DIFFERENT VIEWS OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Edited by Salih Selek Different Views of Anxiety Disorders Edited by Salih Selek Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Knud Nielsen, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Different Views of Anxiety Disorders, Edited by Salih Selek p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-560-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Nosology and Defining Anxiety Disorders 1 Chapter 1 Anxiety and Its Nosographic and Psychopathologic Place in German Psychiatry: A Historical Perspective 3 Marc Géraud Chapter 2 Social Anxiety Disorder 23 Nesrin Dilbaz, Aslı Enez and Serçin Yalçın Çavuş Chapter 3 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders or Not: Differential Diagnosis of Repetitive Behaviors Among Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disorders 37 Jarrett Barnhill Chapter 4 Reasoning in Anxiety, OCD and Related Disorders: Can Formal Reasoning Theories Inform Us About Psychopathology? 69 Kieron P. O’Connor and Marie-Claude Pélissier Part 2 Neuroscience 93 Chapter 5 Animal Models of Anxiety Vulnerability - The Wistar Kyoto Rat 95 X. Jiao, K.D. Beck, K.C.H. Pang and R.J. Servatius Chapter 6 Influence of Trait-Anxiety on Inhibition Function: Evidence from ERP Studies 121 Yue-jia Luo, Ruolei Gu and Yu-xia Huang Chapter 7 Zebrafish, a Potential Novel Research Tool for the Analysis and Modeling of Anxiety 137 Robert Gerlai VI Contents Chapter 8 Acute Stress in Patients with Panic Disorder Produces Effects on Salivary Amylase and Cortisol 159 Jotaro Akiyoshi,Yoshihiro Tanaka, Koichi Isogawa, Yoshinobu Ishitobi, JusenTsuru, Tomoko Ando, Aimi Kawano, Shizuko Okamoto, Masayuki Kanehisa, Yoshihiro Maruyama, Haruka Higuma, Taiga Ninomiya, Hiroaki Hanada and Kensuke Kodama Part 3 Assessment 167 Chapter 9 Measuring States of Anxiety with Clinician-Rated and Patient-Rated Scales 169 Per Bech Chapter 10 Social Anxiety Disorder, Fear of Public Speaking, and the use of Assessment Instruments 185 Flávia de Lima Osório, José Alexandre S Crippa, Jaime Eduardo C. Hallak and Sonia R.Loureiro Chapter 11 The Measurement of Health-Related Quality of Life in a Population with Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Findings from the QUEST Study 199 Neesha Harnam, Kathleen W. Wyrwich, Dennis Revicki, Julie C. Locklear and Jean Endicott Part 4 Treatment: Dealing with Resistance 217 Chapter 12 Treatment Resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder 219 Nesrin Dilbaz, Serçin Yalcın Cavus and Aslı Enez Darcin Chapter 13 The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Approaches to Treatment Resistance 233 Stefano Pallanti, Giacomo Grassi and Andrea Cantisani Chapter 14 A Review of Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 251 Cara Katz, Murray Stein, J. Don Richardson, Soraya Seedat and Jitender Sareen Part 5 Treatment: Alternative Approaches 271 Chapter 15 Herbal Remedies to Treat Anxiety Disorders 273 Bhagya Venkanna Rao, Bettadapura N. Srikumar and Byrathnahalli S. Shankaranarayana Rao Chapter 16 A Context-Aware System for Anxiety Disorders 293 Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Maria-Anna Fengou, Panagiotis Malliaris and Dimitrios Lymberopoulos Contents VII Part 6 Anxiety in Children 311 Chapter 17 Separation Anxiety in Children and Adolescents 313 Malgorzata Dabkowska, Aleksander Araszkiewicz, Agnieszka Dabkowska and Monika Wilkosc Chapter 18 Using Stories to Prevent Anxiety Disorders in a School Context: Dominique’s Handy Tricks Program 339 Jean Gervais, Stéphane Bouchard and Nadia Gagnier Chapter 19 Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Children with Anxiety Disorders: A Group Counseling Curriculum 355 Jerry Wilde Preface Anxiety, whether an illness or emotion, is a term with historical roots even in the Bible, but it was not popular until the modern age. If we speak of anxiety as an disorder, advances in psychiatry in the last decades have revealed some biological as well as psychosocial basis of the phenomenon. On the other hand, advances in neuroscience have not yet found the “real cause” of anxiety. Today, we can group, diagnose and treat several anxiety disorders to an extent, but the assessment of symptoms and severity, dealing with resistant conditions, new treatment modalities and specific patient population, such as children, are still the challenging aspects of anxiety disorders. This book intends to present anxiety disorders from a different view and discusses several issues. The first part begins with historical perspective of the nosology of disorder in German lexicon and continues with new definitions or issues in anxiety disorders. You can find the clues of “the invasion of the anxiety phenomenon” and close relation of repetitive behaviors and anxiety in the chapters. Part two, reports innovative animal and human studies of molecular and electrophysiological origin that may stimulate further research in neuroscientific field. In the third part, the authors focus on various assessment tools, which may provide useful information for mental health professionals. The topic of the following two parts is treatment. Treatment resistant conditions and new treatment approaches are mentioned in the chapters. The readers may be particularly interested in herbal remedies. The final part focuses on a specific population- children. Finally, this book is neither a classically designed textbook nor a collection of reviews. It is a mixture of traditional and novel knowledge discussing a wide variety of anxiety topics from a multidimensional approach. The book addresses not only psychiatrists but also a broad range of specialists, including psychologists, neuroscientists and other mental health professionals with open access choice. Salih Selek, M.D. Psychiatry Department, Harran University Medical School, Sanliurfa, Turkey This book is for information only and should not be used for diagnosis and treatment. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. [...]... Symptomatology of the state of anxiety Loewenstein meticulously studied the psychic and somatic symptomatology of states of anxiety that we cannot detail for lack of space His analysis of any affect of anxiety arising from a representation shows that feelings of anxiety are a sort of feeling of displeasure which has no demonstrated location and should be considered to be a subjective accompanying manifestation of. .. very often employed in association with other names for a series of emotions, such as: "It is in our power to produce a great number of illnesses and, through them, pathological feelings of the most diverse type: disgust, itching, tickling, pain, anxiety etc which, as symptoms of these disorders, are inseparable from them. It can occur 4 Different Views of Anxiety Disorders during the course of an... problem of anxiety again and resuscitates at the same time the old term Abwehr (psychoneuroses of defence) Anxiety becomes Realangst, anxiety in the face of something real It is a signal of the appearance of a danger It is the archaic precipitate, Erinnerunsgsymbol (mnesic symbol) of a great trauma: the trauma of birth Anxiety is no longer libido transformed, but a signal of the occurrence of a danger... incomplete attacks of anxiety (equivalent of anxiety attack) Hecker drew attention to anxiety attacks without anxiety: masked, incomplete or abortive For Freud (ĩber die Berechtigung): any accompanying symptom can constitute the attack, such as anxiety There are three types of masked attacks: a Anxiety replaced by one of its preliminary stages (emotional elements) b Erroneous interpretation of anxiety as being... coenesthesic feelings to the peripheral terminal of the transmission channel? In this case, they would be simple co-sensations triggered centrally but felt peripherally, in the field of certain sensitive nerves 8 Different Views of Anxiety Disorders In these two cases, it is a question of occasioning factors, not of the initial cause of the phenomenon Precordial anxiety can be found in nicotine poisoning,... Immense fear of a breach of courtesy or of morality leading to pedantry (exaggerated precision) Abnormal anxiety with regard to the state of health of relatives Abnormal anxiety with regard to ones fortune and professional affairs Schwarzseher (those who see everything on the black side), pessimists With regard to the organic foundation of abnormal predisposition to anxiety, one should first of all mention... know what it is they 16 Different Views of Anxiety Disorders are frightened of Pathological increase in certain aversions situated in the realm of the psychological Only the first type of phobia can be classified in the obsessions 7.2.1 Phobias with floating representational content (p 332) There are a large number of triggering factors The characteristic of them all is that they offer no reason to be... disclosure of that which was previously hidden It is typically combined with hysteria b Anxiety of young brides c Anxiety of women whose husband suffers from premature ejaculation or d Who practice coitus interruptus or reservatus e Anxiety of widows and intentional practitioners of abstinence This is often accompanied by an obsessional neurosis f Climacteric/menopausal anxiety 6.2.2 In men a Abstinence, often... only 75% of cases (all disorders considered) There is no specific factor there The importance varies greatly in individual cases Do not support Freuds theory: 1) cases 18 Different Views of Anxiety Disorders without accumulation of somatic sexual excitation 2) cases with accumulation, but lack of mental derivation For Freud the symptom is abstinence or the disappearance of libido In the case of Loewenstein... cause both neuroses 14 Different Views of Anxiety Disorders 7 Loewenstein Loewenstein wrote a large volume on obsessional disorders in which there are some interesting notes concerning anxiety He thus defines the anxiety state: "We call feelings of anxiety the specific emotional elements having a harmful significance for our person or for any person belonging to our sphere of interest which are attached . DIFFERENT VIEWS OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Edited by Salih Selek Different Views of Anxiety Disorders Edited by Salih Selek . feelings of the most diverse type: disgust, itching, tickling, pain, anxiety etc. which, as symptoms of these disorders, are inseparable from them.” It can occur Different Views of Anxiety Disorders. aspects of anxiety disorders. This book intends to present anxiety disorders from a different view and discusses several issues. The first part begins with historical perspective of the nosology of