Being aware of the importance of business letter, the researcher conducteda study to explore the main obstacles that the fourth-year B.E students encounterwhen translating business lette
Aims Of the Study eee ceecessceceneeesneeeseecsseecseessaeeesaeceeesseeesaeeeaeeeneeeeaees 1 1.3 u00 o1 3.4 1
Vietnamese into English, senior BE major, intake 58, National Economics University In addition, some solutions are proposed for students to improve translating Vietnamese-English business letters.
1.3 Research questions In other words, the objectives of the study are to focus on the following questions: e What are difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into
English? e What are solutions for students to improve translating Vietnamese-English business letters?
By studying difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English senior BE major, intake 58, National Economics University, the researcher expects to reach the target within the range of 70 students These students have completed three translation courses For those who have orientation for translation work, they have to face many challenges in more complicated documents like business letters In addition, senior BE major may have more opportunities to overcome these difficulties in translating business letters and improve translating Vietnamese-English business letters skill in the subject of business communication.
1.5 Methodology A combination of various methods was used in order to gain my aims and objectives.
A survey questionnaire is conducted to explore the roots of difficulties in translating English business letter among senior business major, intake 58, National Economics University The aim of this survey is to investigate the difficulties of BE students in translating English business letters Participants are filled in the survey through Google form and 60 students are responded It comprises of 12 questions basing on real situation as well as typical features of target students.
The first four questions are designed to discover students’ awareness about business letters in general and translation of business letters in particular In detail, the first two questions investigate the definition of business letters and students’ level of exposure to business letters Question three covers their frequency of business letters translation The fourth one is used for finding out the importance of translating Vietnamese business letters Question 5 is designed to examine students’ capacity of translating Vietnamese business letters The next five questions are made to explore students’ frequency facing difficulties, their evaluation on level of difficulty, their self-assessment on translation and main difficulties in translating Vietnamese-English business letters Question eleven is created to measure the level of difficulty in each problem The mean of data calculation used in this question was weighted arithmetic mean formulation This method is the typical formulation in the works of ancient Indian mathematicians. ar +bz,+ccz, +cdlrz +ez_
X: level of difficulty x1, x2, x3, x4, x5: the value of points (from 1 to 5 respectively) that a student gives for a difficulty a: the number of students choosing 1 b: the number of students choosing 2 c: the number of students choosing 3 d: the number of students choosing 4 e: the number of students choosing 5 n: The total number of respondents
The Likert scale was invented by a psychologist named Rensis Likert This is the most widely used method in measuring attitudes or opinions in social science research The scale is described in the following table:
Score Interval Evaluation Criteria 1,00 - 1,79 Very low level
3,40 - 4,19 High level 4,20 - 5,00 Very high level
Table 1.1: Evaluation Criteria for Likert Scale Questions
The last one provides some recommendations and suggestions to improve translating Vietnamese business letters.
The result from the questionnaire is analyzed based on calculating the percentage to reach the best conclusion.
The researcher carries out the informal interviews with the participation of 10 business students at National Economics University Each individual interview focuses on the topic and difficulties of translating business letters from Vietnamese into English and solutions to overcome this problem The interview is self- designed with six questions and conducted in parallel with the survey questionnaire and lasts approximately 15 minutes each The answers are recorded by audio and video with the interviewee's agreement The first question is made to explore students’ knowledge about business letters The second one aims to the role of translating business letters The third one is to test the frequency of difficulty in translation The next question is to investigate obstacles they face in translating business letters The last one is asked to give some suggestions to deal with these difficulties After that, the researcher transcribes audio and reads through the notes and underlines the highlights and interesting points from the transcript Expected evidences are analyzed by gathering adjectives and nouns to express respondents’ emotion and attitude From there, the data is collected and analyzed in the most accurate way.
1.6 Design of the study The study consists of five following chapters:
Chapter 1 (Introduction): This chapter points out the motivation, objectives, research questions, scope, methodology as well as the organization of the study.
Chapter 2 (Literature review): This segment presents an overview of theoretical background of translation as well as business letters.
Chapter 3 (Findings and Discussion): This section of the research analyzed major findings collected from the questionnaire and interview and then discuss the results.
Chapter 4 (Recommendations): This chapter provides some solutions to overcome the difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English.
Chapter 5 (Conclusion): This chapter presents a brief summary on the findings and recommendations along with the limitation of the research.
In addition, the appendixes and references are attached so that the study is more reliable and comprehensive for readers.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 An overview of translation
Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of linguistic discourse is given from one language to another It is the act of transferring linguistic entities from one language into their equivalent languages into another The purpose of translation is to convey the intonation and original content of a message or a text which has regional and cultural differences between the source language and the target language The language to be translated initially is the source language whereas the language to be reproduced into is the target language.
Translation is widely used in many aspects of life It has become an indispensable part in the fields of not only culture, literature and religion but also education, advertisement, entertainment, diplomacy and especially in the global economy A large number of organizations all over the world apply translation for diverse contents such as product labels, technical documentation, customers’ reviews, promotional materials and annual reports Therefore, there are a variety of definitions of translation defined by different famous researchers in the world.
These concepts are written through dictionaries, books, articles and websites The following are some definitions of translation basing on the individual opinions:
As started according to Advanced Oxford Dictionary (1998), translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language.
Nida and Taber (1974) defined translation as reproducing in the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style The two researchers indicated some factors of translation which were the source language (SL) and the receptor language (called the target language - TL) in the form of writing or speaking These definitions emphasizes on the importance of the equivalent effect on translation process.
On the other hand, Bell (1991) viewed translation as the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original Catford (1965) gave another definition of translation, which was the replacement if textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL) According to the two researchers, there is a small change in translation process which is the replacement of grammar and lexis in the SL by equivalent grammar and lexis in the TL.
To summarize, each translator and researcher gives their own opinions about the definitions of translation from different concepts Although the above definitions are different, there is one common feature of the importance of finding the equivalence in the meanings with the original language by the appropriate choice of words and grammars for the target language To sum up, translation is both a process and a product Translation is a process of finding the most equivalence to convey the meanings of the source language into the target language Besides, it is a useful product which provides humans with other different cultures, societies and civilizations when they translate various texts.
Baker (1993) defined common features of translation as being “features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistics systems” As he argued, features of translation consist of four universal features including simplification, explicitation, normalization and convergence Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) indicated explicitation and normalization as two of the supplementary translation procedures further to their seven procedures in direct and oblique translation strategies.
Simplification states that the tendency of translators to produce easier to follow text This feature is carried out in various strategies including shortening of long sentences and complex collocations, omission of redundant or repeated information, processing ambiguity or depth of syntactic features, etc.
SL: “Through a post-assignment report”
TL: “Thông qua ban báo cáo khi nhiệm vụ kết thúc”
(collected by the researcher) 2.1.2.2 Explicitation
Explicitation is the process of introducing information into the target language which is present implicitly in the source language It means that translators may add words into the target texts to be clearer on a number of levels than non- translated texts For example, explicitation is used in case the cultural factors in every country are different, the translator is responsible for making the target- language readers understand the culture of the source language.
SL: “direct impact in terms of employment”
TL: “tác động trực tiếp đến tạo việc làm”
(collected by the researcher) 2.1.2.3 Normalization
According to Baker (1996), normalization is the tendency to conform to patterns and practices which are typical of the target language, even to the point of exaggerating them It means that the translator uses language in a more conventional way than the source text In other words, the translator maintains the source text's form and adapts the meaning in the target text.
SL: “as fresh as a daisy”
LITERATURE REV HE ÚYN c0 HC HC 090.50 5 2.1 An overview of frafISẽAfẽOTI . G1 12193111111 1 9v HH ng n 5 2.1.1 Definition of translation CPẠiO
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION co SSSSASeesee 20 3.1 Students' perception about business letters in general and translation of business ro i00ái1911 i00 T ẦẦồẦỔ
Difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English 25 1 Difficulty in using terminology in business letters
Code 03: I always get difficulty in doing task of Vietnamese-English business letters translation I feel it very hard to translate successfully.
Code 09: When I studied Business Communication course last semester, I occasionally get stuck and don’t know how to transfer the meaning of business letters from Vietnamese into English.
Students' frequency facing difficulties when translating
Figure 3.6: Students’ frequency facing difficulties when translating
The next output from the questionnaire explains students’ evaluation on the level of difficulty in translating Vietnamese business letters A great number of participants acknowledged that translating Vietnamese business letters is always a complex task while none of them considered it easy to do To more detailed, more than half of the respondents admitted that it is difficult to translate business letters from Vietnamese into English 6 out of 60 students advocated that Vietnamese business letters translation is very difficult while other 23 respondents view it as being normal Especially, none of the surveyed students finds it very easy or easy.
Students’ evaluation on level of difficulty when translating Vietnamese business letters
Very easy Easy Normal Difficult Very difficult
Figure 3.7: Students’ evaluation on level of difficulty when translating
The chart shows students’ self-assessment on their Vietnamese-English business letters translation According to the data mentioned, the largest percentage of students claiming that their translation skills are not so good, at more than 50%.
Remarkably, there were no respondent thought that translation ability is very bad.
More than 40% of total students are satisfied with their competence of business letters translation, while only one students (accounting for 1,6%) considering it to be bad Outstandingly, 2 out of total respondents admitted their excellent translation capacity.
Students’ self-assessment on their Vietnamese-English business letters translation
Very bad Very good 0% 1.6% Bad
Figure 3.8: Students’ self-assessment on their Vietnamese-English business letters translation
To summarize, most students have difficulty in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English Their difficulties could be analyzed by the below charts.
Students' difficulties when translating Vietnamese-English 35 business letters
Using correct grammar Using the power of word Using terminology Conveying the original writing style
Figure 3.9: Students’ difficulties when translating Vietnamese-English business letters
When being asked about difficulties in translating Vietnamese-English business letters, the researcher received different feedbacks from respondents The chart shows that 32 students accounting for more than 50% indicated that their main difficulty is using terminology Nearly 20% of total participants viewed the problems they encounter as conveying the original writing style There were 9 respondents making up for 15% argued that their challenge is about using the power of word The remaining students said that correct grammar is their troubles.
The surveyed students in the interview pointed out the four main difficulties in Vietnamese-English business letters translation For instance:
Code 06: I lack the knowledge of business terminology so I have problems in using it in business letters I usually translate wrong terminology and transfer it other meaning.
Code 04: My problem is how to use correct grammar I am bad at grammar so I often make mistakes about grammar when translating business letters.
Code 10: In my opinion, translating business letters from Vietnamese into English is much more difficult than translating English-Vietnamese business letters The reason is that the original writing style is an important factor I sometimes have trouble in conveying the writing style.
Figure 3.10 illustrates students’ problems encountering when conveying the original writing style To more specific, more than 43% equaling 26 students met
28 difficulty in inflated language The percentage of students who has trouble in using you-attitude is more than 28% There were 9 respondents admitting that negative ideas were their problems while the remaining students mentioned that they had trouble in tone problems.
Figure 3.10: Students’ problems encountering when conveying the original writing style
According to Likert formula, the researcher measures the level of difficulty for each obstacle as shown in the following table:
Rank Name Point Level of Difficulty
1 Terminology 4.22 Very high 2 Inflated language 3.74 High
5 Tone 3.44 High 6 The power of word 3.12 Medium 7 Correct grammar 2.52 Low
3.2.1 Difficulty in using terminology in business letters
Table 3.1: Evaluation the level of difficulty
From the result, it is clearly seen that using terminology with 4.22 points was the most difficult element among others.
Peter Newmark (1995) calculated that terminology is made up for 5-10% out of the words used in the translated text In theory, the translation that deals with terminology in different terms such as finance, law, commerce, politics and education, etc is considered as a technical translation Nevertheless, it is very difficult for students to have a perfect translated version without having a deep understanding of terminology in each field Clearly, each field has its own scale about terminology and so does business For instance, contract has terminology of contract, business letters have, too In terms of finance, there are Giảm giá do tién mặt (Cash Discount), Chi phiéu (Cheque), Tai khoan vang lai (Current Account), ect When meeting unknown terminologies, students will surely be embarrassed.
Additionally, the misuse of terminology in fields is taboo This may create a misunderstanding between the original business letter and the translated version.
The result shows that it is easy to write business letters but translating business letters from Vietnamese into English is quite difficult For example, students do not translate “Tin dụng thu không hủy ngang” into English terminology if they do not know its meaning Undeniably, terminology in business letters is always an obstacle for B.E students They are good at economics courses, but they may be not sure about terminology in business letters.
Besides, the international abbreviation is used for terminology in business letters.
This is a challenge to B.E students when translating business letters There are many abbreviations such as H.P stands for Hire Purchase (Hop đồng thuê mua),
F.O.A stands for Free On Rail (Giao hang trén toa) Notably, when translating business letters, the abbreviation is kept unchanged.
SL: “Cam ơn ngài vi lời chào hàng về sản phẩm mới có giá $13 theo phương thức C.LF thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.”
TL: “Thank you for your order for a new product, at $13 according to C.LE Ho
Students can guess the meaning of abbreviation in case no comprehension about it.
In conclusion, this result presents that the most difficult factor is terminology in business letters It can be clearly seen that terminology covers fixed meaning.
Translators should be exposed to various economics terminology in order to create the best translation outcome.
3.2.2 Difficulties in conveying the original writing style
In fact, there are some differences between the writing style of Vietnamese and English Due to the cultural difference, the English writing style often directly goes to the point, while the Vietnamese writing style is wordy before going to the main ideas and the conclusion This creates difficulties in conveying the original writing style when translating Vietnamese business letters.
The table illustrates that inflated language was the second-most difficult element when translating Vietnamese-English business letters due to its high level of difficulty of about 4 points Inflated language is existed many years ago It is considered as an ancient language, hence, students do not have chances to exposure of inflated language However, inflated language in translating should be avoided.
(1) “I regret to inform you that your contest entry arrived after the closing day.”
“T am sorry but your contest entry arrived after the closing day.”
(2) “We have sent your order by rail as requested by you.”
“We have sent your order by rail as you asked.”
To sum up, due to the history, inflated language is no longer common in translating business letters As the development trend, language is also gradually being renewed and improved Students may use modern language to translate business letters.
The result demonstrates that the level of difficulty in negative ideas is at a high level (X=3.63 points) Undoubtedly, emotional meaning of the word students use play an important role in deciding whether a business letter is negative or not.
Readers feel unpleasant when reading words like “impossible, cannot or sorry”.
In business, a great number of enterprises want to convey positive message and express the best attitude to customers and other parties through business letters.
However, students make mistakes in using negative ideas when translating business letters.
There are two letters compared:
Iam sorry to inform you that the Jack Academy of the Art is not at school, it is a private museum Hence, I am afraid we cannot help you.”
This letter provides little information but makes the readers in a bad mood because of the words “sorry, afraid’ If it is added more information and changed the negative words, the letter will be more effective.
I appreciate your letters asking about the Jack Academy of the Art.
Although we suggest that it belongs to our school, it is a private museum Some famous art schools are accredited by the government.
I enclose a copy of the art school section for your reference from the state directory.”
In this letter, the receiver is satisfied with some detailed information This is a positive letter.
To summarize, negative ideas is a problem which is avoided in business letters.
Translators pay attention to information and positive words in order to bring satisfaction for the receiver.
You-attitude problem was rated 3.52 points, which was considered as the high level of difficulty based on the Likert scale From the result, it is clear that you-
32 attitude were a common factor impacting the outcome of translation The use of
“T’ and “you” builds a good relationship between the sender and the receiver You- attitude makes the letter more persuasive Therefore, in translating business letters, the writer treats customers as live human beings This is a chance to create impression for readers with respects The writer’s attitude determines the success of business transaction The best attitude to partners brings a better result for company However, it is quite difficult to using you-attitude when translating business letters Translator should express you-attitude in order to gain receiver’s satisfaction.
The table 2 represents that tone problems reached at 3.44 point, the fourth-high level in the diagram Obviously, tone is an important factor in translating business letters In fact, when doing task of business letters translation, students try to provide enough information and have a correct form but do not pay attention to the tone of business letter The writer chooses to use long complex words and not negative words Moreover, the writer avoids mentioning his/her by using passive voice Hence, the letter is not impersonal If the writer maintains the good tone, the letter will be more persuasive.
3.2.3 Difficulty in using the power of word
From the table 2, it could be seen that the power of word problems had a medium difficult level of more than 3 points.
Recommendation to deal with difficulty in using terminology
Translation of terminology is always the non-stop topic which translators encounter To resolve this problem, it is recommended using both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries in order to have a deeper understanding of terminology in business letters Moreover, students can also learn experiences from the people who overcome the challenges in terminology By analyzing the most common mistakes of translators which should be avoided when translating business letters, students should try to bring the idea of a good business letter to reader’s attention.
A well-translated business letter obtains the results the translator hoped for.
Besides, in order to have better knowledge for terminology, it is advisable that students read books relating many fields such as economics, translations and businesses Books provide students with academic knowledge and terminology.
Recommendation to deal with difficulty in conveying the original
“Working out the correct version” in translation of business letters appears to be one of many obstacles faced by the students In order to find the correct version for translation, students must be required not only hard work in finding equivalences but also in putting the right style.
An ideal example is that “Chúng tôi rất vui mừng nếu quý ngài gửi cho chúng tôi catalo và bảng giá mới nhất của quý ngài.” Students should transmit it in such a way that the reader will feel pleased and will be willing for further business transactions With the Vietnamese version above, students should make it as polite as possible like this:
“We would be very glad if you could send us your latest catalogue and price list”
Students often encounter difficulty when trying to put the right style in their translation and one of the reasons for this difficulty is that the right style is partly similar to the set expression Therefore, the best way to overcome this problem is to learn by heart as many translations of right styles as possible Clearly, practice translation helps students to improve their translation skills and have more natural translation versions.
Recommendation to deal with difficulty in using the power of word
36 master a field before entering a new one They should translate some business letters from Vietnamese into English and vice versa Moreover, learning words in daily life is very important This is a chance for translators to capture the power of words and use them in appropriate situations.
Recommendation to deal with difficulty in using correct grammat
challenges for BE students Correct grammar is a factor which any translator must be done Firstly, students should practice grammar exercises as frequently as possible Obviously, if students want to do something better than before, the best way is to do it many times There are a variety of grammatical books available in bookstores or libraries In researcher’s opinion, “Grammar Practice” written by Ms Mai Lan Huong is known as the most popular grammar book that almost students use to improve their grammar Additionally, “Longman Grammar Practice” and “Lifeline Files” are foreign grammar books introduced by English centers Learners choose to do some grammar tests every day to avoid mistakes.
Practicing more and more leads to students’ improvement for grammar Secondly, students should not try to learn by heart the structures The big problem in learning grammar is to remember as much structures as possible Indeed, a structure is formed by word orders Therefore, the best way to do grammar correctly is to understand the positions of words in the structure Last but not least, correcting mistakes from other students is recommended by the researcher Finding out the mistakes from other posts helps students pay attention to these mistakes and avoid them Of course, students get numerous benefits from checking other’s business letters.
CONCLUSION cccsssssssssssscssesssssssssssssesssssssessesssssssessesesseseres 38 5.1 Summary of findings 0.0 ae 38 5.2 The limitations of the research - - 5 5 22 1E E91 E9 triệt 38 5.3 Suggestions for further Studies - G3 SE HH ng niên 39 REFERENCE
In general, the research discovers final-year B.E students’ perception about business letters and business letters translation in particular and their main difficulties which they encounter in translating Vietnamese-English business letters.
From the data collected in the research, almost all of the surveyed students are aware of the definition of business letters correctly and the importance of business letters translation However, those students have few chances to expose to Vietnamese business letters Besides, their abilities in their business letters translation is quite limited and it is clearly seen that students are willing to improve translating business letters skill The respondents also encounter four main obstacles, which are difficulty in using correct grammar, the power of word, terminology and conveying the original writing style To support students overcoming these challenges, the research proposes some recommendations In terms of difficulty in correct grammar, students are proposed to deploy more practices in doing exercises For the difficulty involving the power of word, students should try to find relevant documents to update the new words To avoid limitations in terminology, students should be more active in taking advantage of available print and digital resources from experienced translators to have a deep understanding of various terminologies In order to overcome obstacles in conveying the original style, students are required to hard work in finding equivalence and putting the right style These solutions can help students deal with such challenges and improve business letters translation skill.
5.2 The limitations of the research In spite of some outstanding outcomes, the study remains numerous limitations.
Firstly, the Covid-19 pandemic occurred during the time of doing research, therefore, it made it difficult to get actual data from BE students The questionnaire was not sent to all final-year BE students and the number of interviewed students was also modest because of the social isolation order issued by Prime Minister.
Therefore, the scope of the research is quite small-scaled and limited.
Another limitation comes from the amount of time and resources The study could not analyze other documents containing business letter translations made by some students Finally, the researcher did not suggest many solutions to expand students’ translation ability.
5.3 Suggestions for further studies Because of some limitations mentioned above, further researches should be implemented to address the problems In addition, the scope of the research is expected to conduct in a larger scale and the research will be analyzed in different ways related to business letters translation Hopefully, there will be more suggestions and recommendations to be researched in further studies in order to support the quality of students’ translation.
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Tam an intake 58 student in Business English Department at National Economics University This survey questionnaire is designed for the research on “Difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English and providing some solutions, senior business major, intake 58, National Economics University”.
This questionnaire makes a great contribution to my research so your response to the following questions is highly appreciated Your own information will be strictly confidential for research purpose only.
Please circle your answer, give marks from I to 5 in each questions If you have other answer, please write in the space provided.
Thank you for your cooperation!
1 What do you think about business letters? o Formal paper communications between, to or from businesses o The process of conducting a business transaction in the form of illegal documents 2 Have you ever heard about any business letters? o Frequently o Sometimes o Never
3 How often do you translate business letters from Vietnamese into English? o Frequently o Sometimes o Never
4 To what extent is translating Vietnamese business letters important? o Unimportant o Neutral o Important o Very important 5 Can you translate some sentences in business letters from Vietnamese into
English? o Sentence 1: Cảm ơn ngài vì lời chào hàng về sản pham mới có giá
$13 theo phương thức C.LF thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. o Sentence 2: Đây là lần thứ năm công ty bạn gửi thiếu hàng cho công ty tÔI. o Sentence 3: Tôi đã thử sản phẩm mau và rất hài lòng về chất lượng sản phẩm nên tôi muốn đặt hàng bên quý công ty.
6 How often do you face difficulties in translating Vietnamese business letters? o Always o Often o Sometimes o Rarely o Never 7 To what extent is the difficulty in translating Vietnamese business letters? o Very easy o Easy o Normal o Difficult o Very difficult 8 How do you evaluate your ability to translate business letters from
Vietnamese into English? o Very bad o Bad o Not so good © Quite good o Very good 9 Which difficulties do you often encounter when translating Vietnamese -
English business letters? o Using correct grammar o Using the power of word o Using terminology in business letters o Conveying the original writing style o Others (Please specify) c cece cece eee e eect een etna nh ees 10 What problems do you often encounter when conveying the original writing style? o Tone o Negative ideas o You-attitude o Inflated language o Others (please specify) c cece cece HH HH ene nh ene kh ng 11 How do you evaluate the level of difficulties in translating business letters from Vietnamese into English?
(1=Not difficult, 2=Not sure, 3=Rather difficult, 4=Difficult, 5= Very difficult)
Difficulties in using correct 1 2 3 4 5 grammar
Difficulties and common mistakes 1 2 3 4 5 in using the power of word
Difficulties in using terminology in 1 2 3 4 5 business letters
Problems in tone Difficulties in using negative ideas Difficulties in using you-attitude mel ơ| | — NIN) ĐỊ Wy} Wi] GW] CO HY) A, +>ị + Nn} an} ay mn
Difficulties in using inflated language
12.Could you recommend some solutions to improve translating Vietnamese business letters?