ORGANIC POLLUTANTS TEN YEARS AFTER THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION – ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL UPDATE Edited by Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention – Environmental and Analytical Update Edited by Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. 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Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention – Environmental and Analytical Update, Edited by Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-917-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 High Concern Sources of Organic Pollutants 1 Chapter 1 The Inputs of POPs into Soils by Sewage Sludge and Dredged Sediments Application 3 Radim Vácha Chapter 2 Textile Finishing Industry as an Important Source of Organic Pollutants 29 Alenka Majcen Le Marechal, Boštjan Križanec, Simona Vajnhandl and Julija Volmajer Valh Chapter 3 Textile Organic Dyes – Characteristics, Polluting Effects and Separation/Elimination Procedures from Industrial Effluents – A Critical Overview 55 Zaharia Carmen and Suteu Daniela Part 2 Environmental Fate, Effects and Analysis of Organic Pollutants 87 Chapter 4 Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Studied Through Single-Species Ecotoxicity Tests and Laboratory Microcosm Assays 89 Bernard Clément Chapter 5 Exposure Assessment to Persistent Organic Pollutants in Wildlife: The Case Study of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico 113 Guillermo Espinosa-Reyes, Donaji J. González-Mille, César A. Ilizaliturri-Hernández, Fernando Díaz-Barríga Martínez and Jesús Mejía-Saavedra Chapter 6 Depositional History of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Reconstruction of Petroleum Pollution Record in Peninsular Malaysia 135 Mahyar Sakari VI Contents Chapter 7 The Mass Distribution of Particle-Bound PAH Among Aerosol Fractions: A Case-Study of an Urban Area in Poland 163 Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Barbara Kozielska, Barbara Błaszczak and Krzysztof Klejnowski Chapter 8 Global Distillation in an Era of Climate Change 191 Ross Sadler and Des Connell Chapter 9 Rapid Detection and Recognition of Organic Pollutants at Trace Levels by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 217 Zhengjun Zhang, Qin Zhou and Xian Zhang Part 3 Methods of Decontaminating the Environment from Organic Pollutants 245 Chapter 10 Fenton´s Process for the Treatment of Mixed Waste Chemicals 247 Cláudia Telles Benatti and Célia Regina Granhen Tavares Chapter 11 Fundamental Mechanistic Studies of the Photo-Fenton Reaction for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants 271 Amilcar Machulek Jr., Frank H. Quina, Fabio Gozzi, Volnir O. Silva, Leidi C. Friedrich and José E.F. Moraes Chapter 12 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants: Mechanisms and Kinetics 293 Malik Mohibbul Haque, Detlef Bahnemann and Mohammad Muneer Chapter 13 Study on Sono-Photocatalytic Degradation of POPs: A Case Study Hydrating Polyacrylamide in Wastewater 327 Fanxiu Li Chapter 14 Chemical Degradation of Chlorinated Organic Pollutants for In Situ Remediation and Evaluation of Natural Attenuation 345 Junko Hara Chapter 15 Electrochemical Incineration of Organic Pollutants for Wastewater Treatment: Past, Present and Prospect 365 Songsak Klamklang, Hugues Vergnes, Kejvalee Pruksathorn and Somsak Damronglerd Chapter 16 Research on Pressure Swing Adsorption of Resin for Treating Gas Containing Toluene 383 Ruixia Wei and Shuguo Zhao Contents VII Chapter 17 Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide – Method for Decontamination of Surfaces and Working Areas from Organic Pollutants 399 Petr Kačer, Jiří Švrček, Kamila Syslová, Jiří Václavík, Dušan Pavlík, Jaroslav Červený and Marek Kuzma Chapter 18 Organic Pollutants Treatment from Air Using Electron Beam Generated Nonthermal Plasma – Overview 431 Yongxia Sun and A. G. Chmielewski Chapter 19 Alternative Treatment of Recalcitrant Organic Contaminants by a Combination of Biosorption, Biological Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation Technologies 455 Roberto Candal, Marta Litter, Lucas Guz, Elsa López Loveira, Alejandro Senn and Gustavo Curutchet Preface More than twenty years ago, Organic Pollutants (OPs), particularly those exhibiting persistence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport potential (so-called Persistent Organic Pollutants, POPs), have been recognized worldwide as the prior environmental problem. International efforts aimed at controlling and eliminating the most hazardous organic pollutants from the natural environment, resulted in a global convention on POPs entering into force. This document, known as the Stockholm Convention, introduced the list of twelve POPs to be limited or banned, due to their adverse impact on humans and the environment. Recently, the list was further extended by the addition of nine new chemicals. This indicates that after so many years organic pollutants are still among the major environmental hazards. The present book touches three major fields of concern, as far as the environmental impact of Organic Pollutants is considered. The first part focuses on selected pollution sources of various environmental compartments (e.g. soil, water), as well as the considered compounds' possible emission routes to the environment. The pollution sources of increasing meaning, like sewage sludge, dredged sediments application or textile industry, have been widely discussed and characterized. The second part of the book discusses the influence of organic pollutants on living organisms (e.g. OPs bioavailability, exposure assessment), distribution and persistence of OPs in particular environmental compartments (e.g. depositional history, global distillation), as well as novel analytical techniques (e.g. surface-enhanced Raman scattering) useful for identification and monitoring of OPs. In the third part of the book, several methods, including photochemical, chemical, electrochemical, and biological degradation, have been proposed as efficient techniques for decontaminating the environmental compartments from OPs. We hope that this book will be particularly valuable to environmental scientists and engineers and will contribute to better assessments of the fate of Organic Pollutants in a multimedia environment. Dr. Tomasz Puzyn and M.Sc. Eng Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk Poland [...]... PCB6) in sludge The directive 86/278/EEC regulates the sludge application in EU legislation Only the contents of 6 4 Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update potentially risk elements in sludge (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni and Zn) are limited in the directive The proposal of limit values of potentially risk elements and persistent organic pollutants was... 1996) The limits in the Direction use total contents of risky elements only The paper shows the results of the research of risky substances contents in the set of sediment samples collected in 2008 year These contents are compared with sediment 6 Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update characteristics depending on sediment origin and the way... 1.26 2.08 21.5 S 1 – sludge 1, S 2 – sludge 2 A – anthracene, N – naphthalene, P – pyrene, Ch – chrysene, Ph – phenanthrene, F – fluoranthene, B(a)P – benzo(a)pyrene, B(b)F – benzo(k)fluoranthene, B(a)A – benzo(a)anthracene, B(ghi)P – benzo(ghi)pyrene, I(cd)P – indeno(c,d)pyrene, PAHs – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, B – benzene, T – toluene, X – xylene, EB – ethylbenzene, MAHs – monocyclic aromatic... quality The medians and maximums of POPs contents in field, village and forest sediments are presented in table 18 where the comparison with the Direction No 257/2009 Sb is available also 12 Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update The median values of PAHs indicate an increased load of village pond sediments and a similar trend can be found in the. .. characteristics and conditions for the application of extracted sediments The limits of potentially risky elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) and persistent organic pollutants (BTEX, sum of PAHs, PCB7, sum of DDT and C10 – C40 hydrocarbons) in the sediment and soil of the locality for the application are defined The limits of risky elements and substances in the soil were derived from the background... 123 1.6 1.0 1.0 13.9 16.5 7.3 25.3 0.1 9050 3.2 MAHs – mococyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; ClHs – chlorinated hydrocarbons PHs – petroleum hydrocarbons Te – tenzides Table 7b The POPs contents in individual groups of sludge samples - MAHs, ClHs (μg/kg), Te and PHs (mg/kg) Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update 18 2002 (20 sampl.) 2001 (25 sampl.)... 71 31 CEC – cation exchange capacity pH H2O – sediment pH measured in the extract of H2O BS – the rate of complex saturation adsorption pH KCl - sediment pH measured in the extract of 1M KCl Table 16 The medians of sediment characteristics separated into sediment groups based on sediment type and storage method Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical. .. (Raphanus sativus) and the field trial by parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) in the second year The samples of soil and plants were taken after the harvest, the yield was measured and the contents of POPs in soil and plant samples were analysed The list of POPs substances and analytical methods for POPs determination in sludge and soil is identical with table 2, except of PCDDs/Fs The identical analytical methods... to ISO, 11464 8 Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update The analysis of the elements in the samples were conducted by the AAS method (AAS Varian), flame and hydride technique Persistent organic pollutants were analysed in commercial accredited laboratories Aquatest a.s.: BTEX (benzene, toluene, e-benzene and xylene), gas chromatography with... intensive waste water treatment the characteristic of sludge as the material with increased content of organic matter and nutrients The application of sludge into soil could lead to an increase of the contents of organic matter or macro elements, but the contamination by potentially risky elements and persistent organic pollutants could be relevant also The problems connecting with increased persistent . ORGANIC POLLUTANTS TEN YEARS AFTER THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION – ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL UPDATE Edited by Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng Organic Pollutants. The samples were prepared according to ISO, 11464. Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update 8 The analysis of the elements in the. Only the contents of 6 Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention − Environmental and Analytical Update 4 potentially risk elements in sludge (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni and Zn) are