NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING PROCESSES ppt

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING PROCESSES Edited by Jan Awrejcewicz Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes Edited by Jan Awrejcewicz Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright pixeldreams.eu, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes, Edited by Jan Awrejcewicz p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-620-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Physical Processes 1 Chapter 1 Numerical Solution of Many-Body Wave Scattering Problem for Small Particles and Creating Materials with Desired Refraction Coefficient 3 M. I. Andriychuk and A. G. Ramm Chapter 2 Simulations of Deformation Processes in Energetic Materials 17 R.H.B. Bouma, A.E.D.M. van der Heijden, T.D. Sewell and D.L. Thompson Chapter 3 Numerical Simulation of EIT-Based Slow Light in the Doppler-Broadened Atomic Media of the Rubidium D2 Line 59 Yi Chen, Xiao Gang Wei and Byoung Seung Ham Chapter 4 Importance of Simulation Studies in Analysis of Thin Film Transistors Based on Organic and Metal Oxide Semiconductors 79 Dipti Gupta, Pradipta K. Nayak, Seunghyup Yoo, Changhee Lee and Yongtaek Hong Chapter 5 Numerical Simulation of a Gyro-BWO with a Helically Corrugated Interaction Region, Cusp Electron Gun and Depressed Collector 101 Wenlong He, Craig R. Donaldson, Liang Zhang, Kevin Ronald, Alan D. R. Phelps and Adrian W. Cross Chapter 6 Numerical Simulations of Nano-Scale Magnetization Dynamics 133 Paul Horley, Vítor Vieira, Jesús González-Hernández, Vitalii Dugaev and Jozef Barnas VI Contents Chapter 7 A Computationally Efficient Numerical Simulation for Generating Atmospheric Optical Scintillations 157 Antonio Jurado-Navas, José María Garrido-Balsells, Miguel Castillo-Vázquez and Antonio Puerta-Notario Chapter 8 A Unifying Statistical Model for Atmospheric Optical Scintillation 181 Antonio Jurado-Navas, José María Garrido-Balsells, José Francisco Paris and Antonio Puerta-Notario Chapter 9 Numerical Simulation of Lasing Dynamics in Choresteric Liquid Crystal Based on ADE-FDTD Method 207 Tatsunosuke Matsui Chapter 10 Complete Modal Representation with Discrete Zernike Polynomials - Critical Sampling in Non Redundant Grids 221 Rafael Navarro and Justo Arines Chapter 11 Master Equation - Based Numerical Simulation in a Single Electron Transistor Using Matlab 239 Ratno Nuryadi Chapter 12 Numerical Simulation of Plasma Kinetics in Low-Pressure Discharge in Mixtures of Helium and Xenon with Iodine Vapours 257 Anatolii Shchedrin and Anna Kalyuzhnaya Chapter 13 Dynamics of Optical Pulses Propagating in Fibers with Variable Dispersion 277 Alexej A. Sysoliatin, Andrey I. Konyukhov and Leonid A. Melnikov Chapter 14 Stochastic Dynamics Toward the Steady State of Self-Gravitating Systems 301 Tohru Tashiro and Takayuki Tatekawa Part 2 Engineering Processes 319 Chapter 15 Advanced Numerical Techniques for Near-Field Antenna Measurements 321 Sandra Costanzo and Giuseppe Di Massa Chapter 16 Numerical Simulations of Seawater Electro-Fishing Systems 339 Edo D’Agaro Contents VII Chapter 17 Numerical Analysis of a Rotor Dynamics in the Magneto-Hydrodynamic Field 367 Jan Awrejcewicz and Larisa P. Dzyubak Chapter 18 Mathematical Modeling in Chemical Engineering: A Tool to Analyse Complex Systems 389 Anselmo Buso and Monica Giomo Chapter 19 Monitoring of Chemical Processes Using Model-Based Approach 413 Aicha Elhsoumi, Rafika El Harabi, Saloua Bel Hadj Ali Naoui and Mohamed Naceur Abdelkrim Chapter 20 The Static and Dynamic Transfer-Matrix Methods in the Analysis of Distributed-Feedback Lasers 435 C. A. F. Fernandes and José A. P. Morgado Chapter 21 Adaptive Signal Selection Control Based on Adaptive FF Control Scheme and Its Applications to Sound Selection Systems 469 Hiroshi Okumura and Akira Sano Chapter 22 Measurement Uncertainty of White-Light Interferometry on Optically Rough Surfaces 491 Pavel Pavlíček Chapter 23 On the Double-Arcing Phenomenon in a Cutting Arc Torch 503 Leandro Prevosto, Héctor Kelly and Beatriz Mancinelli Chapter 24 Statistical Mechanics of Inverse Halftoning 525 Yohei Saika Chapter 25 A Framework Providing a Basis for Data Integration in Virtual Production 541 Rudolf Reinhard, Tobias Meisen, Daniel Schilberg and Sabina Jeschke Chapter 26 Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Behaviour of Thermal and Hydro Power Plants 551 Flavius Dan Surianu Chapter 27 Numerical Simulations of the Long-Haul RZ-DPSK Optical Fibre Transmission System 577 Hidenori Taga Preface The proposed book contains a lot of recent research devoted to numerical simulations of physical and engineering systems. It can be treated as a bridge linking various numerical approaches of two closely inter-related branches of science, i.e. physics and engineering. Since the numerical simulations play a key role in both theoretical and application-oriented research, professional reference books are highly required by pure research scientists, applied mathematicians, engineers as well post- graduate students. In other words, it is expected that the book serves as an effective tool in training the mentioned groups of researchers and beyond. The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 includes numerical simulations devoted to physical processes, whereas part 2 contains numerical simulations of engineering processes. Part 1 consists of 14 chapters. In chapter 1.1 a uniform distribution of particles in d for the computational modeling is assumed by M. I. Andriychuk and A. G. Ramm. Authors of this chapter have shown that theory could be used in many practical problems: some results on EM wave scattering problems, a number of numerical methods for light scattering are presented or even an asymptotically exact solution of the many body acoustic wave scattering are explored. The numerical results are based on the asymptotical approach to solving the scattering problem in a material with many small particles which have been embedded in it to help understand better the dependence of the effective field in the material on the basic parameters of the problem, and to give a constructive way for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient. Richard Bouma et al. in chapter 1.2 analyzed an overview of simulations of deformation processes in energetic materials at the macro-, meso-, and molecular scales. Both non-reactive and reactive processes were considered. An important motivation for the simulation of deformation processes in energetic materials was the desire to avoid accidental ignition of explosives under the influence of a mechanical load, what required the understanding of material behavior at macro-, meso- and molecular scales. Main topics in that study were: the macroscopic deformation of a PBX, a sampling of the various approaches that could be applied for mesoscale modeling, representative simulations based on grain-resolved simulations and an overview of applications of molecular scale modeling to problems of thermal- mechanical-chemical properties prediction and understanding deformation processes on submicron scales. X Preface In chapter 1.3 Yi Chen et al. analysed EIT and EIT-based slow light in a Doppler- broadened six-level atomic system of 87 Rb D2 line. The EIT dip shift due to the existence of the neighbouring levels was investigated. Authors of this study offered a better comprehension of the slow light phenomenon in the complicated multi-level system. They also showed a system whose hyperfine states were closely spaced within the Doppler broadening for potential applications of optical and quantum information processing, such as multichannel all-optical buffer memories and slow-light-based enhanced cross-phase modulation. An N-type system and numerical simulation of slow light phenomenon in this kind of system were also presented. The importance of EIT and the slow light phenomenon in multilevel system was explained and it showed potential applications in the use of ultraslow light for optical information processing such as all-optical multichannel buffer memory and quantum gate based on enhanced cross-phase modulation owing to increased interaction time between two slow-light pulses. In chapter 1.4 coauthored by Dipti Gupta et al. a new class of electronic materials for thin film transistor (TFT) applications such as active matrix displays, identification tags, sensors and other low end consumer applications were illustrated. Authors explained the importance of two dimensional simulations in both classes of materials by aiming at several common issues, which were not clarified enough by experimental means or by analytical equations. It started with modeling of TFTs based on tris- isopropylsilyl (TIPS) – pentacene to supply a baseline to describe the charge transport in any new material. The role of metal was stressed and then the stability issue in solution processable zinc oxide (ZnO) TFTs was taken into consideration. To sum up, the important role of device simulations for a better understanding of the material properties and device mechanisms was recognized in TFTs and it was based on organic and metal oxide semiconductors. By providing illustrations from pentacene, the effect of physical behavior which was related to semiconductor film properties in relation to charge injection and charge transport was underlined, TIPS- pentacene and ZnO based TFTs. The device simulations brightened the complex device phenomenon that occurred at the metal-semiconductor interface, semiconductor-dielectric interface, and in the semiconductor film in the form of defect distribution. The main subjects summarized by Wenlong He et al. of chapter 1.5 were: the simulations and optimizations of a W-band gyro-BWO including the simulation of a thermionic cusp electron gun which generated an annular, axis-encircling electron beam. The optimization of the W-band gyro-BWO was presented by using the 3D PiC (particle-in-cell) code MAGIC. The MAGIC simulated the interaction between charged particles and electromagnetic fields as they evolved in time and space from the initial states. Fields in the three-dimensional grids were solved by Maxwell equations. The other points which were introduced were: the simulation of the beam-wave interaction in the helically corrugated interaction region and the simulation and optimization of an energy recovery system of 4-stage depressed collector. Paul Horley et al. in chapter 1.6 analyzed different representations (spherical, Cartesian, stereographic and Frenet-Serret) of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation [...]... applications (either numerical or experimental): lack of completeness of ZPs (Zernike polynomials); lack of orthogonality of ZPs and lack of orthogonality of ZP derivatives The aim was based on the study of these three problems and provided practical solutions, which were tested and validated through realistic numerical simulations The next goal was to solve the problem of completeness (both for ZPs and ZPs derivatives),... maximal and minimal errors of the solutions for the optimal values of distance d are shown in Table 8 One can conclude from the numerical results that optimal values of d decrease slowly when the function N ( x ) increases This decreasing is more pronounced for smaller a The relative error of the solution to (16) also smaller for smaller a 18 16 Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes. .. affect the system Finally, a note of Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) in the chemical processes and basic proprieties of linear observers were introduced and the study also resented how the Luenberger and Kalman observers can be used for systematic generation of FDI algorithms C.A.F Fernandes and José A.P Morgado in chapter 2.6 presented an example concerning the use of a numerical simulation method,... number of particles M = 4, the radius of particles a = 0.01 The minimal error 12 10 Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH was obtained when C = 14 This error was 0.005% for the real part, 0.0025% for the imaginary part, and 0.002% for the modulus of the solution The error grows significantly when d deviates from the optimal value, i.e., the value of d for... (16) and (17) is done for various values of a, and various values of the number ρ and μ The relative error of the solution decreases when ρ grows and μ remains the same For example, when ρ increases by 50% , the relative error decreases by 12% (for ρ = 8 and ρ = 12, μ = 15) The differences between the real parts, imaginary parts, and moduli of the solutions to LAS (16) and (17) are shown in Fig 10 and. .. Jan Awrejcewicz and Larisa P Dzyubak focuses on analysis of some problems related to rotor, which were suspended in a magnetohydrodynamics field in the case of soft and rigid magnetic materials 2-dof nonlinear dynamics of the rotor were analyzed, supported by the magneto-hydrodynamic bearing (MHDB) system in the cases of soft and rigid magnetic materials 2–dof non– linear dynamics of the rotor, which... relative error of the solution to LAS (16) tends to the relative error of the solution to LAS (17) when the parameter μ becomes greater than 80 (M = 5.12 · 105 ) The relative error of the solution to LAS (17) is calculated by taking the norm of the difference of the solutions 16 14 Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH μ aest aopt d Rel.error 7 0.1418 0.1061... analysis of the distributions of the power into the discharge between the dominant electron processes in helium-iodine and xenon-iodine mixtures was performed The numerical simulation yielded good agreement with experiment, which was testified to the right choice of the calculation model and elementary processes for numerical simulation The numerical simulation of the discharge and emission kinetics in... imaginary part, and 0.002% for the modulus of the solution The numerical results show that the accuracy of the approximation of the solutions to LAS Fig 4 Relative error of solution versus distance d between particles, a = 0.01 Fig 5 Relative error of solution versus distance d between particles, a = 0.02 Numerical Solution of Many-Body Wave Scattering Problem with Desired Numerical Solution of Many-Body... (Andriychuk & Ramm, 2010) There some numerical results were given These results demonstrated the applicability of the asymptotic approach to solving many-body wave scattering problem by the method described in Sections 3 and 4 From the practical point of view, the following numerical experiments are of interest and of importance: a) For not very large M, say, M=2, 5, 10, 25, 50, one wants to find a and . NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING PROCESSES Edited by Jan Awrejcewicz Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes Edited. groups of researchers and beyond. The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 includes numerical simulations devoted to physical processes, whereas part 2 contains numerical simulations of engineering. simulations of physical and engineering systems. It can be treated as a bridge linking various numerical approaches of two closely inter-related branches of science, i.e. physics and engineering.