ADVANCES IN SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS AND ORBIT DETERMINATION Edited by Rushi Ghadawala Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination Edited by Rushi Ghadawala Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination, Edited by Rushi Ghadawala p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0380-6 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Orbit Determination and Spacecraft Systems 1 Chapter 1 The Middle Atmosphere: Discharge Phenomena 3 Cheng Ling Kuo Chapter 2 Physics-Based Control Methods 29 T. A. Sands Chapter 3 Spacecraft Relative Orbital Motion 55 Daniel Condurache Chapter 4 Research on the Method of Spacecraft Orbit Determination Based the Technology of Dynamic Model Compensation 75 Pan Xiaogang, Wang Jiongqi and Zhou Haiyin Part 2 Spacecraft Systems 95 Chapter 5 Modularity and Reliability in Low Cost AOCSs 97 Leonardo M. Reyneri, Danilo Roascio, Claudio Passerone, Stefano Iannone, Juan Carlos de los Rios, Giorgio Capovilla, Antonio Martínez-Álvarez and Jairo Alberto Hurtado Chapter 6 Coordination Control of Distributed Spacecraft System 123 Min Hu, Guoqiang Zeng and Hong Yao Chapter 7 Design of Sliding Mode Attitude Control for Communication Spacecraft 153 Erkan Abdulhamitbilal and Elbrous M. Jafarov Chapter 8 Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Attitude Controller Design for Spacecrafts with Thrusters 175 Fu-Kuang Yeh VI Contents Chapter 9 Design and Optimization of HVAC System of Spacecraft 203 Xiangli Li Chapter 10 Autonomous Terrain Classification for Planetary Rover 219 Koki Fujita Chapter 11 Resolving the Difficulties Encountered by JPL Interplanetary Robotic Spacecraft in Flight 235 Paula S. Morgan Preface “Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determinations”, discusses the development of new technologies and the limitations of the present technology, used for interplanetary missions. Various experts have contributed to develop the bridge between present limitations and technology growth to overcome the limitations. Key features of this book inform us about the orbit determination techniques based on a smooth research based on astrophysics. The book also provides a detailed overview on Spacecraft Systems including reliability of low-cost AOCS, sliding mode controlling and a new view on attitude controller design based on sliding mode, with thrusters. It also provides a technological roadmap for HVAC optimization. The book also gives an excellent overview of resolving the difficulties for interplanetary missions with the comparison of present technologies and new advancements. Overall, this will be very much interesting book to explore the roadmap of technological growth in spacecraft systems. Dr. Rushi Ghadawala President, International Affairs Aryavarta Space Organization, Gujarat, India . ADVANCES IN SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS AND ORBIT DETERMINATION Edited by Rushi Ghadawala Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination Edited by. free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination, . of the GJs typically contains Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination 6 three stages: the leading jet, the fully-developed jet (FDJ) and the trailing jet (TJ) (Su et al.,