PESTICIDES – RECENT TRENDS IN PESTICIDE RESIDUE ASSAY Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3329 Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Contributors Marcela Varona Uribe, Sonia Mireya Díaz, Andrés Monroy, Edwin Barbosa, Martha Isabel Páez, René A. Castro, Taizo Tsuda, Benjamin O. Botwe, William J. Ntow, Elvis Nyarko, Peter Kelderman, Mercedes Castillo, Elvira Carbonell, Carmen González, Ana Miralles-Marco, Y. El-Nahhal, J. Safi, Masahiko Tamaki, Hiromi Ikeura, Adriana Mariana Borş, Irina Meghea, Alin Gabriel Borş, Renato Zanella, Osmar Damian Prestes, Caroline do Amaral Friggi, Manoel Leonardo Martins, Martha Bohrer Adaime, Guan Huat Tan, Lukman Bola Abdulra’uf, Mark F. Zaranyika, Justin Mlilo, Prayad Pokethitiyook, Toemthip Poolpak, Jesús Bernardino Velázquez-Fernández, Abril Bernardette Martínez-Rizo, Maricela Ramírez-Sandoval, Delia Domínguez-Ojeda Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay, Edited by R.P. Soundararajan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0681-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Pesticide Residue 1 Chapter 1 Exposure to Pesticides in Tomato Crop Farmers in Merced, Colombia: Effects on Health and the Environment 3 Marcela Varona Uribe, Sonia Mireya Díaz, Andrés Monroy, Edwin Barbosa, Martha Isabel Páez and René A. Castro Chapter 2 Residue of DDT and HCH in Fish from Lakes and Rivers in the World 17 Taizo Tsuda Chapter 3 Evaluation of Occupational and Vegetable Dietary Exposures to Current-Use Agricultural Pesticides in Ghana 45 Benjamin O. Botwe, William J. Ntow, Elvis Nyarko and Peter Kelderman Chapter 4 Pesticide Residue Analysis in Animal Origin Food: Procedure Proposal and Evaluation for Lipophilic Pesticides 63 Mercedes Castillo, Elvira Carbonell, Carmen González and Ana Miralles-Marco Chapter 5 Removal of Organic Pollutant from Water by Modified Bentonite 93 Y. El-Nahhal and J. Safi Chapter 6 Removal of Residual Pesticides in Vegetables Using Ozone Microbubbles 103 Masahiko Tamaki and Hiromi Ikeura Chapter 7 New Trends in Pesticide Residues Control and Their Impact on Soil Quality and Food Safety 119 Adriana Mariana Borş, Irina Meghea and Alin Gabriel Borş VI Contents Chapter 8 An Overview About Recent Advances in Sample Preparation Techniques for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Cereals and Feedstuffs 149 Renato Zanella, Osmar Damian Prestes, Caroline do Amaral Friggi, Manoel Leonardo Martins and Martha Bohrer Adaime Chapter 9 Recent Developments and Applications of Microextraction Techniques for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables 171 Guan Huat Tan and Lukman Bola Abdulra’uf Section 2 Metabolism of Pesticides 191 Chapter 10 Degradation of Fenamiphos, Chlorpyrifos and Pirimiphos-Methyl in the Aquatic Environment: A Proposed Enzymatic Kinetic Model That Takes Into Account Adsorption/Desorption of the Pesticide by Colloidal and Sediment Particles 193 Mark F. Zaranyika and Justin Mlilo Chapter 11 Heptachlor and Its Metabolite: Accumulation and Degradation in Sediment 217 Prayad Pokethitiyook and Toemthip Poolpak Chapter 12 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Organic Pesticides 253 Jesús Bernardino Velázquez-Fernández, Abril Bernardette Martínez-Rizo, Maricela Ramírez-Sandoval and Delia Domínguez-Ojeda Preface In recent times agricultural and health workers have been compelled to handle more and more pesticides in the form of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and other form of chemical compounds. Though alternative methods of controlling insects, rodents, insect pests, pathogens, microbes and weeds have been developed, pesticides could not be replaced. The prosperous role of pesticides in the management of insect pests and diseases is indisputable. However, its nature of non selective toxicity towards other organisms and deposition in the environment warrants the legislation of usage. Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98 per cent of sprayed insecticides and 95 per cent of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination. Detection of pesticide molecules in the food items from plant and animal origin become imperative for safe consumption of food. Pesticide residues are referred as quantities of persistent pesticide molecules that pollute the environment and food stuffs. Many pesticides are being highly stable and continue to kill the target and the host long after the application which is both advantageous and disadvantageous. Thus, the detection and assays of pesticide residues have significant role to know level of residual pesticide molecules. The present edition of volume attempted to consolidate significant advancement of research at worldwide on pesticide residues. The status of pesticide usage pattern and residue level in food from plant and animal origin at different regions are described in-depth in the chapters. The book comprises of twelve chapters in two different sections. The first section of the book described on pesticide residue in nine chapters. Apart from methods of analysis of pesticide residues in the food and soil, the chapters with latest research on removal of residual pesticides and residue control by different methods are included. The other aspect of pesticide residue is sample preparation for residue analysis. Though the advance instruments chromatography to mass spectrometry are available, the precision and fast analysis for detection of molecules is depending on the sample preparation methods. The chapters dealing with advance methods of sample preparation is also included in the volume. X Preface Metabolism of pesticides denotes that any foreign substance that enters in the living system and how it will be changed into non-toxic and thrown out due to the enzymatic activity and other mode of action. When chemical toxins applied to non- living substance (soil and water) that will lose the toxic principles by degradation process due to the action of biotic and abiotic factors. The time to nullify the toxicity is of prime importance and it vary depending upon the chemical molecule and environmental conditions. Thus the study on metabolites, degradation and accumulation of pesticides become more important for pesticide assays. The second section of this book volume described about these aspects in three chapters. I hope that this volume will provide an update on the state of pesticide science with relevance to pesticides residues and metabolism and will stimulate innovative and significant impact on researchers and students on the subject and go further in the line of research. I am grateful to all the authors who contributed their expertise towards the production of a precious volume. I am indebted to Professor K.Gunathilagaraj, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India for his inspiration and eminent guidance to hone my skills in editing. I acknowledge Dr. N. Chitra my wife, for her support and encouragement during the book chapters review process. My special appreciation and thanks to the editorial team of InTech Publishing Co. for their promptness, encouragement and patience during the publication process. R.P. Soundararajan Assistant Professor (Agricultural Entomology) National Pulses Research Centre Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu India [...]... laborers, in La MercedCaldas, 2010 8 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay An inquire was made on training on the safe handling of pesticides, being established that 74,2% (98) had never been trained, therefore, they had no knowledge about the use and handling of pesticides In relation to pesticide exposure, 74 (61,2%) reported having presented some symptoms at the time they were using them... clothes of the rest of their family, exposing their family members to intoxication risk by such substances 12 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay We inquired about the training courses that laborers have received at some point in their working lives on topics like the safe handling of pesticides and it was found that 74,2% had never been trained, so they did not have the necessary... distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 18 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay the accuracy in the chemical analyses of the pesticides was over the standard level This chapter consisted of (1) Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world, (2) Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world, (3) Composition... traditional plots It 14 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay was reported for that plot that one of the individuals presented cholinesterase inhibition and coincidentally it is the plot where the residues in tomato reported the presence of chlorpyrifos This is a situation of high concern, because this means that farmers in this area are significantly applying pesticides at this time... Technical Department of Food Safety and Agricultural Inputs Technical Bulletin: Statistics marketing of chemical pesticides for agricultural use, 2010 Editorial produmedios 16 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay Idrovo A Surveillance of pesticide poisonings in Colombia Public health 2000,2(1):36-46 Ministry of Social Welfare, National Institute of Health, Pan American Health Organization... reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay Certain works like agriculture or pests killing represent the biggest risks of acute intoxication, while there is a latent danger for the population at large in their food chain (Ospina et al, 2009) (Thundiyil et al, 2008) The agricultural development model in Colombia is mainly... 10 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay 4.3 Biomarkers of internal dose, exposure and effect With regards to biomarkers of exposure the presence of OC pesticide levels was found in serum, in laborers of both plots For OF and C the determination of the AChE enzyme showed some inhibition after the exposure in one of the five cases (20,0%) in conventional plots, while laborers belonging... the laborers included in the study Within the research project and as stated earlier in the methodology, a second phase known as intervention was conducted During this stage 10 individuals were included, who had some schooling, which allowed them to gain a better understanding of the concepts used in training on GAP and thus the implementation thereof was facilitated Exposure to Pesticides in Tomato... social health security 6 Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay 3.2 Occupational history At the time of the interview, 100,0% (132) of individuals reported to be engaged in agriculture, of them, five laborers were enrolled in a GAP program, which abolished the pesticide use as compared with other five who followed the traditional practices The time of exposure to pesticides ranged from... chemicals and according data reported by the Public Health Surveillance System of Colombia (SIVIGILA), there were in 2008 6.650 intoxication cases for the use of pesticides followed by 7.405 cases in 2009 and 8.016 cases in 2010, being the organophosporic and carbamate pesticides the principal reasons for intoxications (SIVIGILA, 2010) Such pesticides are widely used agricultural inputs, and they are . PESTICIDES – RECENT TRENDS IN PESTICIDE RESIDUE ASSAY Edited by R.P. Soundararajan Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3329. 2010. Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay 8 An inquire was made on training on the safe handling of pesticides, being established that 74,2% (98) had never been trained,. are used in homes, gardens, business applications, public health and veterinary (Idrovo, 2000) (CEPIS/PAHO, 2005). Pesticides – Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay 4 Certain works