UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITIES OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION pdf

UNDERSTANDINGTHE COMPLEXITIESOFKIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION  EditedbyJorgeOrtizandJasonAndré             Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation Edited by Jorge Ortiz and Jason André Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Davor Vidic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation, Edited by Jorge Ortiz and Jason André p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-819-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com  Contents Preface IX Part 1 Pretransplant Considerations 1 Chapter 1 The History of Kidney Transplantation: Past, Present and Future (with Special References to the Belgian History) 3 Squifflet Jean-Paul Chapter 2 Ethical Controversies in Organ Transplantation 41 Ehtuish Ehtuish Chapter 3 Preemptive Kidney Transplantation 77 Burak Sayin Chapter 4 Proactive Management Approach in Prevention of Kidney Transplantation 81 Levent B. Kıdak Chapter 5 Transplantation in Diabetics with End-Stage Renal Disease 107 Elijah Ablorsu Chapter 6 Cardiovascular Diseases in Kidney Transplantation 143 Roberto Marcén and Sara Jiménez Chapter 7 Obesity and Kidney Transplantation 169 Alex Chang, Susan Hou and Holly Kramer Chapter 8 The Impact of Donor Type and Quality on Renal Transplant Outcomes 189 Hung Do Nguyen, Kenneth Yong, Rebecca Croke and Wai H Lim VI Contents Chapter 9 Donor Quality Scoring Systems and Early Renal Function Measurements in Kidney Transplantation 215 Quirino Lai, Francesco Nudo, Vincenzo Morabito, Giovanni Battista Levi Sandri, Fabio Melandro, Lucia Parlati, Nicola Guglielmo, Marco Di Laudo, Manuela Garofalo, Luca Poli, Renzo Pretagostini and Pasquale B Berloco Chapter 10 Donor Characteristics in 1,000 Consecutive Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplants 237 Hans W. Sollinger, Jon S. Odorico, Glen E. Leverson, Barbara J. Voss and Anthony M. D’Alessandro Chapter 11 Perioperative and Long-Term Safety of Living Kidney Donors 243 Masahiko Okamoto Chapter 12 Perioperative Hydration Policy 259 Mahmoud M. Othman Chapter 13 Anaesthesia for Kidney Transplantation 271 Yasser Haggag and Imran Ahmad Chapter 14 Augmentation Cystoplasty: in Pretransplant Recepients 279 Ashraf Abou-Elela Part 2 Special Considerations 331 Chapter 15 ABO-incompatible Kidney Transplantation 333 Mina Hur, Hee-Won Moon and Seog-Woon Kwon Chapter 16 Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation 349 Cláudia Fagundes and Mónica Guevara Chapter 17 Transplantation for the Complex Patient with Hepatitis C and End Stage Renal Disease: A Review 359 Jorge Ortiz, Jason Andre, Kamran Khanmoradi and Victor Araya Chapter 18 Combined Kidney-Islet Transplantation 371 Giuseppe Cavallari, Flavia Neri and Bruno Nardo Chapter 19 Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation 387 Farzad Kakaei and Saman Nikeghbalian Chapter 20 Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Triple Immunosuppression Scheme in Kidney Transplant (Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate Mofetil and Corticosteroids) 407 Robles Piedras Ana Luisa and Monroy Funes Manuel Alejandro Contents VII Chapter 21 Desensitization and Induction Immunosuppressive Therapy in Highly HLA-Sensitized Patients Receiving Cadaveric Renal Allograft) 439 Juana Margarita Rufino Hernández, José Manuel González-Posada Delgado and Domingo Hernández Marrero Part 3 Surgical Approaches and Complications 459 Chapter 22 The Transplantation Operation and Its Surgical Complications 461 Junjie Zhao, Zhenli Gao and Ke Wang Chapter 23 Novel Renal Transplant-Related Surgical Approaches in the 21st Century 487 Shih-Chieh Jeff Chueh and Bashir R. Sankari Chapter 24 Minimally Invasive Renal Transplantation 509 Ole Øyen Chapter 25 Surgical Complications of Renal Transplantation 527 Marcelo Ferreira Cassini, Murilo Ferreira de Andrade and Silvio Tucci Junior Chapter 26 Vascular Complications in Kidney Transplantation 547 Alexandros Giakoustidis, Nikolaos Antoniadis and Dimitrios Giakoustidis  Preface  Kidney failure is a major financial burden throughout the world. Renal failure and dialysisinparticularareassociatedwithanincreasedmortalityriskandhighmedical costs.AccordingtoanarticlepublishedinUSATodayin2009,dialysiscosttheUS$8.6 billionin2007andin2006 20.1%of dialysispatientsdied.Theonlyalternativethatis availabletodialysisatthistimeiskidneytransplantation, awaytogivepatientswith renalfailureanewbeginning. Kidneytransplantationisacomplexfieldthatincorporatesseveraldifferentspecialties tomanagethetransplantpatient.Becausepatientswithkidneyfailurefrequentlyhave  othersignificantcomorbidities,theworkupforapotentialtransplant recipient canbe quiteinvolved.Apotentialtransplantrecipientoftenhassignificantexposuretoblood borne infections like hepatitis, HIV, and many other potential pathogens. Patients often have severe hypertension or poorly controlled diabetes that has lead to their renalfailure andyetothersstillhaveahistoryofheartproblems. This book was created because of the importance of kidney transplantation. This particular volume focusesonthe complexities of the transplant patient.In particular, thereisafocusonthecomorbiditiesandspecialconsiderationsforatransplantpatient andhowthey affectkidneytransplantoutcomes. Inthisbookyouwillalsofindabriefhistoryonthefieldofkidneytransplantationas well as theethical considerations in thefieldof transplantation. Next,the reader will  find a section dedicated to special potential transplant recipients who require specializedconsiderations when contemplating transplantation. There is a discussion ontheactualtransplantprocedure andpotential fornewerandinnovativemethodsto completingakidneytransplantation. Contributors to this book are from all over the world and are experts in their individualfields. Theywereallindividuallyapproached toaddachaptertothisbook  and with their efforts this book was formed. Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation gives the reader an excellent foundation to build upon to truly understandkidneytransplantation. Dr.JorgeOrtizandDr.JasonAndré AlbertEinsteinMedicalCenter Philadelphia,PA