RECENT INTERFEROMETRY APPLICATIONS IN TOPOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY Edited by Ivan Padron Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy Edited by Ivan Padron Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Nenadic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy, Edited by Ivan Padron p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0404-9 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Coherence Correlation Interferometry in Surface Topography Measurements 1 Wojciech Kaplonek and Czeslaw Lukianowicz Chapter 2 Surface Micro Topography Measurement Using Interferometry 27 Dahi Ghareab Abdelsalam Chapter 3 Advanced Multitemporal Phase Unwrapping Techniques for DInSAR Analyses 57 Antonio Pepe Chapter 4 Simulation of 3-D Coastal Spit Geomorphology Using Differential Synthetic Aperture Interferometry (DInSAR) 83 Maged Marghany Chapter 5 Local, Fine Co-Registration of SAR Interferometry Using the Number of Singular Points for the Evaluation 95 Ryo Natsuaki and Akira Hirose Chapter 6 Robust Interferometric Phase Estimation in InSAR via Joint Subspace Projection 111 Hai Li and Renbiao Wu Chapter 7 Airborne Passive Localization Method Based on Doppler-Phase Interference Measuring 133 Tao Yu Chapter 8 Experiences in Boreal Forest Stem Volume Estimation from Multitemporal C-Band InSAR 169 Jan Askne and Maurizio Santoro Chapter 9 Interferometry to Detect Planets Outside Our Solar System 195 Marija Strojnik and Gonzalo Paez Preface This book is an actualized reference of some interferometry applications. It provides a current overview of the theoretical and experimental aspects of interferometry techniques applied to Topography and Astronomy. The first two chapters comprise interferometry techniques used for precise measurement of surface topography in engineering applications. Chapter 1 shows the advantages of the coherence correlation interferometry in comparison with phase shifting methods for precise measurement of surface topography. Chapter 2 includes a summary of recent developments of interferometry techniques for surface micro topography measurement and introduces a new approach to reduce coherent noise in interferometry phase-contrast image. Also, different numerical reconstruction algorithms are reviewed and compared. The principle of multiple-beam interferometry and its ability to feature extremely small height objects are described and experimental verified. Chapters three through eight are dedicated to interferometry applications related to Earth’s topography. Chapter 3 presents a short review of some advanced multi- temporal phase unwrapping approaches for the generation of surface deformation time series through the application of the small baseline subset Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique and includes experimental results, which clearly demonstrate, the validity of these approaches and their valuable applicability in real cases. Chapter 4 demonstrates the 3-D spit reconstruction from DInSAR using three C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by RADARSAT-1 SAR F 1 mode data. The chapter presents the integration between the conventional DInSAR method and the fuzzy B-spline as an excellent tool for 3-D coastal geomorphology reconstruction from SAR data under the circumstance of temporal decorrelation. Chapter 5 proposes a new method of co-registration, namely the SPEC method, which uses the number of singular points in the temporary interferogram as the evaluation criterion to co-register the master slave map locally and nonlinearly. The SPEC method successfully improves the quality of the digital elevation model, and it makes ambiguous fringes clearer in its appearance. Chapter 6 presents the interferometric phase estimation method based on subspace projection and its modified method. A fast algorithm is developed to implement the modified method, which can significantly reduce the computational burden including VIII Preface theoretical analysis and simulations. Chapter 7 discusses the functional relation between Doppler shift and phase interferometry and presents some methods which can synthesize these two methods directly from mathematical formulations. Based on this fusion in a physical relationship, Doppler shift is obtained by measuring its phase demonstrating that Doppler-phase interference help to develop airborne passive location techniques, as well as correlation techniques. Chapter 8 describes methods and results giving insight into the applicability of C-band InSAR coherence data for retrieval of stem volume in boreal forests. It includes an analysis of a large dataset of European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS) tandem interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data with a focus on the accuracy by which stem volume can be estimated in boreal forest. The introduction of a method without the need for in situ data for estimating model parameters demonstrates that the estimation of stem volume is characterized by the same accuracy as when the model is trained by means of in situ measurements. The technique is based on a method by means of consistency plots. Such plots could also illustrate for what forest stands the coherence observations are less stable and the expected accuracy worse than for those closer to the ridge in the plots. Chapter 9 is an application of interferometry in Astronomy, directed specifically to detection of planets outside our solar system. This chapter demonstrates theoretically that the existence of the planet is optically directly confirmed by detecting faint straight fringes, using a one aperture interferometer, and develops the theoretical basis for the argument that the radiation from the star is parallel to the optical axis, while that coming from the planet has a tilt. Also, a new signal-to-noise ratio of 10-3 is established. The book has been made possible as the outcome of the exceptional work done by all authors and the professional assistance of Publishing Process Manager, Ms. Petra Nenadic, during all phases of editing. Ivan Padron New Jersey institute of Technology USA [...]... softwares for processing and analysis of measurement data include: Mountains Map by DigitalSurf (France), TrueMap by TrueGage (USA) and SPIP by Image Metrology A/S (Denmark) The pre-processing of measurement data usually includes (depending on software used): 16 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy opening the file, levelling , filling non-measured points After these procedures... surface topography requires that all of the information contained in one or more interference images, be porcessed in a sufficiently brief period of time This process was made possible by: progress in the development of photodetectors, several hundred-fold increase in computing power, technological improvements in effective data storage, 2 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy. .. Scanning Microscopy (CSM), Coherence Radar (CR), Coherence Scanning Interferometry (CSI), Coherence Scanning Microscopy (CSM), Scanning White Light Interferometry (SWLI), Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI), White Light Scanning Interferometry (WLSI) Modern methods of interferential microscopy used for the assessment of surface topography are based on automated interference image analysis and coherence... Poland The Authors would like to thank Mr Robert Tomkowski MSc, BSc, from the Laboratory of Micro- and Nano 24 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy Engineering at Koszalin University of Technology, for measurements of engineering surfaces carried out by white-light interference microscope Talysurf CCI 6000 9 References Ailing, T.; Chunhui, W.; Zhuangde, J.; Hongjun, W & Bingcai,... Use of White Light Scanning Interferometry for Assessment of Surface Topography, Measurement Automation and Monitoring, Vol 56, No 9, pp 1055-1058, ISSN 0032-4140 (in Polish) Lukianowicz, Cz & Tomkowki, R (2009) Analysis of Topography of Engineering Surfaces by White Light Scanning Interferometry, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering(Pawlus P.; Blunt... techniques for assessing surface topography include optical methods (Leach, 2011), especially methods of interference (Pluta, 1993; Hariharan, 2007) In the last two decades, there have been rapid developments in interferometry, as a result of the new possibilities for digital recording and analysis of interference images The fastest growing interference methods include Phase Stepping Interferometry (PSI)... irregularities, sloping recess No signal in the interference microscope caused by irregularities of slope occurs when, the slope angles of inequality exceed the maximum value max given by the numerical aperture of the lens (Petzing et al., 2010): 22 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy NA , n max o arc sin (6) where: NA = n sino – numerical aperture of interference... measurements obtained by white-light interference microscope Talysurf CCI 6000 produced by Taylor Hobson Ltd 17 18 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy Fig 11 Exemplary analysis of a 2.5” HDD platter sample for measurements obtained by white-light interference microscope Talysurf CCI 6000 produced by Taylor Hobson Ltd Coherence Correlation Interferometry in Surface Topography Measurements... 2005 Conroy, M (2008) Advances in Thick and Thin Film Analysis using Interferometry, Wear, Vol 266, Issue 5-6, pp 502-506, ISSN 0043-1648 Creath, K (1988) Phase-Measurement Interferometry Techniques, In: Progress in Optics, E Wolf (Ed.), Vol XXVI, pp 349-393, North-Holland, ISBN 0444870962, Amsterdam, Netherlands Creath, K & Schmit, J (2004) Phase Shifting Interferometry, In: Encyclopedia of Modern Optics,... of surface topographies obtained by white-light interference microscope Talysurf CCI 6000 produced by Taylor Hobson Ltd 20 Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy Fig 13 Collection of surface topographies obtained by white-light interference microscope Talysurf CCI 6000 produced by Taylor Hobson Ltd Coherence Correlation Interferometry in Surface Topography Measurements 21 topographies . RECENT INTERFEROMETRY APPLICATIONS IN TOPOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY Edited by Ivan Padron Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy Edited. Scanning Interferometry (CSI), Coherence Scanning Microscopy (CSM), Scanning White Light Interferometry (SWLI), Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI), White Light Scanning Interferometry. online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy,