MODELING AND SIMULATION IN ENGINEERING Edited by Catalin Alexandru Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Edited by Catalin Alexandru Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Modeling and Simulation in Engineering, Edited by Catalin Alexandru p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0012-6 Contents Preface IX Part 1 3D Modeling 1 Chapter 1 Image-Laser Fusion for In Situ 3D Modeling of Complex Environments: A 4D Panoramic-Driven Approach 3 Daniela Craciun, Nicolas Paparoditis and Francis Schmitt Chapter 2 DART: A 3D Model for Remote Sensing Images and Radiative Budget of Earth Surfaces 29 J.P. Gastellu-Etchegorry, E. Grau and N. Lauret Chapter 3 3D Modelling from Real Data 69 Gabriele Guidi and Fabio Remondino Chapter 4 3D Modeling of a Natural Killer Receptor, Siglec-7: Critical Amino Acids for Glycan-Binding and Cell Death-Inducing Activity 103 Toshiyuki Yamaji, Yoshiki Yamaguchi, Motoaki Mitsuki, Shou Takashima, Satoshi Waguri, Yasuhiro Hashimoto and Kiyomitsu Nara Chapter 5 Applications of Computational 3D–Modeling in Organismal Biology 117 Christian Laforsch, Hannes Imhof, Robert Sigl, Marcus Settles, Martin Heß and Andreas Wanninger Chapter 6 Open Source 3D Game Engines for Serious Games Modeling 143 Andres Navarro, Juan Vicente Pradilla and Octavio Rios Chapter 7 Refinement of Visual Hulls for Human Performance Capture 159 Toshihiko Yamasaki and Kiyoharu Aizawa VI Contents Part 2 Virtual Prototyping 175 Chapter 8 Analytical Compact Models 177 Bruno Allard and Hervé Morel Chapter 9 Virtual Prototyping for Rapid Product Development 203 S.H. Choi and H.H. Cheung Chapter 10 Oriented Multi-Body System Virtual Prototyping Technology for Railway Vehicle 225 Guofu Ding, Yisheng Zou, Kaiyin Yan and Meiwei Jia Chapter 11 Enabling and Analyzing Natural Interaction with Functional Virtual Prototypes 261 Frank Gommlich, Guido Heumer, Bernhard Jung, Matthias Lenk and Arnd Vitzthum Chapter 12 Fluid Pressurization in Cartilages and Menisci in the Normal and Repaired Human Knees 277 LePing Li and Mojtaba Kazemi Preface We are living in a computer-based world. Computer use in various fields has long ceased to be fashionable and has become almost a necessity. Since the early phases of design to the final implementation of a product, the computer has replaced traditional tools, providing efficient and elegant instruments. We can say, without fear of being wrong, that the strides that mankind has taken in recent decades is due largely to computer assistance. This book provides an open platform from which to establish and share knowledge developed by scholars, scientists, and engineers from all over the world, about various applications of computer aided modeling and simulation in the design process of products in various engineering fields. The book consists of 12 chapters arranged in an order reflecting the multidimensionality of applications related to modeling and simulation. The chapters are in two sections: 3D Modeling (seven chapters), and Virtual Prototyping (five chapters). Some of the most recent modeling and simulation techniques, as well as some of the most accurate and sophisticated software in treating complex systems, are applied. Modeling is an essential and inseparable part of all scientific activity, being the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical, and/or mathematical models. In other words, modeling is a method in science and technology consisting of the schematic representation of an object or system as a similar or analog model. Modeling allows the analysis of real phenomena and predicts the results from the application of one or more theories to a given level of approximation. Simulation is an imitation used to study the results of an action on a product (system), without performing the experiment on the physical/hardware product. So, simulation can be defined as the virtual reproduction of physical systems. A computer simulation is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. Computer simulation has become a useful part of modeling many systems in engineering, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. The basic goal for a computer simulation is to generate a sample of representative scenarios for a model. Advances in computer hardware and software have led to new challenges and opportunities for researchers aimed at investigating complex systems. The modern X Preface approach of the modeling and simulation process has now shifted from the traditional CAD/CAM/CAE practices, which were focused on a concept referred to as art-to- component, to the system-focused approach, the interaction of form, fit, function, and assembly of all components in a product having a major contribution to overall product quality. Virtual prototyping practices can ensure greater product performance and quality in a fraction of both the time and cost required for traditional approaches. Virtual prototyping is a computer-aided engineering-based discipline that entails modeling products and simulating their behavior under real-world operating conditions. By using various types of software solutions for evaluating the form, fitting, functionality, and durability of the products in an integrated approach, complex digital prototypes can be created and then used in virtual experiments (lab and field tests) in a similar way to the real circumstances. Generally, a virtual prototyping platform includes the following software environments: CAD (Computer Aided Design) to create the geometric (solid) model of the system/product; MBS (Multi-Body Systems) – to analyze, optimize, and simulate the system under real operating conditions; FEA (Finite Element Analysis) to capture inertial and compliance effects during simulations, to study deformations of the flexible components, and to predict loads with greater accuracy, therefore achieving more realistic results; DFC (Design for Control) – to create the control/command system model for the mechatronic products; and PDM (Product Data Management) to track and control data related to a particular product, and to promote integration and data exchange among all users who interact with products. Depending on the type of application, other particular software solutions can obviously be used. One of the most important advantages of this kind of simulation, based on virtual prototyping, is the possibility of performing virtual measurements in any point or area of the system, and for any parameter (motion, force, energy). This is not always possible in the real case due to the lack of space for transducers placement, lack of appropriate transducers, or high temperatures. This helps engineers to make quick decisions on any design changes without going through expensive hardware prototype building and testing. The behavioral performance predictions are obtained much earlier in the design cycle of the products, thereby allowing more effective and cost-efficient design changes and reducing overall risk substantially. This book collects original and innovative research studies on recent applications in modeling and simulation. Modeling and Simulation in Engineering is addressed to researchers, engineers, students, and to all those professionally active and/or interested in the methods and applications of modeling and simulation, covering a large engineering field: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, and others. The book provides a forum for original papers dealing with any aspect of systems simulation and modeling. The basic principle for a successful modeling and simulation process can be formulated in this way: as complex as necessary, and as simple as possible. This is in accordance with the Einstein's . MODELING AND SIMULATION IN ENGINEERING Edited by Catalin Alexandru Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Edited by Catalin Alexandru Published by InTech. and simulation, covering a large engineering field: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, and others. The book provides a forum for original papers dealing. Modeling and Simulation in Engineering is addressed to researchers, engineers, students, and to all those professionally active and/ or interested in the methods and applications of modeling and