COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY – SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Luca Saba Computed Tomography – Special Applications Edited by Luca Saba Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Daniela Illing, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Computed Tomography – Special Applications, Edited by Luca Saba p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-723-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Non-Radiological Application 1 Chapter 1 Application of CT for the Study of Pathology of the Jaws 3 Tatsurou Tanaka, Yasuhiro Morimoto, Tatsurou Tanaka, Shinji Kito, Ayataka Ishikawa, Shinya Kokuryo, Noriaki Yamamoto, Manabu Habu, Ikuya Miyamoto, Masaaki Kodama, Shinobu Matsumoto-Takeda, Masafumi Oda, Nao Wakasugi-Sato, Kozue Otsuka, Shunji Shiiba, Yuji Seta, Yoshihiro Yamashita, Izumi Yoshioka, Kou Matsuo, Tetsu Takahashi, Kazuhiro Tominaga and Yasuhiro Morimoto Chapter 2 Estimated Specific Gravity with Quantitative CT Scan in Traumatic Brain Injury 25 Vincent Degos, Thomas Lescot and Louis Puybasset Chapter 3 The Locally Adapted Scaling Vector Method: A New Tool for Quantifying Anisotropic Structures in Bone Images 37 Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Thomas Baum, Irina Sidorenko, Dirk Müller, Felix Eckstein, Thomas Link and Christoph Räth Chapter 4 CT Scanning in Archaeology 57 Stephen Hughes Chapter 5 Adrenal Imaging Methods : Comparison of Mean CT Attenuation, CT Histogram Analysis and Chemical Shift Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Adrenal Mass Characterization and Review of the Literature 71 Ahmet Mesrur Halefoglu Chapter 6 CT-Guided Brachytherapy Planning 105 Cem Onal and Ezgi Oymak VI Contents Part 2 General Science Application 121 Chapter 7 Gas Trapping During Foamed Flow in Porous Media 123 Quoc P. Nguyen Chapter 8 X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography in Biological Applications 153 Gabriela R. Pereira and Ricardo T. Lopes Chapter 9 3D-μCT Cephalometric Measurements in Mice 169 F. de Carlos, A. Alvarez-Suárez, S. Costilla, I. Noval, J. A. Vega and J. Cobo Chapter 10 Effect of Buoyancy on Pore-Scale Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media 179 Tetsuya Suekane and Hiroki Ushita Chapter 11 Conventional - and Cone Beam – CT - Derived Stereolithographic Surgical Guides in the Planning and Placement of Dental Implants 195 Volkan Arısan Chapter 12 Differential Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction for Planar Objects 217 Liu Tong Chapter 13 Cross-Sectional Imaging in Comparative Vertebrate Morphology - The Intracranial Joint of the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae 259 Peter Johnston Chapter 14 Scaling Index Method (SIM): A Novel Technique for Assessment of Local Topological Properties of Porous and Irregular Structures 275 Irina Sidorenko, Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Dirk Müller and Christoph Räth Chapter 15 Gamma-Ray Computed Tomography in Soil Science: Some Applications 293 Luiz Fernando Pires, Fábio Augusto Meira Cássaro, Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi and Klaus Reichardt Preface It is my pleasure to present the book titled “Computed Tomography - Special Applications”. Computed tomography (CT) and in particular multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT), is a powerful non-invasive imaging tool with a number of advantages over the other non-invasive imaging techniques. CT has evolved into an indispensable imaging method in clinical routine. It was the first method to non-invasively acquire images of the inside of the human body that were not biased by superimposition of distinct anatomical structures. The first generation of CT scanners developed in the 1970s and numerous innovations have improved the utility and application field of the CT, such as the introduction of helical systems that allowed the development of the “volumetric CT” concept. A further major improvement in CT technology is the incorporation of multiple- detector row longitudinally (along the z-axis) in the gantry. In 1998 the first 4-detector row scanner was proposedand since then 16-32-64-128 and 320 detector row units have been introduced. A recent major improvement in CT technology is the introduction of the dual source CT that promises exceptional potentialities in tissue analysis and characterization. Isotropic voxels, high spatial and temporal resolution, use of fast contrast material injection rate and post-processing tools improved sensitivity and specificity of this technology in solving diagnostic medical problems. The purpose of this publication is to explore the applications of CT from medical imaging to other fields like physics, archaeology ad computer aided diagnosis. Recently interesting technical, anthropomorphic, forensic and archeological as well as paleontological applications of computed tomography have been developed. These applications further strengthen the method as a generic diagnostic tool for non destructive material testing and three dimensional visualization beyond its medical use. Luca Saba MD Department of Science of the Images Policlinico Universitario University of Cagliari Italy [...]... the oedema formation at the acute phase of human TBI, particularly to compare the non-contused and the contused areas and to follow the BBB state in these areas with time 26 Computed Tomography – Special Applications Computed Tomography (CT) scan, the iconographic gold standard to describe acute brain lesions, is widespread and accessible CT scan image acquisitions are prompt and reproducible with... cyst may have identical radiographic appearances, but a radicular cyst sometimes may be differentiated from the granuloma by its size An apical granuloma is usually smaller than 1 cm in 6 Computed Tomography – Special Applications diameter, whereas a radicular cyst may become as large as 10 cm.12 One type of radicular cyst is a residual cyst that remains after or develops subsequence to extraction of... bone, but odontogenic tumors do Fig 4 Panoramic radiograph image (A), axial (B) and oblique coronal (C) CT images of a dentigerous cyst in the left mandibular third molar region (arrows) 8 Computed Tomography – Special Applications 3 Non-odontogenic cysts in jaws 3.1 Nasopalatine duct cysts (incisive canal cysts) A nasopalatine duct cyst is a representative non-odontogenic developmental cyst (one of the... The cyst lining consists of loose vascular connective tissue that may have areas of recent or old hemorrhage.15 The cyst tends to occur in the mandible of young men These cysts often 10 Computed Tomography – Special Applications are asymptomatic and most are discovered incidentally during examination of the teeth for other purposes.16 Radiologically, the cyst is a well-circumscribed radiolucency bounded... origin.10 In addition, fibrous-osseous lesions also occur as tumor-like lesions in the jaws In this report, the CT image findings of tumors and tumor-like lesions are shown and interpreted 12 Computed Tomography – Special Applications 6 Benign odontogenic tumors in jaws 6.1 Keratocystic odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOT) are odontogenic tumors as classified by the WHO in 2005.10 It... contiguous with cortical bone in the maxilla and mandible In addition, about 5% of ameloblastomas can transform into malignancy (Fig 10E) and the mass should be excised appropriately 14 Computed Tomography – Special Applications Fig 10 Panoramic radiograph image (A) and axial (B), oblique sagittal (C), oblique coronal (D) CT images of an ameloblastoma in the right mandible Axial CT image (E) of a malignant... Lichtenstein-Jaffe syndrome is a milder form.25, 26 Radiological changes as a result of fibrous dysplasia are sometimes related to multiple bones such as the skull, facial bones, and femur, 16 Computed Tomography – Special Applications Fig 12 CT images (A, B) of a benign cementoblastoma in the mandible (arrows) CT images (C, D) of periapical cemental dysplasia in the mandible (arrows) in addition to the jaws... (A) and axial (B), coronal (C) CT images of fibrous dysplasia in left maxilla (arrows) Fig 14 Axial CT images of an osteoma in the mandible (A) and the torus mandibularis (B) (arrows) 18 Computed Tomography – Special Applications Fig 15 Oblique sagittal CT image of an osteochondroma in the temporomandibular joint (arrows) 8 Malignant tumors in jaws Malignant tumors occurring in the jaws are various kinds... tumors.31 Transit time, which is the time between two transit points on the time-density curve, has been reported to be significantly longer in benign tumors than in malignant tumors.31 20 Computed Tomography – Special Applications Fig 16 Axial CT image (A) of the carcinomas derived from odontogenic cysts (arrows) Axial CT image (B) of the carcinoma in the primary intra-osseous region (arrows) Panoramic... especially important However, the radiological findings in BRONJ are the same as those in chronic osteomyelitis, except for the prominent bone destruction (Figs 18F, G, H) If chronic multifocal recurrent osteomyelitis occurs in the jaw, we should suspect SAHPO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome, and additional examinations should be performed.35 22 Computed Tomography – Special . COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY – SPECIAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Luca Saba Computed Tomography – Special Applications Edited by Luca Saba . pleasure to present the book titled Computed Tomography - Special Applications . Computed tomography (CT) and in particular multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT), is a powerful non-invasive. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Computed Tomography – Special Applications, Edited by Luca Saba p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-723-9 free online