NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGESDEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISHA STUDY ABOUT THE USE OF PETER NEWMARK’S TRANSLATION METHODS IN TRANSLATING ECONOMIC NEWS OF BUSINE
Research questions 8n
1 What is the attitude of Business English students about Peter Newmark’s translation methods?
2 _ Which translation methods by Peter Newmark are used mostly by BusinessEnglish students in translating economic news?
Scope of the Study 0.0.0.0
The study focuses on the understanding of BE students about Newmark’s translation methods and procedures The author would examine whether students have knowledge about the theory and the reality of applying his methods in converting English to Vietnamese.
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C
This research is also carried out to investigate the importance of applying the right methods in translating to have better results in learning translation among college learners.
This study only focused on the translation from English to Vietnamese due to the limited time available for performing the research Additionally, as the research participants' mother tongue is Vietnamese, it would be more beneficial for them to translate the language into their native dialect.
Moreover, as English is the source language for the study of translation methods proposed by Peter Newmark, it would be ideal for this research if the methods were examined using English as the original language.
First, the opinions of students were asked with a list of questions to attain their awareness of Peter Newmark’s translation methods There were 100 respondents, who are Business English students intake 61 at National Economics University, participated in the survey The statistics collected were presented in the form of chart and analyzed to elicit the registered opinion, and then came to the conclusion about awareness of students about Newmark’s translation procedures.
The Saigon Times and The Economist are the news sources used for the translation survey These two well-known websites provide daily updates on news about the economy both domestically and abroad The English version of Bao Kinh te Sai Gon, Saigon Times, writes in a style that is familiar and clear to Vietnamese readers The Economist, on the other hand, orginated in Britain and has a writing style that comes more naturally to native speakers From these two websites, 10 brief news items will be chosen, and 10 economic news sentences will be extracted for the translation job of the students.
Descriptive statistics were used in this study's descriptive qualitative methodology Utilizing descriptive statistics allows for percentage-based data analysis The percentages are determined by categorizing the various translation techniques and strategies that were discovered Through percentages of each classification, the methods of the source texts and the target texts were established
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C and examined during the data analysis Every translation method discovered was examined to determine how it impacted the target texts In addition, lexical- semantic analysis techniques, and some quantitative analysis procedures will be used in the right situations and at the right levels Both a quantitative and a qualitative method were used to perform the study Results of the quantitative analysis serve as the foundation for the qualitative analysis, commentary, and evaluation Finally, based on the research findings, recommendations and conclusions were made.
Another source that helped to accomplish this research is secondary data which is from documents such as research articles, former studies, magazines, and sources on the Internet.
While conducting primary research methods by survey questionnaires to collect the data that show the understanding of students in NEU about Newmark’s theory, the secondary research method is needed to gather the available data to detect the appropriate methods that should be used in translating economic news.
This research is divided into four chapters, each of which has a distinct purpose and is structured as follows:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter provides an overview of the study, including its context, objectives, goals, significance, scope, and definitions of key words It also discusses the research's background and research questions.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter gives the translation theories and prior relevant researches for conducting the research.
CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS : This chapter offers the conclusions reached after performing research and gathering data Presentation, analysis, and discussion of the data will be covered in this part.
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This chapter contains the research's conclusions as well as recommendations for other researchers who want to study related subjects.
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C
The history of translation studies is extensive, particularly in Europe.
People have studied translation since antiquity in an effort to spread knowledge and the arts Chinese translation evolved in Asia throughout the middle of the nineteenth century, profoundly influencing Vietnamese intellectuals’ conceptions of translation As the twentieth century began, linguistics saw a boom, translation was positioned to support communication and collaboration As a result, scholars from all over the world are now engaged in developing a theoretical framework for effective and accurate translation efforts Translation is now being explored from many different angles, including linguistics.
Economic information translation is becoming more and more important in the modern day as a result of expanding global trade and foreign company marketplaces Economic translation has grown to be one of the most common forms of translation due to the necessity of regular communication and reporting in the business interactions of multilingual organizations in many nations Such economic information is translated often by banks, professionals, and multinational organizations as a subset of technical writings.
The second chapter — Literature review looks at translation from these perspectives: translation definition, the quality of a translation and major challenges in conducting translation work entered by students Sceondly, the author would investigate economic news translation in terms of definition, classification and problems Last but not least, Peter Newmark’s theory about translation methods is also highlighted in the final part of this chapter.
The first step in learning translation as a discipline is to answer the question,
"What is translation? There are several viewpoints on translation Some scholars believe that translation is an artistic endeavor, others believe that it is a language action, while yet other academics hold the view that it is a constant intercultural and linguistic communication activity.
In his definition of translation in 1975, Barkhudarov sought to refer to translation as an act of communication He defined translation as "the transformation of a speech output in one language into that of another language maintaining the content (or meaning) untouched." With stating that "Translation is
Research mefẽ0S - . s5 111 ng nh nh ng nh ng 3 1 Primary data 0.0 ằ
Organization of the Study - -.- Gv nHnHngnHn rưy 4
This research is divided into four chapters, each of which has a distinct purpose and is structured as follows:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter provides an overview of the study, including its context, objectives, goals, significance, scope, and definitions of key words It also discusses the research's background and research questions.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter gives the translation theories and prior relevant researches for conducting the research.
CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS : This chapter offers the conclusions reached after performing research and gathering data Presentation, analysis, and discussion of the data will be covered in this part.
CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This chapter contains the research's conclusions as well as recommendations for other researchers who want to study related subjects.
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C
LITERATURE REVIEẨW LH HH HH HH Hy 5 2.1 Transèafẽ0In cà HH TT Hà HH HH nh nh ngà 5 2.1.1 Definition of trannsẽafIOII - ong ng ng ng nh 5 2.1.2 Roles of frafnSẽAfIOII s0 s19 90191 ng ng ng ru 6 2.1.3 Translation Quality 0
Major difficulties in translation work encountered by English learners
Translation is the transfer of ideas from one language to another.
Additionally, it serves as a bridge for understanding text, science, and other subjects For English language learners, translation is one of the largest challenges despite the fact that technical software is available to help with translation Even if they have a large vocabulary and excellent grammar, some students find it difficult to translate a paragraph from English to Vietnamese or vice versa The main reason is due to the person's lack of proficiency with the translation technique.
Speaking a second language fluently is far easier than translating between two languages since both the source and target languages must be mastered by translators.
Duong Ngoc Dung (1998) has pointed out two leading challenges met by English-majored students while conducting translation work The translator's lack of fluency in both the target and source languages is the first issue that frequently arises Although it is fairly typical among students of foreign languages, this significant obstacle may be progressively overcome with the right instruction The two linguistic structures (English and Vietnamese) are dissimilar, which is the cause of the aforementioned issue Vietnamese sentence structures are often the polar opposite of English sentence patterns in which adjective usually comes before the noun in English Whereas in Vietnamese, the adjective that supports the meaning of the noun comes after it For instance, “A beautiful girl” vs “Một cô gái đẹp” — A = một, beautiful = đẹp, girl = cô gái.
The second, more significant concern is that the translator lacks the specialized knowledge required in the subject matter he must translate This is the socio-cultural aspect of translation that virtually all textbooks neglect to address.
For instance, there are several terms from various areas that are utilized in daily life in English today (medical, sociological, anthropological, economic, etc.) such as cordon sanitaire, morbidity, financialisation, gig economy In fact, a lot of individuals would believe that learning every new term to perform translation job flawlessly is impossible However, to better understand the social and scientific
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C sciences as well as the background of the language they are studying, students must master more than just languages In Vietnamese language today, there are also many novel words or phrases that have gained popularity from a variety of scientific disciplines For instance, since the outbreak of covid-19, new terms has been coined can be named as coronavirus, covid-19, FO (F1, F2, F3 ), 5K, giọt ban, di biến động, thu dung As a result, when teaching or studying Vietnamese to English translation, both teachers and students need pay attention to learn the comparable words When we conduct such study, we also comprehend the terms' cultural, social, and historical background Consequently, it is feasible to decrease translation mistakes and boost document correctness.
Translation of economic ủeWS - HH HH HH Hy 10 2.3 Peter Newmark’s translation methods 5 5< +-<<sssssee 11 2.3.1 Word-for-word tranSẽAfIOTI - ô5 s1 s vn ng ng it 13 2.3.2 Literal transẽafIOn - s9 HT HH nghệ 13 2.3.3 Faithful trannSẽafIOTI c- s6 S311 21 91119119 1 ng nh Hit 13 2.3.4 Semantic tranSẽ24fIOT - s11 ng HH 13 2.3.5 Communicative fra'nSẽAfIOTI - -s- s5 s13 vn ng in 13 2.3.6 Idiomatic frafnsẽafIOII - + 1 E3 ri 14 2.3.7 Free tranSẽAfIOH - -.- s1 HH ng ng 14 2.3.8 Adaptation 0177
We are currently in a period of fast economic and commercial development.
Business and economic literature are widely used in our culture in this era of economic globalization They are utilized in virtually every sphere of corporate collaboration, economics, and daily life In reality, economic materials are increasingly being used most frequently and most critically The promotion of global economic and commercial growth has greatly benefited from the translation of economic writings as a method of bridging cultural and information barriers between nations Vietnam, in particular, greatly benefits from the translation of economic writings.
Economic materials are a subset of technical texts that are in great demand at banks, businesses, accountants, multinational organizations, and other institutions; they deal with financial, accounting, marketing, and management issues It comprises translating financial reports, balance sheets, statistical information, bank statements, warranty agreements, reports, bills, invoices, tender packages, letters of guarantee, credit applications, technical economic statements, etc Consequently, experts with a certain background and level of domain knowledge are needed for a quality translation The individual in charge of translating such specialist documents has to be well-versed in economic concepts while also being able to comprehend their meanings and be knowledgeable about a wide range of economic issues It has been repeatedly emphasized that, contrary to what one might expect (highly specialized words typically used only by specialists), the main barrier to fully understanding technical texts is not technical vocabulary, but rather a lexical category intermediate between the general and the
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C fully technical, which makes up the majority of scientific and technological texts and is known as sub-technical, semi-technical, or nontechnical vocabulary (S.M.Ariana & P.A.Mirabela, 2012) This comprises of terminology from everyday English used in a scientific setting.
According to Wang Zheng (2017), in general, the language of instructive writings is distinguished by concision, correctness, objectivity, practicability, and succinctness Translations of economic materials must thus make sure to preserve these qualities while rendering them in the intended tongue Economic texts, a type of instructive writing, seek to communicate information by making specific facts evident This type of writing typically utilizes domestication as its standard translation technique Wang Zheng stated that we could discover that if the primary goal of foreignization is to maintain the text's foreign flavor, then this goal may not matter at all in terms of economic translation Economic writings often have their predetermined formats, and the transmission of business information must be completed in a relatively condensed amount of time (otherwise it may become obsolete) Translators are rarely chastised for the elegance of the language they employ, but they may have difficulties if a single misunderstanding of the meaning occurs, which might cause a significant loss In business English translation, domestication therefore takes precedence over foreignization, while there are times when the translator may choose foreignization to accurately duplicate the sentence structure of the original text or even create a new word.
News is a form of informative text This kind of text includes textbooks, reports, papers, articles, memos, minutes, legal documents, etc with topics relating to science, technology, business, industry, and economics According to Newmark (1998, p.47), the translator should concentrate on the texts' essential points and their accuracy while attempting to have a pragmatically equal impact on the audience with this text genre In translation that needs communication, passages that are poorly written or wrongly translated should be fixed.
Peter Newmark’s translation idea was born in 1940 when he was a teacher.
His most important book, Approaches to Translation (1981), puts forward
"semantic translation" and "communicative translation," which had a significant global impact Another is “A Textbook of Translation” (1988), which summarizes ideas, fundamental concepts, translation strategies, and cultural context.
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C
Newmark (1988) emphasized the translators background knowledge and the role of socio-cultural contexts in the translation process Word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, idiomatic translation, free translation, and adaptation are among the eight translation techniques he proposed These are presented diagrammatically in the shape of a V, and they are directed toward the two strategies of semantic translation and communicative translation The two approaches to semantic translation and communicative translation are also different The goal of semantic translation is to maintain the most consistency possible between the semantic grammar ranges of the source and target languages.
Communicative translation is a way of translating to make the translation as receptive to the reader as the original language These two translation lines' intended audiences also differ The goal of semantic translation is to provide translations that closely match the original in terms of grammatical structure and semantic content, as well as any cultural connotations that the original language may have The cultural connotations in the communicative translation must be translated in the target language since it is aimed toward the delivery of the message and its influence on the receivers of the translation While the approach of literal translation tends to be authentic to the source language, the method of adaptation tends to make the target language seem more natural.
The following is a detailed presentation of translation strategies and V- shaped diagrams:
Word - for - word translation Adaption
Figure 2.1 V diagram of translation method by Newmark (1988)
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C
2.3.1 Word-for-word translation Word-for-word translation is a technique that "preserves the SL word order" by translating each word "singly by its most prevalent meanings, out of context."
This approach is used to comprehend the mechanics of the original language and to do an analysis of the first draft of the translation process.
2.3.2 Literal translation Literal translation is a type of translation in which the grammatical structure of the source language is closely approximated by the structure of the target language Out of context, vocabulary is still translated singly This method is similar to word-for-word translation in that "the lexical words are again translated independently."
A faithful translation is one in which the translator makes an effort to faithfully convey the context of the source text into the target language while yet adhering to the grammatical rules of the target language Formally, the translation maintains the original's grammatical structures Words that are specific to a culture are carried over into the translation Its objective is to "totally faithfully" represent the writer's intentions and textual reality in the original language.
2.3.4 Semantic translation Semantic translation is a type of translation where the translator reinterprets the original's meanings, particularly the interpretations that give the original its aesthetic value The translation is written in the target language with the reader in mind; as a result, it is smoother, less rigid, and accepts the translator's original creative ideas This form of translation is more accurate than literal translation.
The receiver may now easily access the translation in the target language.
2.3.5 Communicative translation Using a technique called communicative translation, the source text is faithfully translated together with its context, resulting in a translation whose form and content are suitable for readers of the target language Contrary to the semantic translation approach, which seeks to accurately translate the expressive meaning of the sentence, the communicative translation approach focuses primarily on the corresponding objective of the statement's message value Cultural components that were presented in the source language are replaced by their equivalents in the translated language In order to guarantee that the translation process
"communicates," communicative translation primarily focuses on the sentence's
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C message value This is a type of translation that is frequently employed while translating informational texts.
2.3.6 Idiomatic translation With idiomatic translation, the translator converts commonplace information from the source language into idiomatic information in the target language The translation uses a lot of idioms and vocal phrases that are absent from the original The translated language is now bright, fluent, natural, and near to the reader.
2.3.7 Free translation Free translation is a type of translation in which the translator does not take into account the specifics of the form and linguistic limitations in the content of the original texts and merely attempts to translate the primary ideas of the source text into the target language True to its name (free translation), the translator communicates information freely without relying on the formal aspects of the source language This is a technique for translating that uses several translations to reproduce the original's meaning Lexical meanings serve as the foundation for semantic analysis and translating communications The intended message is more crucial in this translation approach than the semantic content Sometimes language change occurs on an intercultural level rather than an interlanguage level.
Newmark commented that this is a frequently employed translation technique for translating informational materials.
2.3.8 Adaptation The most creative kind of translation is adaptation, in which the translator simply uses the subject, setting, and characters from the source work to produce his own version The culture of the translated language also incorporates elements of the original language's culture To put it another way, this is a translation of the original text This approach, according to Newmark (1988), is mostly employed for the translation of plays, music, movies, and poetry.
In addition, as pointed out by Peter Newmark, the kind of text can also affect the translation method that is chosen The three primary purposes of language—expressive, informational, and vocative—are often connected to the text type He claimed that, "before choosing the translation approach, the translator may designate his text to the three main categories, each of which is dominated by a certain function of language" (Newmark, 1988, p.35) Therefore, choosing the appropriate translation method is also based on types of the texts Different texts call for different translation standards We should consider normalizing technical
Dang Lê Quynh Chỉ — 11190793 — Business English 61C terms and specializing in everyday phrases while translating economic literature.
The translation of this subject will go more smoothly if the translator has a background in economics.
Translation theories acknowledge that various languages encode meaning in different ways since it is founded on a thorough grasp of how languages function.