INJURY AND SKELETAL BIOMECHANICS Edited by Tarun Goswami Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2766 Edited by Tarun Goswami Contributors Karel Jelen, František Lopot, Daniel Hadraba, Hynek Herman, Martina Lopotova, Tadayoshi Aoyama, Taisuke Kobayashi, Zhiguo Lu, Kosuke Sekiyama, Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Toshio Fukuda, Andrzej Mroczkowski, Yuri Moskalenko, Gustav Weinstein, Tamara Kravchenko, Peter Halvorson, Natalia Ryabchikova, Julia Andreeva, Orlin Filipov, Aalap Patel, Tarun Goswami, Mary E. Blackmore, Tarun Goswami, Carol Chancey, Maxime Raison, Maria Laitenberger, Aurelie Sarcher, Christine Detrembleur, Jean-Claude Samin, Paul Fisette, J. Mizrahi, D. Daily, Tomáš Gregor, Petra Kochová, Lada Eberlová, Lukáš Nedorost, Eva Prosecká, Václav Liška, Hynek Mírka, David Kachlík, Ivan Pirner, Petr Zimmermann, Anna Králíčková, Milena Králíčková, Zbyněk Tonar, Nancy S. Landínez-Parra, Diego A. Garzón-Alvarado, Juan Carlos Vanegas-Acosta Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marijan Polic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics, Edited by Tarun Goswami p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0690-6 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Motion Preservation 1 Chapter 1 The Women’s Pelvic Floor Biomechanics 3 Karel Jelen, František Lopot, Daniel Hadraba, Hynek Herman and Martina Lopotova Chapter 2 Locomotion Transition Scheme of Multi-Locomotion Robot 21 Tadayoshi Aoyama, Taisuke Kobayashi, Zhiguo Lu, Kosuke Sekiyama, Yasuhisa Hasegawa and Toshio Fukuda Chapter 3 Using the Knowledge of Biomechanics in Teaching Aikido 37 Andrzej Mroczkowski Section 2 Musculoskeletal and Injury Biomechanics 61 Chapter 4 The Role of Skull Mechanics in Mechanism of Cerebral Circulation 63 Yuri Moskalenko, Gustav Weinstein, Tamara Kravchenko, Peter Halvorson, Natalia Ryabchikova and Julia Andreeva Chapter 5 Biomechanics of the Fractured Femoral Neck – The New BDSF-Method of Positioning the Implant as a Simple Beam with an Overhanging End 81 Orlin Filipov Chapter 6 Comparison of Intracranial Pressure by Lateral and Frontal Impacts – Validation of Computational Model 95 Aalap Patel and Tarun Goswami Chapter 7 Cervical Spinal Injuries and Risk Assessment 115 Mary E. Blackmore, Tarun Goswami and Carol Chancey VI Contents Section 3 Gait Behavior 133 Chapter 8 Methodology for the Assessment of Joint Efforts During Sit to Stand Movement 135 Maxime Raison, Maria Laitenberger, Aurelie Sarcher, Christine Detrembleur, Jean-Claude Samin and Paul Fisette Chapter 9 Modeling the Foot-Strike Event in Running Fatigue via Mechanical Impedances 153 J. Mizrahi and D. Daily Section 4 Quantitative Biomechanics 171 Chapter 10 Correlating Micro-CT Imaging with Quantitative Histology 173 Tomáš Gregor, Petra Kochová, Lada Eberlová, Lukáš Nedorost, Eva Prosecká, Václav Liška, Hynek Mírka, David Kachlík, Ivan Pirner, Petr Zimmermann, Anna Králíčková, Milena Králíčková and Zbyněk Tonar Chapter 11 Mechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage 197 Nancy S. Landínez-Parra, Diego A. Garzón-Alvarado and Juan Carlos Vanegas-Acosta Preface The field of biomechanics has been evolving from the times of ancient Greeks. Recent publications and research in biomechanics sky rocketed as the field of traditional biomechanics is creating new opportunities in diagnostics, therapy, rehabilitation, motion preservation, kinesiology, total joint replacement, biomechanics of living systems at small scale, and other areas. Biomechanics now encompasses a range of fields. The book on Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics is a broad topic and may provide a platform for newer texts and editions as the research evolves and new results are obtained. In the current form, the book covers four areas: 1) Motion Preservation, which will be useful in designing rehabilitation and training segments, 2) Musculoskeletal and Injury Biomechanics, which includes spine and brain, their behavior under the actions of force, motion, strain, and modeling them analytically and experimentally, 3) Gait-Behavior, is another area which is being developed to learn more on kinesiology and movements of the body, and 4) Quantitative Biomechanics, a somewhat new area that uses imaging and analytical computational tools. Therefore, the book presents information in four sections, in a concise format. Based on these sections, new courses may be developed at graduate level or some of the concepts used to teach undergraduate students in biomedical engineering. Since the book will be available under open access model, its use will be free to students, and this topic may be introduced as a new course, if desired. The four sections presented in this book will continue to challenge both the researchers and students in the future and therefore, create new knowledge. Tarun Goswami Spine Research Group Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering Department Wright State University USA . INJURY AND SKELETAL BIOMECHANICS Edited by Tarun Goswami Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2766 Edited. replacement, biomechanics of living systems at small scale, and other areas. Biomechanics now encompasses a range of fields. The book on Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics is a broad topic and may. foetus’s demands and also to protect the Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics 4 woman’s health. The changes are mostly controlled by the endocrine system (hypnosis, adrenal, and thyroid glands, placenta,