GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PLANTS pdf

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PLANTS Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan           Genetic Diversity in Plants Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Genetic Diversity in Plants, Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0185-7   Contents  Preface IX Part 1 Molecular Approaches for the Assesment of Genetic Diversity 1 Chapter 1 Isolation of High-Quality DNA from a Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica 3 Xiaohua Wang, Honglang Xiao, Xin Zhao, Caizhi Li, Juan Ren, Fang Wang and Lei Pang Chapter 2 Olive Tree Genetic Resources Characterization Through Molecular Markers 15 Sónia Gomes, Paula Martins-Lopes and Henrique Guedes-Pinto Chapter 3 Association Mapping in Plant Genomes 29 Braulio J. Soto-Cerda and Sylvie Cloutier Chapter 4 Fruit Germplasm Characterization: Genomics Approaches for the Valorisation of Genetic Diversity 55 Innocenzo Muzzalupo, Enzo Perri and Adriana Chiappetta Chapter 5 Assessment and Utilization of the Genetic Diversity in Rice (Orysa sativa L.) 87 Jin Quan Li and Peng Zhang Chapter 6 Genetic Diversity and Utilization of Triploid Loquats (E. japonica Lindl) 103 Qiao He, Weixing Wang, Qigao Guo, Suqiong Xiang, Xiaolin Li and Guolu Liang Chapter 7 Genetic Diversity in Aechmea fulgens (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) Revealed by Molecular Markers 117 Clébia Maria Alves de Almeida, Alexandre Gomes da Silva, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Luciane Vilela Resende and Márcia Vanusa da Silva VI Contents Part 2 Genetic Diversity Analysis 131 Chapter 8 Genetic Diversity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Its Wild Relatives 133 Guillaume Bauchet and Mathilde Causse Chapter 9 Genetic Diversity of Nigerian Cashew Germplasm 163 Olawale Mashood Aliyu Chapter 10 Defining Genetic Diversity in the Chocolate Tree, Theobroma cacao L. Grown in West and Central Africa 185 Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion Chapter 11 Genetic Diversity in Citrus 213 Aydin Uzun and Turgut Yesiloglu Chapter 12 Determination of Genetic Variation Between Populations of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf According to some Seed Characteristics 231 Hakan Sevik, Zeki Yahyaoglu and Ibrahim Turna Chapter 13 Genetic Diversity in Apricot 249 Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz and Kahraman Gurcan Chapter 14 Sampling the Genetic Diversity of Tall Fescue Utilizing Gamete Selection 271 Bryan Kindiger Chapter 15 Genetic Diversity of Rice Grain Quality 285 Rosa Paula Cuevas and Melissa A. Fitzgerald Part 3 Conservation of Germplasms 311 Chapter 16 Genetic Diversity in Gossypium genus 313 Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov, Zabardast T. Buriev, Shukhrat E. Shermatov, Alisher A. Abdullaev, Khurshid Urmonov, Fakhriddin Kushanov, Sharof S. Egamberdiev, Umid Shapulatov, Abdusttor Abdukarimov, Sukumar Saha, Johnnie N. Jenkins, Russell J. Kohel, John Z. Yu, Alan E. Pepper, Siva P. Kumpatla and Mauricio Ulloa Chapter 17 Exploring Statistical Tools in Measuring Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement 339 C. O. Aremu Chapter 18 Living on the Edge: Various Modes of Persistence at the Range Margins of Some Far Eastern Species 349 Elena Artyukova, Marina Kozyrenko, Olga Koren, Alla Kholina, Olga Nakonechnaya and Yuri Zhuravlev Contents VII Chapter 19 Founder Placement and Gene Dispersal Affect Population Growth and Genetic Diversity in Restoration Plantings of American Chestnut 375 Yamini Kashimshetty, Melanie Simkins, Stephan Pelikan and Steven H. Rogstad Chapter 20 Genetic Structure and Diversity of Brazilian Tree Species from Forest Fragments and Riparian Woods 391 Danielle Cristina Gregorio da Silva, Mayra Costa da Cruz Gallo de Carvalho, Cristiano Medri, Moacyr Eurípedes Medri, Claudete de Fátima Ruas, Eduardo Augusto Ruas and Paulo Maurício Ruas Chapter 21 A Brief Review of a Nearly Half a Century Wheat Quality Breeding in Bulgaria 413 Dobrinka Atanasova, Nikolay Tsenov and Ivan Todorov Chapter 22 Hevea Germplasm in Vietnam: Conservation, Characterization, Evaluation and Utilization 433 Lai Van Lam, Tran Thanh, Le Thi Thuy Trang, Vu Van Truong, Huynh Bao Lam and Le Mau Tuy Chapter 23 Characterisation of the Amaranth Genetic Resources in the Czech Gene Bank 457 Dagmar Janovská, Petra Hlásná Čepková and Mária Džunková Chapter 24 Agronomic and Biotechnological Strategiesfor Breeding Cultivated Garlic in Mexico 479 Héctor Silos Espino, Flora San Juan Hernández, Olivio Hernández Hernández, Darío Silva Bautista, Alan Roy Macías Ávila, Francisco Nieto Muñoz, Luis L. Valera Montero, Silvia Flores Benítez, Luis Martín Macías Valdez, Tarsicio Corona Torres, Mario Leonel Quezada Parga and Juan Florencio Gómez Leyva  Preface  Genetic diversity is the fundamental source of biodiversity. In 1989, the World Wildlife Fund defined biodiversity as “the richness of life on Earth – millions of plants, animals and microorganisms, including the genes which they carry, and complex ecosystems that create the environment”. Currently, the issue of maintaining genetic diversity as a component of the conservation of biodiversity has been accepted at an international level. FAO has included the issue of conservation, evaluation, and the use of animal genetic resources in its fields of interest since the 1970s. In this context, one of the main concerns of scientific research activities is conserving the genetic diversity of local breeds, especially those of economic interest. Genetic diversity among individuals reflects the presence of different alleles in the gene pool, and hence, different genotypes within populations. Genetic diversity should be distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic traits found within populations to vary. There is a considerable genetic variability within or between natural populations. Population geneticists attempt to determine the extent of this variability by identifying the alleles at each locus and measuring their respective frequencies. This variability provides a genomic flexibility that can be used as a raw material for adaptation. On the other hand, one of the consequences of low genetic variability could be the inability to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. From the growing knowledge on the genome sequences of organisms it becomes evident that all forms of diversity have their origin at genetic level. In this context, genetic diversity analysis provides vital and powerful data that helps for a better understanding of genetic variation and improved conservation strategies. Plants are a distinct kingdom of organisms that possess unique properties of reproduction, development, physiology, and adaptation. Plant diversity refers to the variety of plants that exist on the Earth. Plants, in order to survive, have to compete with other plants and organisms in an ecosystem. Over time, they have developed various characteristics to help them survive, which leads to plant diversity. It is essential to have regular assessments of the conservation status of all plant species, in order to prioritize those in need of conservation action and to provide a measure of the success of actions being taken. The improvement of cultivated plants considerably depends on the extent of genetic variability available within the species. The genetic variation that exists among plant populations is a basic requirement for efficient X Preface development and improvement of such populations. It also indicates whether a population can withstand and live with changes in the environment, which are mostly altered in an unpredictable way. Molecular studies shed light on relationships and diversity among plant breeds. The extent and nature of genetic diversity of plants from all around the world has been investigated by typing DNA markers in a set of individuals belonging to several breeds. The most useful techniques for these studies have been micro-satellites, RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, SCAR and ISSR. The purpose of Plant Genetic Diversity is to provide a glimpse into the dynamic process of genetic variation by presenting the thoughts of some of the scientists who are engaged in the development of new tools and ideas used to reveal genetic variation, often from very different perspectives. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the Authors who contributed to this book by sharing their valuable works with us. This book should prove useful to students, researchers, and experts in the area of conservation biology, genetic diversity and molecular biology. The year 2010 has been celebrated as the international year of biodiversity by the United Nations and it has been a unique opportunity to realize the vital role that biodiversity plays in sustaining the life on Earth. Let us all wish much success to all projects and initiatives dealing with the conservation of diversity of life because rich genetic resources are a prerequisite for future generations to be able to breed crop varieties and face new challenges. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Caliskan Mustafa Kemal University, Department of Biology Hatay, Turkey . containing 35 µl β- mercaptoethanol, following by incubation at 65°C for 30 min in a warm water bath. The mixture was regularly mixed three to four times by gently inversion during the incubation. 10 Defining Genetic Diversity in the Chocolate Tree, Theobroma cacao L. Grown in West and Central Africa 185 Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion Chapter 11 Genetic Diversity in Citrus 213 Aydin Uzun. Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou PR China 1. Introduction The desert plants, widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions,