TSUNAMI – A GROWING DISASTER pot

TSUNAMI – A GROWING DISASTER Edited by Mohammad Mokhtari Tsunami – A Growing Disaster Edited by Mohammad Mokhtari Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Zacarias Pereira da Mata, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Tsunami – A Growing Disaster, Edited by Mohammad Mokhtari p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-431-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Advanced Measurement Methodologies 1 Chapter 1 Advances for Tsunami Measurement Technologies and Its Applications 3 Hiroyuki Matsumoto Chapter 2 Tsunami Detection by Ionospheric Sounding: New Tools for Oceanic Monitoring 19 Giovanni Occhipinti Chapter 3 Proximal Records of Paleotsunami Runup in Barrage Creek Floodplains from Late-Holocene Great Earthquakes in the Central Cascadia Suduction Zone, Oregon, USA 35 Curt D. Peterson and Kenneth M. Cruikshank Part 2 Tsunami Effect on Infrastructures 59 Chapter 4 Post-Tsunami Lifeline Restoration and Reconstruction 61 Yasuko Kuwata Chapter 5 Tsunamis as Long-Term Hazards to Coastal Groundwater Resources and Associated Water Supplies 87 Karen G. Villholth and Bhanu Neupane Chapter 6 Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Tsunami Force on Bridge Decks 105 Tze Liang Lau, Tatsuo Ohmachi, Shusaku Inoue and Panitan Lukkunaprasit Part 3 Case Studies 131 Chapter 7 Comments About Tsunami Occurrences in the Northern Caribbean 133 Mario Octavio Cotilla Rodríguez and Diego Córdoba Barba VI Contents Chapter 8 Tsunami in Makran Region and Its Effect on the Persian Gulf 161 Mohammad Mokhtari Chapter 9 The Place of a Village Within a Tsunami Early Warning System 175 Henry Rempel Chapter 10 Post Tsunami Heavy Mineral Distribution Between Cuddalore to Kanyakumari Along the Tamil Nadu Coast, India – A Review 189 M. Suresh Gandhi, A. Solai, Sivaraj Kaveri, Kasilingam Kanan, Venkatesan Dhamodharan, Baskar Kuppusamy and Victor Rajamanickam Part 4 Post-Tsunami Preparedness 199 Chapter 11 The Management of Medical Services in the Early and Late Phase of Tsunami: A Preparation for Humanitarian Health Assistance 201 Agung Budi Sutiono, Tri Wahyu Murni, Andri Qiantori, Hirohiko Suwa and Toshizumi Ohta Chapter 12 Prevention of Psychopathological Consequences in Survivors of Tsunamis 211 Felipe E. García Preface The term tsunami comes from a Japanese word that means “harbor” (tsu) and “wave” (nami). In the past, the phenomenon was referred to as a tidal wave. However, in the international scientific community this word describes waves generated by sudden vertical movements of the ocean floor, triggered by large earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater explosions. Tsunamis can be considered transition phenomena because of their impulsive origin. They are characterized by a long wave length and period. Tsunamis can travel for thousands of kilometers across the open ocean at speeds of 600–800 km per hour, and their effects can be seen hours later on shores. As a tsunami approaches the coast, it reduces the wave celerity and increases the wave height, reaching up to 20 meters with a very high destructive power. In the recent years the world has experienced a few mega-tsunamis which have caused extensive material damage and death tolls. The most destructive ones were in December 2004 in Sumatra, causing more than 200,000 deaths, and in March 2011 in Japan, causing a nuclear accident. The 2004 catastrophe has triggered many global initiatives such as a new tsunami detection system, more detailed coastal modeling, tsunami compatible coastal developments, integrated approach for regional early warning system, an effort of educating the public, raising awareness and preparedness. Bearing that in mind, this multi-disciplinary book intends to cover different practical aspects of pre- and post-tsunami management including: advance measurement technology as an early warning system, some important case studies and hazard assessments; lifeline, medical and psychological aspects. For some practical reasons and to increase its accessiblity, the book is divided into four sections. Section 1 provides advanced methods for tsunami measurement and modeling such as: ocean-bottom pressure sensor, kinematic GPS buoy, satellite altimetry, Paleo tsunami and Ionospheric sounding, early warning system, and scenario based numerical modeling. Section 2 presents case studies in different tsunamigeneic zones around the world such as the Northern Caribbean, Makran region and Tamil Nadu coast in India. Furthermore, classifying tsunamis into local, X Preface regional and global, their possible impact on the region and its immediate vicinity is highlighted. Effects of tsunami hazard on the coastal environment and infrastructure (structures, lifelines, water resources, bridges, dykes, etc.) have been presented in section 3. Finally, in section 4, which deals with post-tsunami management, the need for preparedness of emergency medicine staff and the prevention of psychological consequences of the affected survivors has been discussed. The objective of this book is to provide a collection of expert writing on different aspects of pre- and post-tsunami developments and management techniques. It is intended to be distributed within the scientific community and among the decision makers for tsunami risk reduction. The presented chapters have been thoroughly reviewed and accepted for publication. We would like to express our gratitude to the contributing authors who are the key factor in this achievement. The Editor expresses his deep appreciation to Prof. M. G. Ashtiany for his support and encouragement. Finally, special thanks to InTech, the publisher that initiated this book and guided and helped the Editor in its completion. Prof. Mohammad Mokhtari International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Dibajie Shomali, Tehran, Iran . A. Solai, Sivaraj Kaveri, Kasilingam Kanan, Venkatesan Dhamodharan, Baskar Kuppusamy and Victor Rajamanickam Part 4 Post -Tsunami Preparedness 199 Chapter 11 The Management of Medical Services. in the Early and Late Phase of Tsunami: A Preparation for Humanitarian Health Assistance 201 Agung Budi Sutiono, Tri Wahyu Murni, Andri Qiantori, Hirohiko Suwa and Toshizumi Ohta Chapter 12. TSUNAMI – A GROWING DISASTER Edited by Mohammad Mokhtari Tsunami – A Growing Disaster Edited by Mohammad Mokhtari Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9,