REMOTE SENSING – APPLICATIONS pdf

REMOTE SENSING – APPLICATIONS Edited by Boris Escalante-Ramírez Remote Sensing – Applications Edited by Boris Escalante-Ramírez Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar Technical Editor Miroslav Tadic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Remote Sensing – Applications, Edited by Boris Escalante-Ramírez p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0651-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Land Cover 1 Chapter 1 Narrowband Vegetation Indices for Estimating Boreal Forest Leaf Area Index 3 Ellen Eigemeier, Janne Heiskanen, Miina Rautiainen, Matti Mõttus, Veli-Heikki Vesanto, Titta Majasalmi and Pauline Stenberg Chapter 2 Crop Disease and Pest Monitoring by Remote Sensing 31 Wenjiang Huang, Juhua Luo, Jingcheng Zhang, Jinling Zhao, Chunjiang Zhao, Jihua Wang, Guijun Yang, Muyi Huang, Linsheng Huang and Shizhou Du Chapter 3 Seasonal Variability of Vegetation and Its Relationship to Rainfall and Fire in the Brazilian Tropical Savanna 77 Jorge Alberto Bustamante, Regina Alvalá and Celso von Randow Chapter 4 Land Cover Change Detection in Southern Brazil Through Orbital Imagery Classification Methods 99 José Maria Filippini Alba, Victor Faria Schroder and Mauro Ricardo R. Nóbrega Chapter 5 Mapping Soil Salinization of Agricultural Coastal Areas in Southeast Spain 117 Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. Hernández, Jose Navarro-Pedreño and Ignacio Gómez Chapter 6 Remote Sensing Based Modeling of Water and Heat Regimes in a Vast Agricultural Region 141 A. Gelfan, E. Muzylev, A. Uspensky, Z. Startseva and P. Romanov VI Contents Chapter 7 High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based Catastrophe Assessment Method 177 Qi Wen, Yida Fan, Siquan Yang, Shirong Chen, Haixia He, Sanchao Liu, Wei Wu, Lei Wang, Juan Nie, Wei Wang, Baojun Zhang, Feng Xu, Tong Tang, Zhiqiang Lin, Ping Wang and Wei Zhang Chapter 8 Automatic Mapping of the Lava Flows at Piton de la Fournaise Volcano, by Combining Thermal Data in Near and Visible Infrared 201 Z. Servadio, N. Villeneuve and P. Bachèlery Section 2 Climate and Atmosphere 221 Chapter 9 Coupled Terrestrial Carbon and Water Dynamics in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Contributions of Remote Sensing 223 Baozhang Chen Chapter 10 Oceanic Evaporation: Trends and Variability 261 Long S. Chiu, Si Gao and Chung-Lin Shie Chapter 11 Multi-Wavelength and Multi-Direction Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds 279 Hiroaki Kuze Section 3 Oceans and Cryosphere 295 Chapter 12 Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 297 Hyun Jung Cho, Deepak Mishra and John Wood Chapter 13 Remote Sensing and Environmental Sensitivity for Oil Spill in the Amazon, Brazil 309 Milena Andrade and Claudio Szlafsztein Chapter 14 Satellite Remote Sensing of Coral Reef Habitats Mapping in Shallow Waters at Banco Chinchorro Reefs, México: A Classification Approach 331 Ameris Ixchel Contreras-Silva, Alejandra A. López-Caloca, F. Omar Tapia-Silva and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada Chapter 15 Predictability of Water Sources Using Snow Maps Extracted from the Modis Imagery in Central Alborz, Iran 355 Seyed Kazem Alavipanah, Somayeh Talebi and Farshad Amiraslani Chapter 16 Remote Sensing of Cryosphere 369 Shrinidhi Ambinakudige and Kabindra Joshi Contents VII Chapter 17 Remote Sensing Application in the Maritime Search and Rescue 381 Jing Peng and Chaojian Shi Section 4 Human Activity Assessment 405 Chapter 18 Object-Based Image Analysis of VHR Satellite Imagery for Population Estimation in Informal Settlement Kibera-Nairobi, Kenya 407 Tatjana Veljanovski, Urša Kanjir, Peter Pehani, Krištof Oštir and Primož Kovačič Chapter 19 Remote Sensing Applications in Archaeological Research 435 Dimitrios D. Alexakis, Athos Agapiou, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis and Apostolos Sarris Chapter 20 The Mapping of the Urban Growth of Kinshasa (DRC) Through High Resolution Remote Sensing Between 1995 and 2005 463 Kayembe wa Kayembe Matthieu, Mathieu De Maeyer and Eléonore Wolff Chapter 21 Remote Sensing for Medical and Health Care Applications 479 Satoshi Suzuki and Takemi Matsui Chapter 22 Demonstration of Hyperspectral Image Exploitation for Military Applications 493 Jean-Pierre Ardouin, Josée Lévesque, Vincent Roy, Yves Van Chestein and Anthony Faust Preface Nowadays it is hard to find areas of human activity and development that have not profited from or contributed to remote sensing. Natural, physical and social activities find in remote sensing a common ground for interaction and development. From the end-user point of view, Earth science, geography, planning, resource management, public policy design, environmental studies, and health, are some of the areas whose recent development has been triggered and motivated by remote sensing. From the technological point of view, remote sensing would not be possible without the advancement of basic as well as applied research in areas like physics, space technology, telecommunications, computer science and engineering. This dual conception of remote sensing brought us to the idea of preparing two different books. The present one is meant to display recent advances in remote sensing applications, while the accompanying book is devoted to new techniques for data processing, sensors and platforms. Strictly speaking, remote sensing consists of collecting data from an object or phenomenon without making physical contact. In practice, most of the time we refer to satellite or aircraft-mounted sensors that use some sort of electromagnetic radiation to gather geospatial information from land, oceans and atmosphere with increasingly high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Space agencies in charge of collecting remotely sensed data have shown a notorious interest in making these data available for research and social development. The confluence of remote sensing technology with other sciences has resulted in an exponential growth of knowledge, technology development and assessment of all kind of physical and natural phenomena, as well as human activities that share a common ground: geospatial information. However, the success of remote sensing influencing other areas of knowledge and human activity has not always been a paved way. The variables of great interest to scientists in different areas are not readily available from the raw remotely-sensed data. Even when the data has been processed and converted to physical-related values, or even linked to human and natural artifacts like crop fields, roads, urban areas, geomorphologic structures, vegetation indices, etc., the relationship between these and the more abstract variables that explain them such as human settlement dynamics, geophysical phenomena, climate change, etc. remain a major field of study and research. This book intends to show the reader how remote sensing impacts other areas of science, technology, and human activity, by displaying a selected number of high X Preface quality contributions dealing with different remote sensing applications. Twenty two chapters have been carefully collected and distributed in four areas. The first part deals with land cover applications, and contains applications in vegetation indices, crop and pest monitoring, rainfall and fire relationship with vegetation, change detection, soil salinization, modeling water and heat regimes, catastrophe assessment and lava flow mapping. The second part contains contributions on climate and atmosphere, including carbon and water dynamics, ocean evaporation, and atmospheric aerosols and clouds. The third part presents oceans and cryosphere applications that include aquatic vegetation, oil spill assessment, coral reef habitat mapping, water source predictability from snow maps, cryosphere study, and maritime search and rescue. Last but not least, the last part presents contributions dealing with human activity, including population estimation, archaeology, urban growth, medicine and healthcare and military applications. I am indebted to all authors who have contributed to this book. Without their strongest commitment this book would not have been possible. I am also thankful to InTech editorial team who has provided the opportunity to publish this book. Boris Escalante-Ramírez National Autonomous University of México, Faculty of Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico [...]... NDVI, Fractional Vegetation Cover, and Leaf Area Index Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 62, No 3, (December 1997), pp 241-252, ISSN 0034-4257 Chen, J.M (1996) Evaluation of vegetation indices and modified simple ratio for Boreal applications Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 22, No 3, (June 1996), pp 229242, ISSN 0703-8992 24 Remote Sensing – Applications Chen, J.M & Black T.A (1991) Measuring... (July 1991), pp 102 0–1 028, ISSN 0045-5067 Blackburn, G A (1998) Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: a test using senescent tree leaves International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 19, No 4, (March 1998), pp 657-675, ISSN 0143-1161 Blackburn, G A (2002) Remote sensing of forest pigments using airborne imaging spectrometer and LIDAR imagery Remote Sensing of Environment,... imagery and ground measurements Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 80, No 1, (April 2002), pp 165-184, ISSN 0034-4257 Curran, P.J (1989) Remote Sensing of Foliar Chemistry Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 30, No 3, (December 1989), pp 271-278, ISSN 0034-4257 Danson, F M., & Plummer, S E., 1995, Red edge response to forest leaf area index International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1995, Vol 16, No 1, (January... of variability in canopy reflectance Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 64, No 3, (June 1998), pp 234-253, ISSN 00344257 Narrowband Vegetation Indices for Estimating Boreal Forest Leaf Area Index 23 Baret, F., Buis & S (2008), Estimating canopy characteristics from remote sensing observations: review of methods and associated problems, In: Advances in Land Remote Sensing: System, Modeling, Inversion... sensitive to only one process, nor is it possible to design a universal spectral index which would be optimal for all applications everywhere and all the time (Verstraete & Pinty, 1996) Further, since vegetation indices carry only part of the information available in the 22 Remote Sensing – Applications original channel reflectances, they assume that the information of interest is contained exclusively... on forest canopy reflectance and remotely sensed LAI estimates Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 103, No 4, (August 2006), pp 408−418, ISSN 0034-4257 Fernandes, R., Butson, C., Leblanc, S & Latifovic, R (2003) Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ based accuracy assessment of leaf area index products for Canada derived from SPOT-4 VEGETATION data Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 29, No 2, (April 2003),... it became apparent that for some indices (e.g NDI based on 1084 nm and 1286 nm: RMSE = 0.43 for conifers and RMSE = 0.22 for broadleaf) their LAI was correlated differently to the same VI 16 Remote Sensing – Applications Fig 6 Matrixes showing the R2 between LAI and simple narrowband indices calculated for all possible combinations of Hyperion bands The indices are defined as follows: RI=Band1/Band2,... 1185 and 1790 nm) the differences were less pronounced The VI showing the lowest RMSE for all stands (0.49) was the RI (1185 and 1790 nm) with an R2 for conifer stands of 0.86 and RMSE 0.29 18 Remote Sensing – Applications VI Bands applied R2 RMSE RMSE All stands broadband indices using simulated ETM+ NDVI ETM+3, ETM+4 0.79 0.36 1.20 SR ETM+3, ETM+4 0.78 0.36 1.56 ISR ETM+4, ETM+5 0.71 0.42 0.44 RSR... the amount of chlorophyll, or LAI, is related to the longer REP wavelength because of the widening of the chlorophyll absorption region at approximately 680 nm (Danson & Plummer, 1995; Dawson 20 Remote Sensing – Applications and Curran, 1998; Sims & Gamon, 2002; Pu et al., 2003) In comparison to SWIR spectral bands, the far red and red edge spectral region is sensitive to species composition, shown as... (Shinozaki et al., 1964; Waring et al., 1982) However, such “direct methods” are quite laborious and indirect measurements of LAI using optical instruments are today the preferred choice (Welles & 4 Remote Sensing – Applications Cohen, 1996; Jonckheere et al., 2004) They provide inverse estimates of LAI based on the fraction of gaps through the canopy in different directions, which can be measured using devices . REMOTE SENSING – APPLICATIONS Edited by Boris Escalante-Ramírez Remote Sensing – Applications Edited by Boris Escalante-Ramírez. High Resolution Remote Sensing Between 1995 and 2005 463 Kayembe wa Kayembe Matthieu, Mathieu De Maeyer and Eléonore Wolff Chapter 21 Remote Sensing for Medical and Health Care Applications. This dual conception of remote sensing brought us to the idea of preparing two different books. The present one is meant to display recent advances in remote sensing applications, while the