WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT Edited by Kostas Voudouris and Dimitra Voutsa Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Edited by Kostas Voudouris and Dimitra Voutsa Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Edited by Kostas Voudouris and Dimitra Voutsa p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0486-5 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Statistical Analysis of Water Quality Data 1 Chapter 1 Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment 3 Nally Kaunda-Bukenya, Wubishet Tadesse, Yujian Fu, Teferi Tsegaye and Mezemir Wagaw Chapter 2 Water Quality Monitoring and Associated Distributed Measurement Systems: An Overview 25 Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girão and José Miguel Dias Pereira Chapter 3 Analysis of Water Quality Data for Scientists 65 József Kovács, Péter Tanos, János Korponai, Ilona Kovácsné Székely, Károly Gondár, Katalin Gondár-Sőregi and István Gábor Hatvani Chapter 4 Detecting and Estimating Trends of Water Quality Parameters 95 Janina Mozejko Chapter 5 Combining Statistical Methodologies in Water Quality Monitoring in a Hydrological Basin – Space and Time Approaches 121 Marco Costa and A. Manuela Gonçalves Chapter 6 Statistical Tools for Analyzing Water Quality Data 143 Liya Fu and You-GanWang Chapter 7 An Innovative Nitrate Pollution Index and Multivariate Statistical Investigations of Groundwater Chemical Quality of Umm Rijam Aquifer (B4), North Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan 169 Mutewekil M. Obeidat, Muheeb Awawdeh, Fahmi Abu Al-Rub and Ahmad Al-Ajlouni VI Contents Chapter 8 Monitoring and Modelling of Water Quality 189 Katarzyna Samborska, Rafal Ulanczyk and Katarzyna Korszun Chapter 9 Exploring Potentially Hazardous Areas for Water Quality Using Dynamic Factor Analysis 227 József Kovács, László Márkus, József Szalai, Márton Barcza, György Bernáth, Ilona Kovácsné Székely and Gábor Halupka Chapter 10 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Industrial Areas of Delhi, India by Indexing Method 257 Papiya Mandal and Sunil Kumar Part 2 Water Quality Monitoring Studies 267 Chapter 11 Sodium Levels in the Spring Water, Surface and Groundwater in Dalmatia (Southern Croatia) 269 Nives Štambuk–Giljanović Chapter 12 Groundwater Quality Degradation in Obrenovac Municipality, Serbia 283 Nenad Zivkovic, Slavoljub Dragicevic, Ilija Brceski, Ratko Ristic, Ivan Novkovic, Slavoljub Jovanovic, Mrdjan Djokic and Sava Simic Chapter 13 Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Nigeria: Situational Analysis and Future Management Strategy 301 A.M. Taiwo, O.O. Olujimi, O. Bamgbose and T.A. Arowolo Chapter 14 Temporal Water Quality Assessment of Langat River from 1995-2006 321 Zalina Mohd Ali, Noor Akma Ibrahim, Kerrie Mengersen, Mahendran Shitan, Hafizan Juahir and Faridatul Azna Ahmad Shahabuddin Chapter 15 Mining and Water Pollution 347 Hlanganani Tutu Chapter 16 The Influence of Lignite Mining on Water Quality 373 Jachimko Jachimko Barbara Chapter 17 Relationship Between Water Quality and Oil-Shale Mines in Northern Estonia 391 Aare Selberg and Malle Viik Chapter 18 Study of the Factors Influencing the Shallow Groundwater Quality in Two Settlements with Different Characteristics 407 György Szabó, Tímea Vince and Éva Bessenyei Contents VII Chapter 19 Determination and Speciation of Trace Heavy Metals in Natural Water by DPASV 429 Amra Odobasic Chapter 20 Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Three Municipalities of Romania: The Influence of Municipal and Customer’s Distribution Systems Concerning Trace Metals 457 Gabriela Vasile, Liliana Cruceru, Cristina Dinu, Epsica Chiru, Daniela Gheorghe and Aurel Ciupe Chapter 21 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in a Developing Country 481 O.A.A. Eletta Chapter 22 Assessing Water Quality in the Developing World: An Index for Mexico City 495 Fabiola S. Sosa-Rodriguez Chapter 23 Water Quality Degradation Trends in Kenya over the Last Decade 509 Shadrack Mulei Kithiia Chapter 24 Water Pollution of Oued Medjerda in Algerian Souk Ahras Region 527 A. Nait Merzoug and H. Merazig Chapter 25 Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries – A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria 541 Adegbenro P. Daso and Oladele Osibanjo Chapter 26 Groundwater Quality Development in Area Suffering from Long Term Impact of Acid Atmospheric Deposition – The Role of Forest Cover in Czech Republic Case Study 561 Z. Hrkal, J. Burda, D. Fottová, M. Hrkalová, H. Nováková and E. Novotná Chapter 27 Don’t Know Responses in Water Quality Surveys 585 Zhihua Hu and Lois Wright Morton Preface Water is a valuable and finite resource on Earth. Both water quantity and quality are becoming dominant issues in many countries. European Environment Agency notes that except in some northern countries that possess abundant water resources, water scarcity occurs in many countries, particularly in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa etc, confronted with a crucial combination of a severe lack of and high demand for water. The growth of world population, up to 9 billion by 2050, leading to increase demands of water, growing urbanization and high living standards, intensive agricultural activities and industrial demands as well as climate change with droughts and floods episodes are significant pressures for the available water resources. Consequently, many countries have significant problems concerning both severe water scarcity and poor water quality. Surface water and groundwater that are the main sources of fresh water for drinking purposes, irrigation and various other uses, represent as small fraction of water burden on earth. It is pointed out that only 30% of the freshwater (3% of the total volume of water) on Earth is groundwater. In many areas, water needs are mainly covered by groundwater abstracted from the aquifers via numerous wells and boreholes. As a result, a negative water balance is established in the aquifer systems around the world and water levels are dropping rapidly. Point and non-point sources such as sewage effluents, wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, industrial and mining activities, atmospheric deposition may seriously affect these water resources. As a consequence various pollutants such as pathogen microorganisms, nutrients, heavy metals, toxic elements, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and various other organic micropollutants may occur in water resulting in degradation of water quality. Another, severe problem, especially in coastal areas is the increase salinity of groundwater, due to seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers as a cause of high water demands and overexploitation. The access to good quality freshwater is a decisive factor for socio-economic development of the countries. Recently, the European Community through Water Directive 2000/60/EC, established the framework for actions in the field of water policy for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater. This Directive aims at the protection and enhancement of the aquatic X Preface ecosystems, promotion of sustainable water use based on a long-term protection of available water resources, progressive reduction or cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into aquatic environment and mitigation the effects of floods and droughts. These actions contribute to the provision of sufficient supply of good quality surface water and groundwater as needed for sustainable as well as to balanced and equitable water use. This book entitled “Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment” attempts to covers the main fields of water quality issues presenting case studies in various countries concerning the physicochemical characteristics of surface and groundwaters and possible pollution sources as well as methods and tools for the evaluation of water quality status. Particularly, this book is divided into two sections: 1) Statistical analysis of water quality data The first ten chapters focus on the evaluation of water quality data by employing conventional hydrochemical techniques and statistical analysis (e.g. cluster, factor and trend analysis, risk analysis and decision support systems). 2) Water quality monitoring studies This section includes seventeen chapters related to the water quality and the assessment of water pollution. These chapters represent case studies from different countries of the world regarding the quality of surface and groundwater. We would like to express our thanks to the authors who contributed to this volume, to the reviewers for their valuable assistance, as well as to the organizers and the staff of the INTECH Open Access Publisher, especially Marija Radja, for their efforts to publish this book. Dr. Kostas Voudouris Laboratory of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Dr. Dimitra Voutsa Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece [...]... Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment Fig 5 The Curve Number Editor Fig 6 Pollutant loadings and output map button 15 16 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment 4.1 SDSS Demonstration 1: Report generation and pollution contributions of land use change (Bridge Street Town Center) First, a report generation function for municipal environmental compliance and pollution contributions of a land... (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment 21 Fig 9 2004 and 2010 Orthophotos at the Bridge Street Town Center location: pre and post development 60 41.3 40 % Change 20 9.4 0 0.1 CAMP COM LDR 3.4 0.0 HDR CRP 13.6 OPN TRS WTR -20 -29.7 -40 -38.2 -60 Land Use Types Fig 10 Percent Change in Land use Acreage after Bridge Street Development 22 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment 60... System (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment Table 2 Annual Event Mean Concentration of each pollutant in each mini-basin (Rvi = weighted runoff coefficient, EMC= Event Mean Concentration, BOD=Biological Oxygen Demand, COD= Chemical Oxygen Demand, TSS= Total Suspended Solids, TDS = Total Dissolved Solids, PO4 = Phosphates) 18 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Spatial Decision... The three levels are the data level, the 8 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment model development level, and the development of a graphical user interface The data level was implemented primarily for creating a comprehensive database that stores all the data needed for water quality evaluation Modeling the effects of land use change on water quantity and quality requires a multidisciplinary approach... cropland (-38%) and campus/institutional (-30) land use areas decreased while all other land uses increased The highest land use change after the development was commercial, at 41% increase Figure 11 shows that runoff coefficients increased by 12%, and the event mean concentration for all pollutants increased, with Oil and grease showing the highest increase (50%) The increase 20 Water Quality Monitoring. .. that are needed for informed decision-making and for environmental legislation compliance Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment Fig 1 The hierarchy of Java Swing Components 11 12 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Fig 2 Use Case Diagram showing how a user interacts with the interface 4 Results A graphical user interface for the SDSS was developed... of Thessaloniki, Greece XI Part 1 Statistical Analysis of Water Quality Data 1 Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment Nally Kaunda-Bukenya, Wubishet Tadesse, Yujian Fu, Teferi Tsegaye and Mezemir Wagaw Alabama A&M University & City of Huntsville, AL, Planning Division USA 1 Introduction Land use policy in the United States is a predominantly local... underground and above-ground stormwater infrastructure The Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment • • 9 result was a delineation of basins, subbasins, and mini-basins It is important to note that mini-basins are categorized into outfall basins (point source of pollution) and diffuse basins (non- point source of pollution) Land use characterization was... milligram/liter Ai=Land area drained by each major outfall (acres) 12 and 2.72 are unit conversion factors These three equations have been sequentially executed and the resulting table would have the output that is used to create thematic maps that show pollutant hotspots in the study 10 Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment area The equations would be encapsulated in the user interface and simplified... (SDSS) for Stormwater Management and Water Quality Assessment 5 and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) interface called WinHSPF A simplified windows interface called Latis was developed by the authors as a simpler replacement of BASINS (Wilkerson et al., 2010) The Latis model involves using specific rain event to model and compare scenarios under pre-development, and “as-built” with BMP options, and even worst . WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT Edited by Kostas Voudouris and Dimitra Voutsa Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Edited by Kostas Voudouris and. Székely and Gábor Halupka Chapter 10 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Industrial Areas of Delhi, India by Indexing Method 257 Papiya Mandal and Sunil Kumar Part 2 Water Quality Monitoring. concerning both severe water scarcity and poor water quality. Surface water and groundwater that are the main sources of fresh water for drinking purposes, irrigation and various other uses,