon).
Semi-auxiliaries such as "be sure to", "be bound to", and lexical verbs like "hope",
"expect", "intend", and "plan", also can express futurity.
Finally, we would like to build a theoretical framework about basic and most common conception about future at table below There are 5 types to futurity (the point of time of future action, event Firstly, pure future is obvious to happen (e.g.: Today is Friday. Tomorrow is Saturday.) Secondly, near future is on the point of happening (e.g: 2.1, Table 2.1) Thirdly, progress is ongoing at present, can continue and stop in the future (present progressive) However, there is a kind of action that happened in the past and still go on in the future Fourthly, perfection (perfective aspect) points out the action will be completed in the future (prediction or volition of speaker) Finally, future imagination
(future real condition) is conditional clauses types one and conditions associated with present, the possibility of action in the future needs to depend of the conditional clause.Furthermore, the last type can indicate the speaker's expectation.
Table 2 2 Summary of Futurity Category
Futurity on time line Past Note
1 Pure future x x x Simple present, arrangement
2.2.3 The ways of expressing the futurity in Vietnamese
Vietnamese employs different constructions to express future events, including empty words (hư từ) like sẽ (will), lexical words like dự định (plan), and lexical expressions like tuần sau (next week) Unlike English, which relies heavily on grammatical cues, Vietnamese sentences conveying futurity do not employ complex verb conjugations or auxiliary verbs Instead, Vietnamese uses two primary ways to indicate futurity: the use of verbs combined with empty words (specifically phụ từ) and adverbs of time.
Do's analysis (2012) states hư từ (empty words) do not act as only function words at all. The Vietnamese language achieves expressiveness about the future through hư từ which are pre-verbal (đã, sẽ, sắp, etc) and post-verbal elements (thôi, hết, nhé, etc.) Hoang
(2003) considers that hư từ belongs to syntactic features and they show relations of grammar - semantics among thực từ (content words) Expressing futurity sentence can be further explored through a combination of empty words with the use of time expressions, conditional sentences, and modal verbs, making it distinct from the often more intricate structures found in English.
Hư từ can denote grammatical and lexical meaning (Nguyen, 1988) They are also able to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the content mentioned Function words are not content words, they do not have a specific meaning like words like prepare, intend, etc., but support main verb to explicit shade of sentences The role of function words in Vietnamese can also make sentences become sharper or more rigorous.
E.g "Có lẽ vì thế mà Thị Nở không sợ cái thằng mà cả làng sợ hắn Gần gũi lâu cũng sinh quen, mà quen thì ít khi còn sợ" (Chí Phèo).
"mà", "thì", "cũng" emphasize cohesive and logic relation among premises in the sentence.
Theoretical framework of study
Our theoretical framework outlines constructions representing futurity, drawing from Quirk et al (1985) and Bardovi-Harlig (2002, 2004) We establish a table summarizing these constructions and their typical meanings (Appendix 1 and 2) This study combines descriptive and qualitative analyses to examine the variation and commonalities in futurity expression across constructions Grammatical constructions significantly influence the expression of future events.
(1988) has shed light on the nuances of meaning futurity within these constructions The understanding of futurity within linguistic constructions is influenced not only by grammatical structures but also by contextual and temporal factors However, our research extends to find out more about the field of contextual and temporal factors This modifiers such as adverbs can further modify the certainty or uncertainty associated with the future action For instance, the addition of the adverb of certainty "definitely" in the sentence "When you arrive tonight, we definitely will go out for dinner" emphasizes the certainty of the future event This illustrates how accompanied elements (adverb, lexcial verb, idiom, etc.) can interact with grammatical structures to influence the futurity meaning conveyed within a sentence.
Previous studies
In the viewpoint Oliveira, without a tense inflection, English provides various options for expressing future time As observed, future time is denoted through modal auxiliaries (Will and Shall), modal idioms or semi-auxiliaries (Be going to,Be to), or by utilizing the simple present and progressive forms.
Bergs, Alexander (2010) conducted a research to examine five distinct methods of conveying future actions in the English language (Shall/Will, Be going to, Be to, the simple present, and the present progressive) within the context of Construction Grammar Then a few years flies, (Ayoun, Dalila, 2013) developed this research field to consolidate that English encompasses a diverse array of ways for expressing future with reference to various linguistic studies (e.g., Bardovi-Harlig, 2002, 2004; Bybee et al., 1994; Larreya, 2000) as follows: a Lexical futures: Semantically future predicates (e.g., want, hope) b Adverbials (e.g., tomorrow, next week) c About to (e.g., she’s about to sing) d Will + predicate (e.g., she will sing) e Periphrastic future: Going to + predicate (e.g., she’s going to sing) f Present + adverbial (e.g., she sings tomorrow) g Present progressive (e.g., she’s singing) h Future perfect (e.g., she will have left by the time you arrive)
According to Nguyễn Hồng Nhung (2008), the author provides a comprehensive examination of expressions conveying future events in English, with a specific emphasis on both linguistic form and practical usage Moreover, the similarities and differences between these expressions were figured out There are a total of 10 future expressions included in the analysis, including:
10 Future time in the past
The author only focuses on analyzing grammatical structures and how to use expressions to express the future in English, but has not specifically listed ways to express the future in Vietnamese nor shown the difference between the two languages clearly.
Lê Thị Biển Xanh's 2019 master's thesis, titled "Vietnam 2035," investigated the similarities and differences in future tense expression between Vietnamese and English The study, published in the report "Vietnam 2035," identified several expressions used in both languages: tense and infinitive, present continuous, simple present future, future continuous, and "be to" infinitive.
In this thesis, Le (2019) believes that the translator normally translates sentence by sentence, so she focuses on clauses or simple sentences when selecting the scope of the study and its English version The language's syntax in Vietnamese and English is what her paper pointed out She collects 962 samples containing the word "sẽ" in her scope of the study and 908 in its English version The findings of this research are 10 groups divided by all different grammatical structures Two of them are Group 1 (The Simple Future) and Group 3 (The Simple Present), which are the most popular samples expressing the futurity She emphasizes the importance of understanding meaning during the translation process Although 54 samples are not translated, the translator still assures the original message of the report.
She also considers that all Vietnamese cases expressing future time use "sẽ" and also indicates 11 forms of future expression in English, mainly the Simple Future and the Simple Present Regarding the typical syntax means of future cases, there will be the Simple Future, be going to + infinitive, Present Continuous, Simple Present Future, Future Continuous,be to+ infinitive.
A study found that only 11 grammatical means of expressing the future in English exist through different tenses These include Simple Present, Simple Future, and semi-auxiliaries like "Be to" and "Be about to." However, the number of forms may vary depending on the English linguistics categories used To accurately determine the count, both syntactic and semantic features of sentences must be considered.
One example is given in the report (Xanh, Master thesis, p.19):
"Việt Nam cam kết ngay từ đầu SẼ xây dựng trên cơ sở nguồn nhân lực đã tương đối cao và phân phối đồng đều."
"Vietnam committed early to build on its already relatively high and equitably distributed human capital."
Xanh reckons the word "committed" is in the simple past form but expressing future It may not be correct to confirm that In the original sentence, "sẽ" (like will) is linked before the verb "xây dựng" (build), not "cam kết" (committed) Under the Vietnamese language lens, this sentence can express the future meaning because the author of the report uses the word "cam kết"(commit), "cam kết" means taking action as the commitment to the parties Thus, the word "cam kết" brings the future meaning in the sentence, it comes from the lexicology in linguistics because its meaning means the future.
In English, the grammatical category of tense indicates the time of an action or event When referring to something that happened in the past, verbs must be conjugated accordingly For example, the word "commit" must be converted to "committed" in the English version to maintain grammatical accuracy This distinction is crucial in conveying the intended meaning and ensuring the coherence of the paragraph.
This paper makes a comparison of the ways of expressing future meaning in Vietnamese and English In detail, To Minh Thanh focuses on the Vietnamese words "sẽ", "định",
"tính", or "sắp"; or a combination of two or more (“định sẽ”, “tính sẽ”, or “dự tính sẽ”).His study shows a table of similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English expressions of future meaning and six discussions about future meaning and related factors. means or a combination of available means The most important finding in this research is the existence of the disagreement in the interpretation of future meaning in both Vietnamese and English.
In this paper, the author indicates two means to express future meaning: grammatical and lexical means We agree with her finding when conducting our research, the meaning of Vietnamese sentences is mainly structured by lexical words In terms of future meaning in Vietnamese, it depends on future time words used in sentences or contextual factors. English has ways of expressing futurity that are more complicated than Vietnamese She proves that Vietnamese does not have lexical means to convey futurity.
The identification of an unexplored area within the scholarly literature presents an intriguing opportunity for investigation Specifically, the absence of comparative research between an English original work and its Vietnamese translation underscores a noteworthy lacuna This lacuna is significant as it pertains to the divergence in plot and meaningful expressions concerning future-oriented themes evident between the two linguistic iterations Conducting a comparative analysis of an English work and itsVietnamese counterpart holds promise for yielding valuable insights into the interplay of cultural nuances and linguistic disparities in shaping interpretations of narrative elements based on plot dynamics and expressions pertaining to future scenarios Such an endeavor stands to enrich our comprehension of the intricacies involved in the translation and reception of literary texts across distinct cultural milieus In light of the foregoing, the formulation of well-defined research objectives and methodological frameworks becomes imperative to ensure the attainment of robust and insightful findings within this uncharted realm of inquiry So thatThe ways of expressing the futurity in an English literary work and their Vietnamese translation version.
Comparative and contrastive methods
Contrastive Analysis , according to Lado (1957), (Adelina & Suprayogi, 2020), in finding similarities and differences between the two languages, there will be seven types of contrastive analysis:
2) Similar form different meanings, and similar meaning different forms
7) The same meaning, but has restrictions regarding the distribution of geographic areas”. Johansson (2008) related a contrastive method to “the systematic similarities and differences” that meets the viewpoint of (Tran, 2011), (Tajareh & Mahboobeh, 2015), it is the systematic study of a pair of languages to identify the differences and similarities.
On the other hand, Comparative Analysis is referred to the research approach in which two or more cases are explicitly contrasted to each other with regard to a specific phenomenon or along a certain dimension, in order to explore parallels and differences among the cases (Azarian, 2011).
The value of both kinds of method are really acknowledged due to the fact that there are several conducted researches used this method to differentiate L2 (Foreign language) compared to L1 (Mother tounge language) such as: “Contrastive Analysis of English and
Indonesian Idioms of Human Body” by Adelina & Suprayogi (2020), “English Idioms
Also, in this article by Al-khresheh (2016), there are five steps for making a systematic comparison and contrast of any two languages listed by the authors as follows: Selection - Description - Comparison - Prediction - Verification.
We will base on this progress to conduct our research to ensure the scientific nature of a research as having been prescribed.
Summary
Our futurity expression constructions table is established largely based on some theories of ways of expressing futurity Firstly, there are 4 typical models that are Will/shall+ infinitive, Be going to + infinitive, Present progressive, Simple present, Will/shall + progressive infinitive (Quirk et al., 1985, pp 213-218) Secondly, Larreya (2000) make a summary of the futurity expression constructions from Bardovi-Harlig, 2002, 2004; Bybee et al., 1994 That comprises Lexical futures, Adverbials,About to,Will + predicate, Periphrastic future,Going to + predicate, Present + adverbial, Present progressive, Future perfect.
We find out that future expressions in English are based on both grammatical features (verb conjugation, combination of grammatical and lexical means) and lexical features (lexical items: lexical verb intend, plan indicate semantic meaning in sentence), (To,
2022) While expression of futurity in Vietnamese mostly relies on empty words showing the combination of both to express meaning of utterances, these words have a function in connecting content words in sentences to make sense After collecting samples from the book, the research puts them in the available construction table and others are served for special situations From that this study can set up a general view to discuss the ways of expressing futurity and their Vietnamese translation version Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
METHODOLOGY
Methods of the study
This study employed qualitative and quantitative research methods, characterized by the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of data without generalizing findings. Quantitative research involves the utilization of numerical data to interpret results (Kowalczyk, 2016) It is particularly valuable for measuring the relationship between two languages because our research is correlational in nature In addition, Gries (2005) highlighted the statistical role of quantitative method as follows:
The study's final report comprises sections including introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion Furthermore, this study adopted a descriptive statistical about qualitative and quantitative approach, chosen to align with the research goals as it aimed to describe a specific phenomenon based on the analysis results.
A corpus of English samples and Vietnamese is gathered from utterances of speakers inEnglish and their Vietnamese translations There are a total of 1296 characters’ utterances collected, the study analyzes them and estimate again the exactly quality of constructions which are 1267 constructions following appendix 1, one utterance may have more than collected, the study analyzes them and estimate again the exactly quality of constructions which are 1267 constructions following Table 3.1, one utterance may have more than one.
All the collected samples are categorized based on the appendix 1 There are 14 typical meanings (Possibility, Volition, Prediction, Necessity, Advisability, Obligation, Future event/action, Permission, Intention, Arrangement, Inevitability, Request/Offer, Ongoing, Insistence) used as our criteria to divide samples into meaning of constructions (focus on semantic meaning of sentences) They are classified into grammatical means and lexical means The data gathered are subjected by statistical qualitative analysis, outcomes taken from statistical qualitative will be discussion in chapter 4.
Quantitative statistics will show the percentage of construction samples most used in both English and Vietnamese In addition, quantitative analysis can also show that in English literature, which structure the author prefers to use when talking about future intentions in the character's sentences The results obtained by quantitative statistics will give rise to the next qualitative analysis process.
This study employs a qualitative analysis of sample patterns in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." Quantitative statistics are used to tally samples with varying structures, providing data for qualitative assessment By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the study also highlights similarities and differences in semantic expression between English and Vietnamese languages Comparative and contrastive analyses are utilized to establish a comprehensive overview of futurity expressions, guided by quantitative analysis results.
In our data analysis procedure:
- There are a total of 1296 sentences expressing the future (1267 constructions and others as table below), all futurity expressions that the research collected from 38 classified book chapters, analyzed as follows:
+ In terms of grammatical structure: The research team rely on signs of 8 grammatical structures compiled from 4 books (see more at Table 4.2) to accurately determine which type of structure each sentence belongs to among the 6 given categories of constructions.
+ In terms of semantic features: We rely on 14 typical meanings (see more at Table 4.2, Appendix 5), which will be specified in more detail in the findings section, as a guideline Each sentence is meticulously evaluated to determine its specific semantic nuance among the 14 predefined categories of meaning.
Table 3 1 Constructions Expressing Futurity in English
This study adopts a mixed methods to analyze how futurity is expressed in English andVietnamese The corpus comprises English and Vietnamese utterances, with data categorized based on appendix 1 Quantitative analysis focuses on identifying the most frequently used constructions in both languages, as well as preferred structures in English literature Quantitative analysis's statistical results support the qualitative findings by exploring linguistic patterns and items Through comparative and contrastive analysis, the
Summary
This study adopts a mixed methods to analyze how futurity is expressed in English andVietnamese The corpus comprises English and Vietnamese utterances, with data categorized based on appendix 1 Quantitative analysis focuses on identifying the most frequently used constructions in both languages, as well as preferred structures in English literature Quantitative analysis's statistical results support the qualitative findings by exploring linguistic patterns and items Through comparative and contrastive analysis, the
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Ways of expressing futurity in English
4.1.1 In terms of their grammatical feature s
Table 4 1 Statistic of Constructions Expressing Futurity in English
Generally, not only in this study but also in other studies (section 2.2), Modal auxiliaries
Amongst the various constructions used to express future tense in English, modal auxiliaries reign supreme, accounting for 61.8% of usage The most frequently employed modal auxiliary is "will." Semi-auxiliaries, such as "be going to" and "have to," constitute the second most common category, with a usage frequency of 14.13% Progressive forms and the remaining six constructions collectively contribute less than 25% to the expression of futurity.
4.1.2 In terms of their semantic features
Table 4 2 Statistic of Meaning of Constructions Expressing Futurity in English
Constructions with possibility and volition have more than 300 (nearly one-fourth) The number of prediction meaning is about 10% (127/1267) Other meaning mainly less than one in ten It is evident that people often talk about a future event or action by the potential ability of them.
Ways of expressing futurity in English and their Vietnamese translation equivalents
4.2.1 In terms of their grammatical features
Table 4 3 Meanings of Constructions Expressing Futurity and Vietnamese
No.1 English constructions Vietnamese equivalents
1 Modal auxiliaries "sẽ", "có thể", "hãy", "nên"
2 Semi-auxiliaries "sẽ", "chắc", "có thể", "nên","sắp", "đang", "phải"
3 Phrasal Modals "sẽ", "có thể", "phải"
5 Progressive forms "sẽ", "có thể", "đang", "phải"
6 Perfective aspects "sẽ", "có thể"
In Vietnamese, "sẽ", "có thể", "nên", "cần", "muốn", "sắp", "phải" are some typical pre- verbal expressing futurity in Vietnamese All 6 constructions in English meaning (main verb exception) are translated into Vietnamese as empty words The major occurences are" sẽ" and many pre-verbal in Vietnamese are also available, however, due to the diverse of pre-verbal in Vietnamese, they c each words here.
4.2.2 In terms of their semantic features
Table 4 4 Statistic of Ways of Expressing Futurity in English meaning and their Vietnamese Equivalents
No English meaning Vietnamese meaning
1 Possibility Khả năng xảy ra
2 Volition Ý muốn của người nói
7 Future event/action Sự việc tương lai
11 Inevitability Sự chắc chắn xảy ra
13 Ongoing Hành động đang diễn ra
14 Insistence Tính chất không đổi (khăng khăng)
This table provide an overview of the meanings and contexts associated with each term, elucidating their significance within the realm of modal expressions in Vietnamese In fact, 5 groups of table 2.2 about how futurity expressions are shown in different shades of utterances, we can divide them into more than 14 meanings about futurity (a combination of modal meaning and lexical meaning about future).
The similarities and differences of Ways of expressing futurity in English and
4.3.1 In terms of their grammatical features
According to the table, 6 typical constructions expressing futurity in English and inVietnamese have both similarity and difference in the sentence structure, namely here verb phrase Vietnamese verb phrases in futurity expressing usually have a compound of
Figure 4 1 A comparison of a syntactic feature of verb phrase in ways of expressing futurity in English and Vietnamese
Modal auxiliaries Semi-auxiliaries Phrasal modals Main verb
Firstly, in terms of verb phrase structure, modals (auxiliaries) function as the pre-verbal (auxiliaries) elements and post verbal elements of subject, always standing in front of a main verb from the right in kinds of sentences such as declarative sentences Sentences with modal verbs are grammatical expressions about the typical model of ways of expressing futurity.
'Harry and Iwillget the Cloak on and wait until the coast is clear ’
“Harry và mìnhsẽtrùm Áo khoác Tàng hình và chờ đến khi đâu đó an toàn ”
(J.K Rolling, 2003, p.651) [“will” (modal) – “get” (main verb)]
[“sẽ” (pre-verbal) – “trùm” (main verb)[
‘No – Harry – we’ll have totell her!’
“Đừng Harry ơi Harry, tụi mình phảinói với cô thôi ”
(J.K Rolling, 2003, p.658) [‘ll have to” (modal) – “tell” (main verb)]
[“phải” (modal) – “nói” (main verb) – “thôi” (post-verbal)]
As can be seen in this examples, the position of modal in English and pre-verbal element in Vietnamese are both before the main verb Also, in the second example in Vietnamese traslation version, there are post-verbal element follow later “thôi”“phải nói thôi".
However, in the interrogative sentence, the position of modals is not the same as normal sentences.
“Mày có im đi không?”
"Có đi không" is an interrogative grammatical expression in Vietnamese In terms of its pre-verbal and post-verbal elements, "có" precedes "im đi" (shut up), and "đi không" follows it, post-verbally.
Secondly, modal verbs have past forms (could, might, would) but still convey future meanings Conversely, Vietnamese's function words do not have neither past forms, progressive or perfective Vietnamese verbs do not need to conjugated, Vietnamese only uses function words (empty words) like "sẽ" (will), "có thể" (could) to talk about the future without any other variations.
‘Have you any idea what the Ministrywouldmake of that information?'
"Các cháu có biết là Bộ Pháp Thuậtsẽlàm gì với cái thông tin đó không?”
‘Hewouldcome back here to Grimmauld Place and live with Sirius’
Table 4 5 Frequency of Pre-verbal Elements in English and Vietnamese
The English constructions expressing futurity by using modal verbs is 88,08% and it has the similar position to Vietnamese verb phrase's structure (94.67%), the pre-verbal elements used to express futurity also occupy almost absolutely in both language The proportion of pre-verbal elements in ways of expressing futurity in English and
Under the view of percentage, it is clear that both Vietnamese nearly literally apply modal auxiliaries (or pre-verbal) so often more than English However, Englsih modals could be shown in grammatical and lexical means, Vietnamese empty words (modals) only are a kind of word which have no meaning but have grammatical function connecting elements in sentences in order to set up semantic meaning for those sentences.
4.3.2 In terms of their semantic meaning
The major constructions expressing futurity in English are the combination of verb conjugation with tenses, or main verb (lexical verbs) referring to future time, future action likehope, intend These lexical items set semantic meaning for sentences by itself lexical meaning.
‘Fine let them see it, Ihopethey use it on you!’
“Được vậy thì được cứ cho chúng xem, con hy vọng chúng sẽ dùng nó để chống lại chính cô!”
Apart from auxiliaries, English and Vietnamese also apply lexical verbs to express futurity through them The word "hope" is translated into "hy vọng", both of them carry expectation meaning about something happening in the future This utterance is a Hermonie's volition about Mrs Umbridge's negative harshness, she show her volition that there will be something can attack her.
The ways of expressing futurity in English can go with lexical phrases to further emphasize the future meaning, while this situation is also occur in Vietnamese.
‘Dad and the others’llbe outin no time ’
“Ba tao và những người khácchẳng mấy chốcsẽ thoát ra…”
‘It’ll clear it upin no time ’
"Nó sẽ làm cho ngưng chảy máungay tức thì"
Idiom "In no time" is used to convey the idea of something happening very quickly or very soon The phrase is often used to emphasize the speed or efficiency of an action or event, suggesting that it will happen almost immediately or without delay In the above example, "in no time" have a fixed meaning when translated into Vietnamese but "chẳng mấy chốc" (soon), "ngay tức thì"(immediately).
‘It’s no-go with the Extendable Ears, she’s gone and put an Imperturbable Charm on the kitchen door.’
Also, idiom "no go” acts as subject complement, which means unlikely to happen in the future This kind of English expressions adds deep shade of semantic meanings to the expression of future which are less certainly to in English.
‘It’s no-go with the Extendable Ears, she’s gone and put an Imperturbable Charm on the kitchen door.’
“Các anh sẽ chẳng đi đến đâu với Bành Trướng Nhĩ nữa đâu Má đã ếm lên cửa nhà bếp Bùa Tình Bơ rồi."
Both Vietnamese and English generally have common semantics of lexical means, namelyadverbials of time.
“She says there will be plenty of time to learn how to defend yourselflaterand that you are too young to be worrying about that right now.”
Bà trấn an rằng sau này sẽ có nhiều thời gian để dạy con tự vệ và con còn quá nhỏ, không cần lo lắng về điều đó hiện tại.
(J.K Rolling, 2003, p.329) The adverb "later" is translated into "sau này", both of them express the undetermined point of time in the future This sentence means there will be so much time for the hearer that she/he does not need to learn now, can wait for a time, then start learning in a certain of age level.
Eg:‘He is planning something to do with me, then?’
“Vậy là thầy Dumbledore đangdự tínhlàm gì đó với con à?”
Eg: ‘It’ll all be oversoon,’
Table 4.6 Similarity of English Futurity Meaning and their Vietnamese Equivalents
No English meaning Vietnamese equivalents
1 Possibility "có thể", "sẽ", "chắc"
2 Volition "cần" (phải), "phải", "sẽ" (phải)
3 Prediction "sẽ", "có thể", "chắc"
4 Necessity "cần", "nên", "phải", "sẽ"
5 Advisability "cần" (phải), "nên","có thể"
6 Obligation "cần" (phải), "sẽ" (phải)
12 Request/Offer "có thể", "sẽ", "định"
Looking at the Table 4.6, Vietnamese listed above are the most dominants empty words translated by semantic meaning of collected data In terms of semantic meaning, futurity expression in Vietnamese translation version, empty words are in preference to other lexical words Although empty words indeed does not carrying meaning in Vietnamese stably, they have a mission of connecting content words with other words in a sentence.
In this sentence, "can" is used to refer to the ability or possibility to perform an action in the future However, when combined with the negative word "not", "can't" indicates a lack of ability or inability to perform that action.
(2)‘I’llcome, I’lld – do whatever it takes to try and save him.’
“mà mình cũng sẽ cùng đi, mình cũng sẽ làm bất cứ điều gì đang làm để cứu chú ấy ”
CONCLUSION
Recapitulation
In this research paper, we have investigated the ways of expressing futurity in English, particularly focusing on how characters in the novel show their prediction, warning about future, or intention to implement something by their utterance in dialogues to other speakers We apply descriptive statistical analysis to point out 6 grammatical ways of expressing futurity in English and their Vietnamese translation equivalents which are empty words (grammatical expressions in Vietnamese) After the process of assessment, there are no highlight difference between two languages, only when expressing futurity by auxiliaries, Vietnamese usesonly pre-verbal elements but also post-verbal elemts "thôi",
"xong" However, pre-verbal elements are still in favoured by translators.
In English, the major theoretical background which we follow here is that there are 6 constructions (grammatical means) and have 14 typical futurity expression meaning,. With grammatical means, the meaning of utterance is represented by verb conjugation, grammatical function words, and tense The lexical means comprises lexical zones of words or phrases, the meaning of speakers' utterance mainly based on content of words, phrases In Vietnamese, some popular words modifier to meaning of utterances in terms of future time: preverbal elements "sẽ", "phải" or post-verbal elements "hết", "xong"; completive particles "được", "phải"; main verb (content words) "dự định", "cam kết" The preverbal or postverbal elements function as the marker.
The data collection from the novel shows us constructions mostly used in an literary work is modals auxiliaries When projecting the English version with the Vietnamese translation version, we find out the similarity of both language is pre-verbal in Vietnamese functions similar to modals in English Furthermore, empty words such as
"sẽ", "có thể" are able to cover all the meaning of English constructions, more than 14 meanings of futurity expressions in English (verb conjugtion, modal auxilaires, modal phrasals) are translated into Vietnamese empty words to indicate future.
Implications
The implications of this study offer valuable insights into the expression of futurity in both English and Vietnamese literature From a theoretical standpoint, the findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the grammatical and lexical mechanisms employed to convey future events in these languages By analyzing the semantic nuances and syntactic structures utilized in expressing futurity, this study enhances our comprehension of how languages conceptualize and articulate temporal concepts.
Moreover, the practical implications of this research are significant for language learners, educators, and translators English learners, particularly those whose native language is Vietnamese, can benefit from a more nuanced understanding of how to accurately convey future-related concepts in English By identifying the similarities and differences between the ways futurity is expressed in English and Vietnamese, language learners can improve their proficiency in both languages and navigate potential translation challenges more effectively.
Through this study, educators gain valuable insights to develop more effective instructional materials and teaching methods tailored to English learners Incorporating examples and exercises that showcase the varied expressions of futurity in English literature enhances students' comprehension of these concepts, fostering more accurate language production and comprehension abilities.
This study's findings hold significant implications for the academic field, providing practical advantages for language learners, teachers, and translators It elucidates the complexities of expressing futurity in English and Vietnamese literature, enhancing our comprehension of language structure, communication, and translation procedures.
Limitations and suggestions for further studies
This section lists two limitations of this research study that should be taken into considerations Firstly, our study have not showed any extreme outstanding differences between two languages when expressing futurity The Vietnamese translation version reaches to a certain level of standard for readers understand Harry Potter's journey fully. Vietnamese grammar is different from English, English regulates futurity expressing according to the rule of modal verbs, verb conjugations That is also a factor why if there are no contextual and temporal accompanying with utterances, it is easily confusing when only reading an English literary work Secondly, the research only takes data on how to express the future in English through the Harry Potter novel volume 5 In particular, we only focused on the dialogues of the characters Therefore, the corpus used for analysis might not be fully representative of all real-world of English usage Certain variations and formal language usage might not be fully mentioned.
In the upcoming topics, we expect to expand the research corpus to include a wider range of text types, such as spoken language transcripts, social media data, and literary texts, in order to have a more comprehensive view of whether there are any differences between future expressions in spoken and written language in the two languages Also, a more comprehensive comparative analysis of futurity expression across various English dialects(e.g., British English, American English) and Vietnamese dialects (e.g., Northern, Central,Southern) can be taken into consideration.
Alexandar, L G (1988) Longman English grammar practice for intermediate students.
Al-khresheh, M (2016) A review study of contrastive analysis theory Journal of Advances in Humanities and Social Sciences,2(6), 330-338.
Azarian, R (2011) Potentials and limitations of comparative method in social science.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,1(4), 113-125.
Ayoun, D (2013) The acquisition of future temporality by L2 French learners.Journal of
French Language Studies, 24(02), 181-202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959269513000185.
Azar, B S., & Hagen, S A (2009).Understanding and Using English Grammar(4th ed.). Pearson Longman.
Bardovi-Harlig, K (2002) A new starting point?: Investigating formulaic use and input in future expression Studies in second language acquisition, 24(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263102002036
Bergs, Alexander (2010) Expressions of futurity in contemporary English: a Construction Grammar perspective English Language and Linguistics 14(2), 217-
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., and Pagliuca, W (1994).The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comrie, B (1985).Tense Cambridge University Press.
Declerck, R., & Depraetere, I (1995) The double system of tense forms referring to future time in English.Journal of Semantics, 12(3), 269-310.
Declerck, R (1991).Tense in English: Its structure and use in discourse Routledge.
Definition of futurity noun Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/futurity?q=futurity
Do, P L., (2012) Empty words in Vietnamese.Vietnam Journals Online, (5), 11-17.
Fries, C C (1927) The Expression of the Future Language, 3(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/408960
Gries, S T (2005) Statistical methods in learner corpus research In G Gilquin, S.
Granger, & F Meunier (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of learner corpus research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, B (2013).Expressing Future Time In Spoken Conversational English: A Corpus- based Analysis Of The Sitcom Friends [Master's thesis, University of Central
Florida] https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2917.
Hoang, T P (2003).Cách dùng hư tư tiếng Việt hiện đại Nghệ An Publishing.
Kowalczyk, D., & Skidmore, S Research Methodologies: Quantitative, Qualitative, andMixed Method [Video] Study.com https://study.com/academy/lesson/research- methodologies-quantitative-qualitative-mixed-method.html
Johansson, S (2008) Contrastive analysis and learner language: A corpus-based approach.University of Oslo, 9.
Lado, R (1957) Linguistics across cultures; applied linguistics for language teachers.
Ann Arbor - The University of Michigan Press.
Larreya, P (2000) Modal verbs and the expression of futurity in English, French and Italian.Belgian Journal of Linguistics,14(1), 115-129.
Le, T B X (2019) Ways of Expressing Future in the Report "Viet Nam 2035" and Its English Version [Master's thesis, University of Foreign Language Studies - The
University of Da Nang] http://tailieuso.udn.vn/handle/TTHL_125/10196
Nuriyeva, S (2016) The Grammatical Ways of Expressing the Future in English and their Corresponding Forms in Azerbaijani International Journal of English Linguistics,6(3), 156-169.http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n3p156
Nguyen, A.Q (1988).Hư từ trong tiếng Việt hiện đại Science and Society Publishing.
Nguyen, H K (2015) The influence of Vietnamese on English acquisition and use by the Hanoians.Vietnam Journals Online, (3), 35-44.
Nguyen, T H., & Nguyen, T L (2019) English idioms containing human-body parts and their Vietnamese equivalents: A case study of two English novels and theirVietnamese translation versions.VNU Journal of Foreign Studies,35(3).
Phan, T (2013) Syntax of Vietnamese aspect [Doctoral dissertation, University of
Quirk , R., Greenbaum , S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J (1985) A comprehensive grammar of the English language Longman.
Quirk , R., & Greenbaum, S (1974).A University Grammar of English Longman.
Rowling, J (2003).Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Bloomsury.
Rowling, J K (2013).Harry Potter Và Hội Phượng Hoàng, 5 Tre Publishing House.
Adelina, C & Supragogi (2020) Contrast analysis of English and Indonesian idioms of human body Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(1), 21-27. http://jim.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/linguistics_and_literature/index.
Tajareh, M J (2015) An overview of contrastive analysis hypothesis Cumhuriyet ĩniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakỹltesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi,36(3), 1106-1113.
Thomson, A J., & Martinet, A V (1986).A practical English grammar (4th ed) Oxford University Press.
To, M T (2022) Future meaning in Vietnamese and English: Similarities and Differences International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.22239
Tran, T T H (2011) A contrastive analysis of performative verbs in English and Vietnamese [Minor thesis, Vietnam National Univeristy, Hanoi University of
Languages and International Studies Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies]
Vocabulary.com Futurity Vocabulary.com Dictionary. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/futurity
Wekker, H C (1976) The expression of future time in contemporary British English: an investigation into the syntax and semantics of five verbal constructions expressing futurity [Doctoral dissertation, Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgeversmaatschappij] https://hdl.handle.net/2066/148585
Yule, G (1985).The study of language(6th ed.) Cambridge University Press.
COMMON WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURITY
No Constructions Examples Meaning Source Page
You can buya hammer at the hardware store Possibility B4 198
Canweborrowthese books from the library? Permission B1 221
In those days only mencould votein elections Permission B1 233
MayIborrowyour pen (please)? Polite request B4 158
Might (not) Theremight be some complaints Possibility B1 223
MightIaskwhether you are using the Permission B1 223 typewriter?
According to the opinion polls, Ishall win quite easily Prediction B1 230
ShallI getyour coat for you ? Offer B3 134
You should doas he says Obligation B1 227
Sheshould dowell on the test tomorrow 90% certainty
That'll bethe postman [on hearing the doorbell ring] Prediction B1 228
I'll writeas soon as I can Intention B1 229
Would (not) Wouldyou pleasehelpme? Polite request B4 205
Wouldyoumind if I left early? Polite request B4 205
You must takemore exercise Join a squash club Advisability B2 100
You must beback by ten o'clock Obligation, compulsion B1 225
I'm in no hurry Heneedn't send it by air.
He can send it by sea Advisability
You needn't maketwo copies One will do B2 102
The jobought to be finishedby next Monday.
I ought to writeto him today/tomorrow B2 99
You had betternot be late for the lecture Necessity
The gas tank is almost empty Wehad better stopat the next gas station Advisibility B4 167
Would rather/would sooner/ would prefer to/would like
I would rather goto the park than stay home B4 205
Had better You had betternot be late for the lecture Necessity
The gas tank is almost empty Wehad better stopat the next gas station Advisibility B4 167
To be healthy, a planthas to receive a good supply of both sunshine and moisture, Necessity B1 226
I have tobe at the airport in an hour Obligation B4 70
You haveall got to shareour skills and knowledge.
I have got to goto class today B4 204
OPEC representatives are to meetin
Be able to Even though Yoko has a job, sheis able to pay her rent and feed her family Possibility B4 375
Look! The raceisjustabout tostart Possibility B3 138 Alice and Mary are at home Maryis about to leaveon a trip, and Alice is going to take her to the airport.
There is a lot of equipment in the research laboratory, but undergraduates are not allowed touse it.
Look out! She's going tofaint Prediction B3 138
I'm going to practice the piano for two hours this evening Volition B3 138
We're going to spendthe winter in
Their teamis supposed tobe the best.
The committeeis supposed to vote by secret ballot B4 173
Be certain to Sheis certain to enjoy the meal B1 237
Be bound to The planis bound tofail Necessity B1 237
You are bound topay your debts Obligation B1 237
Be due to The planeis due to land at 2.15 Arrangement B3 138
3 Phrasal Modals Will be able to Janetwill be able to helpyou tomorrow Possibility B4 202
Will have to You will have to pickher up at her home Obligation, necessity B4 202
Be going to + Be able to
Tomisn’t going to be able to helpyou tomorrow Possibility B4 202
What will you say if Imarrythe boss? Hypothetical situation B1 215
At this rate, the guests will be drunk before they leave Future event/action B1 215
Present progressive The matchis startingat 2.30 (tomorrow) Arrangement B1 215
By this time next week, Iwill have been workingon this book for a year Prediction, volition B3 137
6 Perfective aspects The jobshould/ought to be finishedby next Monday.
I will have retiredby the year 2020 Prediction B3 137
7 Others Be on the point of Theyare on the point of starting Imminence B2 83
MEANINGS OF THE MODALS
GROUP I can/could permission possibility, ability may/might
GROUP II must have (got) to need (nonassertive) obligation necessity should ought to
MEANINGS OF MARGINAL AUXILIARIES
Past Committed Committed used to need (to) have to have got to be bound to be certain to be sure to need (to) have to have got to be bound to be certain to be sure to be able to be allowed to be permitted to
Future (Non committed) (Non committed) Volition Other be going to be to be about to be due to be destined to ought to be likely to be supposed to ought to had better be supposed to be willing to would rather would sooner be going to dare (to) tend to be liable to happen to
STATISTICS OF CONSTRUCTIONS
16 Would rather/would sooner/would prefer to/ would like 15 1.18%
29 Be sure to/of/that 3 0.24%
31 Be going to + Be able to 2 0.16%
APPENDIX 5: STATISTIC OF FUTURITY MEANINGS OF CONSTRUCTIONS
No Constructions Meanings Occurrence Perrcentage