ATMOSPHERIC MODEL APPLICATIONS Edited by Ismail Yucel Atmospheric Model Applications Edited by Ismail Yucel Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Blecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Atmospheric Model Applications, Edited by Ismail Yucel p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0488-9 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 1 Carla Osthoff, Roberto Pinto Souto, Fabrício Vilasbôas, Pablo Grunmann, Pedro L. Silva Dias, Francieli Boito, Rodrigo Kassick, Laércio Pilla, Philippe Navaux, Claudio Schepke, Nicolas Maillard, Jairo Panetta, Pedro Pais Lopes and Robert Walko Chapter 2 Applications of Mesoscale Atmospheric Models in Short-Range Weather Predictions During Satellite Launch Campaigns in India 25 D. Bala Subrahamanyam and Radhika Ramachandran Chapter 3 Numerical Study on the Effect of the Ocean on Tropical-Cyclone Intensity and Structural Change 43 Akiyoshi Wada Chapter 4 Mean State and the MJO in a High Resolution Nested Regional Climate Model 69 Pallav Ray Chapter 5 The JMA Nonhydrostatic Model and Its Applications to Operation and Research 85 Kazuo Saito Chapter 6 Variability of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and Extreme Weather Events 111 Yehia Hafez Chapter 7 Blocking Systems Persist over North Hemisphere and Its Role in Extreme Hot Waves over Russia During Summer 2010 137 Yehia Hafez Chapter 8 Soil-Tree-Atmosphere Water Relations 157 Kemachandra Ranatunga VI Contents Chapter 9 Solar Radiation Modeling and Simulation of Multispectral Satellite Data 195 Fouzia Houma and Nour El Islam Bachari Chapter 10 Reactivity Trends in Radical-Molecule Tropospheric Reactions – A Quantum Chemistry and Computational Kinetics Approach 221 Cristina Iuga, Annia Galano, Raúl Alvarez-Idaboy, Ignacio Sainz-Dìaz, Víctor Hugo Uc and Annik Vivier-Bunge Chapter 11 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy with Partially Scanned Interferograms as a Tool to Retrieve Atmospheric Gases Concentrations from High Spectral Resolution Satellite Observations – Methodological Aspects and Application to IASI 247 Carmine Serio, Guido Masiello and Giuseppe Grieco Chapter 12 Identification of Intraseasonal Modes of Variability Using Rotated Principal Components 273 Michael Richman and Andrew Mercer Preface This book covers comprehensive text and reference work on atmospheric models for methods of numerical modeling and important related areas of data assimilation and predictability. It incorporates various aspects of environmental computer modeling including an historical overview of the subject, approximations to land surface and atmospheric physics and dynamics, radiative transfer and applications in satellite remote sensing, and data assimilation. With individual chapters authored by eminent professionals in their respective topics, Advanced Topics in application of atmospheric models try to provide in-depth guidance on some of the key applied in atmospheric models for scientists and modelers. Dr. Ismail Yucel Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Water Resources Lab, Ankara, Turkey [...]... in the geographical domain of the model The resolution strongly influences the accuracy of results 1 http://gppd.inf.ufrgs.br/atmosferamassiva Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 3 3 Operational models worldwide use the highest possible resolution that allow the model to run at the established time... terms The global domain greatly expands the range of atmospheric systems and scale interactions that can be represented in the model, which was the primary motivation for developing OLAM OLAM was developed in FORTRAN 90 and parallelized with Message Passing Interface (MPI) under the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) model 4 4 Atmospheric Model Applications Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Fig 2 Icosahedron... CPUs for model initialization, I/O and inter-processor communication They have shown 8 case studies examples: http://www.culatools.com/features/performance 22 22 Atmospheric Model Applications Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH that the part of the code that computed dynamics of the model runs 34 times faster on a single GPU than on the CPU A scalability study with the NFS file system had shown that the OLAM model s... weather prediction (NWP) models that take many atmospheric factors into account (Cox et al., 1998; Pielke, 1984) The evolution of operational NWP from larger to smaller scales partially reflects the increased computer power that has allowed global models to resolve more details of atmospheric flow fields Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce... main limitation is computing power On the other hand, regional models have higher resolution but are restricted to limited area domains Forecasting on limited domain demands the knowledge of future atmospheric conditions at domain’s borders Therefore, regional models require previous execution of global models OLAM (Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Model) , initially developed at Duke University (Walko & Avissar,... Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, IEEE Computer Society, Busan, Korea, pp 69-75 Pielke, R.A et al (1992) A Comprehensive Meteorological Modeling System - RAMS, in: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 49(1), pp 69-91 Schepke, C.; Maillard, N.; Osthoff, C.; Dias, P.& Pannetta, J Performance Evaluation of an Atmospheric Simulation Model on Multi-Core Environments, Proceedings... launch site happens to be of paramount importance in the efficient management of launch time operations (Manobianco et al., 1996; Rakesh et al., 2007; Ramachandran et al., 2006; 26 2 Atmospheric Model Applications ATMOSPHERIC MODELS Subrahamanyam et al., 2010; 2011) Therefore, additional procedures based on current observations (surface and upper air observations, Radar and satellite) are required to forecast... communication Basically, avoidance of horizontal elliptic solvers makes MPI much easier and more efficient Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 7 7 2.2 OLAM’s implementation OLAM is an iterative model, where each timestep may result in the output of data as defined in its parameters Its workflow is illustrated... implementation performs better than the Hybrid MPI/OpenMP implementation at lower numbers of cores, we inserted VTUNE Analyser5 5 http://www.intel.com Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 11 11 Fig 9 40km-resolution ideal and measured speedups for the MPI and the MPI/OpenMP implementations performance... processes (4 processes per machine) configuration PVFS results show a different behavior In the results (Figure 10) from 10 to 30 processes (one process in Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 13 13 each machine), we can see that the processing time decreases (as the degree of parallelism increases), but . ATMOSPHERIC MODEL APPLICATIONS Edited by Ismail Yucel Atmospheric Model Applications Edited by Ismail Yucel Published. geographical domain of the model. The resolution strongly influences the accuracy of results. 1 http://gppd.inf.ufrgs.br/atmosferamassiva 2 Atmospheric Model Applications Improving Atmospheric Model Performance. and more efficient. 6 Atmospheric Model Applications Improving Atmospheric Model Performance on a Multi-Core Cluster System 7 2.2 OLAM’s implementation OLAM is an iterative model, where each timestep