TRENDS IN IMMUNOLABELLED AND RELATED TECHNIQUES doc

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLABELLED AND RELATED TECHNIQUES Edited by Eltayb Abuelzein           Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques Edited by Eltayb Abuelzein Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques, Edited by Eltayb Abuelzein p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0570-1    Contents  Preface IX Section 1 Emerging Uni-and-Multiplex Immunolabeled Methods 1 Chapter 1 Utility of One Step Immunoassay in Detecting False Negativity in Routine Blood Bank Screening of Infectious Diseases 3 Kafil Akhtar Chapter 2 Assays for Assessing the Compatibility of Therapeutic Proteins with Flexible Drug Containers 17 Shawn F. Bairstow and Sarah E. Lee Chapter 3 Evaluation of an Immuno-Chromatographic Detection System for Shiga Toxins and the E. coli O157 Antigen 29 Ylanna Burgos and Lothar Beutin Chapter 4 Use of Antibodies in Immunocytochemistry 41 Hakkı Dalçık and Cannur Dalçık Chapter 5 Recent Progress in Noncompetitive Hapten Immunoassays: A Review 53 Mingtao Fan and Jiang He Chapter 6 Immunoassay in Toxicology Diagnosis 67 Ewa Gomolka Chapter 7 Development of an Ultra-SensitiveEnzyme Immunoassay for Insulin and Its Application to the Evaluation of Diabetic Risk by Analysis of Morning Urine 83 Seiichi Hashida, Yusuke Miyzawa, Yoshie Hirajima, Asako Umehara, Mayumi Yamamoto and Satoshi Numata Chapter 8 Ovarian Biomarkers in Infertility 101 Ivailo Vangelov, Julieta Dineva, Krassimira Todorova, Soren Hayrabedyan and Maria D. Ivanova VI Contents Chapter 9 Ferret TNF-α and IFN-γ Immunoassays 133 Alyson Ann Kelvin, David Banner, Ali Danesh, Charit Seneviratne, Atsuo Ochi and David Joseph Kelvin Chapter 10 A Modified Enzyme Immunoassay Method for Determination of cAMP in Plant Cells 161 Lidia A. Lomovatskaya, Anatoly S. Romanenko, Nadya V. Filinova and Olga V. Rykun Chapter 11 Toxoplasmosis: IgG Avidity and Its Implication in Serodiagnosis 169 Veeranoot Nissapatorn and Nongyao Sawangjareon Chapter 12 Immunoassay 191 Rie Oyama Chapter 13 Immunological Methods for the Detection of Campylobacter spp.  Current Applications and Potential Use in Biosensors 203 Omar A. Oyarzabal and Cynthia Battie Chapter 14 Elisas for Rotavirus Diagnosis, Typing, and Analysis of Antibody Response 227 Luis Padilla-Noriega Chapter 15 Immunochemical Properties of Recombinant Ompf Porin from Outer Membrane of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 243 Olga Portnyagina, Olga Sidorova, Valentina Khomenko, Olga Novikova, Marina Issaeva and Tamara Solov’eva Chapter 16 Wash-LOCI – A Semi-Heterogeneous Version of the LOCI Technology Allowing Removal of Unbound Material After Each Assay Step 259 Fritz Poulsen Chapter 17 Immunoassay – A Standard Method to Study the Concentration of Peptide Hormones in Reproductive Tissues in vitro 275 Agnieszka Rak-Mardyła, Anna Ptak and Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk Chapter 18 Detection Curb 299 Hiroshi Saiki Chapter 19 Carbon Nanoparticles as Detection Label for Diagnostic Antibody Microarrays 311 Aart van Amerongen, Geert A.J. Besselink, Martina Blazkova, Geertruida A. Posthuma-Trumpie, Marjo Koets and Brigit Beelen-Thomissen Contents VII Section 2 Review Articles 331 Chapter 20 Utilization of the Staphylococcus aureus Protein 'A' and the Streptococcus spp. Protein 'G' in Immunolabelled Techniques 333 Eltayb Abuelzein Chapter 21 An Overview of the Laboratory Assay Systems and Reactives Used in the Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infections 339 Recep Kesli Chapter 22 Multiplex Immunoassay and Bead Based Multiplex 351 Türkan Yiğitbaşı   Preface  “Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques” is intended to present new concepts in immunolabelled techniques (IMLT) and to encourage more research on some already existing highly versatile ones, which seems to have been overlooked for a while. Since their early developments IMLT have found their way with great success in biological scientific research. The pace of their progress over the years was great. For instance, the developments in ELISA since its discovery in the early seventies of the last century were immense. It was extensively utilized with great success in laboratory diagnosis and research in the medical field, veterinary medicine, agricultural sciences, biotechnology and in many fields of research where it could be applied. This book encompasses two sections. One focuses on emerging immunolabelled methods such as: ‘utility of one step immunoassays, an immune chromatographic method’, ‘non-competitive immunoassays’, ‘ultra sensitive ELISA’, ‘modified ELISA’, ‘new views in evaluation of the detection limits in immunoassay methods’ and ‘multiplex immunoassays’. The other section includes overviews on important immunoassay methods which are of special value in specific areas of research, such as: ‘utilization of Staphylococcus aureus Protein ‘A’ and Streptococcus Spps. Protein ‘G’ in immunolabelled techniques’, ‘general concepts in immunoassay systems’ and ‘the use of bead-based multiplex immunoassay systems’. The book is most useful for researchers and postgraduate students, in all fields where immunolabelled techniques are applied. I would like to acknowledge the kind help and support of Ms. Maja Bozicevic, the Publishing Process Manager of the book, whose continuous devotion and patience led to success of production of this book. I would also like to acknowledge the authors who participated by writing the chapters and those who in many ways helped in preparing this book. Prof. Eltayb Abuelzein Chair Professor, The Chair of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia [...]... control and faint pink test line.(Figure 1) This faint pink test line intensified to a broad pink band when the test was performed with 1: 20 diluted serum sample of the donor.(Figure 2) So to overcome the prozone effect, which Fig 1 Depicting faint pink test line Utility of One Step Immunoassay in Detecting False Negativity in Routine Blood Bank Screening of Infectious Diseases 5 Fig 2 Depicting broad pink... presence and concentration of drugs, other xenobiotics and their metabolites in physiological fluids and organs and the interpretation of these findings as they may have impact on legal issues These include medical examiner investigations, driving under the influence of drugs/alcohol and other transportation accident investigations, workplace pre-employment, random and for-cause drug testing and judicial... are required based on emission Fig 8 Test colors in different samples 12 Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques Fig 9 Schematic diagram of chemi-luminescent Immunoassay Fig 10 Showing effect of fluorescein Fig 11 Depicting antigen-antibody complex Utility of One Step Immunoassay in Detecting False Negativity in Routine Blood Bank Screening of Infectious Diseases 13 4.2.5 Fluorescent Immunoassay... controls The containers were sealed in a laminar flow hood, using a bench-top impulse sealer for the pouches After filling, the units were stored at the temperatures listed in Tables 2 and 3 Samples were removed from storage at the time points indicated and the contents of the pouches were analyzed This analysis included standard physical and chemical testing, and running a bioassay to determine the activity... patient and the clinician and could dramatically change the prognosis of the patient ( Lebeouf et al, 2005 ;Quayle & Moley ,2005) Unnikrishnan et al,2001 have reported that large quantities of antigen in an immunoassay system impair antigen-antibody binding, resulting in low antigen determination, a 8 Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques phenomenon known as 'high dose hook effect' in a patient... or antibody Finally color change occurs 10 Fig 5 Workstation of enzyme Immunoassay Fig 6 Schematic diagram of EIA Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques Utility of One Step Immunoassay in Detecting False Negativity in Routine Blood Bank Screening of Infectious Diseases 11 Fig 7 Depicting Immunochromatography cassette 4.2.4 Chemiluminescent Immunoassays The process of chemiluminescence occurs... implications, and sample pooling is a simple method for detecting falsely low concentrations attributable to the prozone effect Although this screening approach increases reagent costs by 10% and involves additional labour to prepare and analyze pools, it is considerably more costeffective than analyzing all samples undiluted and after dilution, which doubles reagent costs 6 Trends in Immunolabelled and Related. .. antibodies, using a calibrated dropper and allowed to react for 20 minutes Results were read thereafter in the form of visually detectable pink control and test lines 3 Observations The hepacard device when read after 20 minutes showed only one distinct pink test line and no control line Serial dilutions (1:10,1: 20) of the donors serum sample was performed in normal saline and the test was re-run with serum... to the antibody used in the test (Wild, 2000) Large quantities of antigen in an immunoassay system impair antigen-antibody binding, resulting in low antigen determination This is called the 'high dose hook effect' The first 4 Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques description of the prozone effect in the literature was made by Miles et al.,1974 Large quantities of antigen in an immunoassay system... were incubated at either 5 C, 25 C, or 40 C, as indicated in Table 2 Glass controls were maintained at 5 C for the duration of the study Samples were removed from storage and the contents of the pouches were analyzed to determine the physical and chemical stability of the formulation and running an immunoassay to determine the activity of the protein Rituximab binding activity was assayed using . TRENDS IN IMMUNOLABELLED AND RELATED TECHNIQUES Edited by Eltayb Abuelzein           Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques Edited by Eltayb Abuelzein Published. large quantities of antigen in an immunoassay system impair antigen-antibody binding, resulting in low antigen determination, a Trends in Immunolabelled and Related Techniques 8 phenomenon. faint pink test line Utility of One Step Immunoassay in Detecting False Negativity in Routine Blood Bank Screening of Infectious Diseases 5 Fig. 2. Depicting broad pink test line describes