Học từ vựng hiệu quả phần LISTENING từ bộ đề Cambridge 19

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Hinchingbrooke Country Park

SALLY: Good morning Hinchingbrooke Country Park, Sally speaking I’m one of the rangers

(nhân viên bảo vệ công viên) [ˈreɪndʒərz]

JOHN: Oh hello My name’s John Chapman, and I’m a teaching assistant (trợ giảng) [ˈtiːtʃɪŋ əˈsɪstənt] at a local primary school (trường tiểu học) [ˈpraɪˌmeri skuːl] I’ve been asked to arrange a visit to the park for two of our classes

SALLY: OK What would you like to know?

JOHN: Well, I’m new to this area, so perhaps you could tell me something about the park first, please

SALLY: Of course Altogether the park covers 170 acres (mẫu Anh), that’s 69 hectare (hecta)

[ˈhɛktɑːrz] There are three main types of habitat (mụi trường sống) [ˈhổbɪtổt] wetland (đất ngập nước) [ˈwɛtlənd], grassland (đồng cỏ) [ˈɡrổsˌlổnd], and woodland (rừng cõy)

[ˈwʊdlənd] The woods are well established and varied (đa dạng) [ˈvɛəriːd], with an oak plantation (vườn cõy sồi) [oʊk plổnˈteɪʃən], and other areas of mixed species (nhiều loài)

SALLY: The wetland is quite varied (đa dạng), too The original farmland (đất nông nghiệp) [ˈfɑːrmland] was dug up around 40 years ago to extract gravel (sỏi) [ˈɡrổvəl] Once this work was completed, the gravel pits (cỏc hầm khai thỏc sỏi) [ˈɡrổvəl pɪts] filled with water, forming the two large lakes (hồ) [leɪks] There are also several smaller ones, ponds (ao)

[pɒndz] and a stream (suối) [striːm] that flows through the park

JOHN: OK, so I suppose with these different habitats there’s quite a variety of wildlife (động thực vật hoang dã) [ˈwaɪldlaɪf]

SALLY: There certainly is – a lot of different species (loài) of birds (chim) [bɜːrdz] and insects

(cụn trựng) [ˈɪnˌsɛkts], and also animals (động vật) [ˈổnɪməlz] like deer (hươu) [dɪər] and rabbits (thỏ) [ˈrổbɪts]

JOHN: And I understand you organise educational visits (các chuyến thăm quan vì mục đích giáo dục) [ˌɛdʒʊˈkeɪʃənl ˈvɪzɪts] for school parties (các nhóm học sinh)

SALLY: That’s right We can organise a wide range of activities (hoạt động) [ổkˈtɪvɪtiz] and adapt (điều chỉnh)[əˈdổpt] them to suit all ages

JOHN: Can you give me some examples of the activities?

SALLY: Well, one focus is on science (khoa học), where we help children to discover and study plants (cõy) [plổnts], trees (cõy cối), and insects (cụn trựng) They also collect (thu thập) [kəˈlɛkt] and analyse data (phõn tớch dữ liệu) [ˈổnəˌlaɪz ˈdeɪtə] about the things they see

SALLY: Another focus is on geography (địa lý) [dʒiˈɒɡrəfi] The park is a great environment to learn and practice reading a map (bản đồ) [mổp] and using a compass (la bàn) [ˈkʌmpəs] to navigate (định hướng) [ˈnổvɪˌɡeɪt] around the park

JOHN: Do you do anything connected with history (lịch sử) [ˈhɪstəri]?

SALLY: Yes, we do For instance, the children can explore how the use of the land (đất đai) has changed over time Then there’s leisure (giải trí) [ˈlɛʒər] and tourism (du lịch) [ˈtʊərɪzəm]

JOHN: That focuses on your visitors (khách tham quan) [ˈvɪzɪtərz], I would imagine

SALLY: Yes, mostly The children find out about them, their requirements (yêu cầu)

[rɪˈkwaɪərmənts], the problems (vấn đề) [ˈprɒbləmz] they may cause, and how we manage these And another subject we cover is music (âm nhạc): here the children experiment with natural materials (tài nguyờn thiờn nhiờn) [ˈnổtʃərəl məˈtɪəriəlz] to create sounds (õm thanh) [saʊndz] and explore rhythm (nhịp điệu) [ˈrɪðəm] and tempo (tốc độ) [ˈtɛmpoʊ]

JOHN: That must be fun!

SALLY: Most children really enjoy it

SALLY: And of course, all the activities are educational, too Learning outside the classroom encourages children to be creative (sáng tạo) [kriˈeɪtɪv], and to explore and discover for themselves

JOHN: I would imagine they get a sense of freedom (tự do) [ˈfriːdəm] that might not be a normal part of their lives

SALLY: That’s right And very often the children discover that they can do things they didn’t know they could do, and they develop new skills (kỹ năng) This gives them greater self- confidence (tự tin) [ˈsɛlf ˈkɒnfɪdəns]

JOHN: It sounds great So, what about the practical side of it? How much does it cost for a full- day visit? We would expect to bring between 30 and 40 children

SALLY: If there are over 30, it costs £4.95 for each child who attends on the day We invoice

(gửi hóa đơn) [ˈɪnvɔɪs] you afterwards, so you don’t pay for children who can’t come because of sickness (bệnh), for example There’s no charge for leaders and other adults (người lớn) – as many as you want to bring

JOHN: That sounds very fair Well, thanks for all the information I’ll need to discuss it with my colleagues, and I hope to get back to you soon to make a booking (đặt chỗ)

SALLY: We’ll look forward to hearing from you Goodbye

JOHN: Goodbye, and thank you

Stanthorpe Twinning Association

It’s great to see so many members of the Twinning Association here tonight Since the twinning link (liên kết kết nghĩa - /ˈtwɪnɪŋ lɪŋk/) between our two towns, Stanthorpe here in England and Malatte in France, was established, the relationship between the towns has gone from strength to strength (ngày càng vững mạnh - /strɛŋθ tə strɛŋθ/)

Last month, 25 members of the association (hiệp hội - /əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/) from Stanthorpe spent a weekend in Malatte Our hosts had arranged a great programme We learned how cheese is produced in the region and had the chance to taste the products The theme park trip (chuyến đi công viên giải trí - /θiːm pɑːrk trɪp/) had to be cancelled, but we all had a great time on the final boat trip down the river – that was the real highlight

This is a special year for the Association because it’s 25 years since we were founded In Malatte, they’re planning to mark (đánh dấu - /mɑːrk/) this by building a footbridge (cầu đi bộ

- /ˈfʊtˌbrɪdʒ/) in the municipal park (công viên thành phố - /mjuˈnɪsɪpəl pɑːrk/) We’ve been discussing what to do here and we’ve decided to plant a poplar tree (cây bạch dương - /ˈpɒplər triː/) in the museum gardens We considered buying a garden seat to put there, but the authorities (chính quyền - /əˈθɔːrɪtiz/) weren’t happy with that idea

In terms of fundraising (gây quỹ - /ˈfʌndˌreɪzɪŋ/) to support our activities, we’ve done very well

Our pancake evening was well attended and made record profits (lợi nhuận kỷ lục - /ˈrɛkərd ˈprɒfɪts/) And everyone enjoyed the demonstration (buổi trình diễn - /ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən/) of French cookery (nấu ăn Pháp), which was nearly as successful Numbers for our film show

(buổi chiếu phim - /fɪlm ʃoʊ/) were limited because of the venue (địa điểm - /ˈvɛnjuː/) so we’re looking for somewhere bigger next year

6 We’re looking forward to welcoming our French visitors (khách tham quan - /ˈvɪzɪtərz/) here next week, and I know that many of you here will be hosting individuals or families The coach from France (xe buýt từ Pháp - /koʊtʃ/) will arrive at 5 pm on Friday Don’t try to do too much that first evening as they’ll be tired, so have dinner in the house or garden rather than eating out The weather looks as if it’ll be OK so you might like to plan a barbecue (tiệc nướng - /ˈbɑːrbɪkjuː/) Then the next morning’s market day (ngày hội chợ - /ˈmɑːrkɪt deɪ/) in town, and that’s always a good place to stroll round (dạo quanh - /strəʊl raʊnd/)

On Saturday evening, we’ll all meet up at the football club, where once again we’ll have Toby

Sharp and his band performing English and Scottish country songs Toby will already be well known to many of you as last year he organized our special quiz night (đêm câu đố - /kwɪz naɪt/) and presented the prizes

Now on Sunday, we’ll be taking our visitors to Farley House You may not all be familiar with it, so here’s a map to help you You can see the car park at the bottom of the map There’s an excellent farm shop (cửa hàng nông sản - /fɑːrm ʃɒp/) in the grounds where our visitors can buy local produce (nông sản - /ˈprɒdjuːs/) It’s in the old stables (chuồng ngựa cũ - /oʊld ˈsteɪbəlz/), which is the first building you come to They’re built round a courtyard (sân nhỏ -

/ˈkɔːt.jɑːrd/), and the shop’s in the far corner on the left There’s also a small café on the right as you go in

I know that one or two of our visitors may not be all that mobile (di động, dễ di chuyển - /ˈmoʊ.baɪl/) The main entrance (lối vào chính - /meɪn ˈɛntrəns/) to the house has a lot of steps so you might want to use the disabled entry (lối vào cho người khuyết tật - /dɪsˈeɪbld ˈɛntri/) This is on the far side of the house from the car park

Children will probably be most interested in the adventure playground (khu vui chơi mạo hiểm) That’s at the northern end of the larger lake, in a bend (chỗ uốn cong - /bend/) on the path that leads to the lake There’s lots for children to do there

There are a number of lovely gardens near the house The kitchen gardens (vườn rau - /ˈkɪtʃɪn ˈɡɑːrdənz/) are rectangular (hỡnh chữ nhật - /rɛkˈtổŋɡjələr/) and surrounded by a wall

They’re to the north-east of the house, quite near the smaller lake They’re still in use and have a great collection of fruit and vegetables (trái cây và rau củ)

7 The Temple of the Four Winds (Đền Tứ Phong) is a bit more of a walk – but it’s worth it Take the path from the car park and go past the western sides of the stables (chuồng ngựa - /ˈsteɪbəlz/) and the house Then when the path forks (phân nhánh - /fɔːrks/), take the right- hand path Go up there with the woods on your left and the temple (đền - /ˈtɛmpl/) is right at the end There are great views over the whole area.

Food trends

COLIN: I haven’t seen you for a bit, Marie

MARIE: No I’ve been busy with my project

COLIN: You’re making a vegan alternative (thay thế thuần chay /ˈviːɡən ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/) to eggs, aren’t you? Something that doesn’t use animal products?

MARIE: Yes I’m using chickpeas (đậu gà /ˈtʃɪkˌpiːz/) I had two main aims when I first started looking for an alternative (sự thay thế /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/) to eggs, but actually, I’ve found chickpeas (đậu gà /ˈtʃɪkˌpiːz/) have got more advantages

MARIE: But how about your project on reusing waste food – you were looking at bread, weren’t you?

COLIN: Yes It’s been hard work, but I’ve enjoyed it The basic process (quy trình /ˈprəʊses/) was quite straightforward – breaking the stale bread (bánh mì cũ /steɪl bred/) down to a paste (hỗn hợp nhão /peɪst/) then reforming (tái tạo lại /ˌriːˈfɔːrmɪŋ/) it

MARIE: But you were using 3-D printing, weren’t you, to make the paste (hỗn hợp nhão

/peɪst/) into biscuits (bánh quy /ˈbɪskɪts/)?

COLIN: Yeah, I’d used that before, but in this project, I had time to play around (thử nghiệm

8 /pleɪ əˈraʊnd/) with different patterns (mẫu hoa văn /ˈpổtərnz/) for the biscuits (bỏnh quy /ˈbɪskɪts/) and finding how I could add fruit and vegetables to make them a more appetising (ngon miệng /ˈổpɪtaɪzɪŋ/) colour, and I was really pleased with what I managed to produce

MARIE: It must’ve been a great feeling to make something appetising (ngon miệng

/ˈổpɪtaɪzɪŋ/) out of bits of old bread that would’ve been thrown away (vứt bỏ /θrəʊn əˈweɪ/) otherwise

COLIN: It was And I’m hoping that some of the restaurants in town will be interested in the biscuits I’m going to send them some samples

MARIE: I came across something on the internet yesterday that might interest you It was a company that’s developed touch-sensitive sensors (cảm biến cảm ứng /tʌʧ-ˈsɛnsɪtɪv ˈsɛnsəz/) for food labels (nhãn thực phẩm /fuːd ˈleɪblz/)

MARIE: It’s a special sort of label (nhãn /ˈleɪbl/) on the food package (gói thực phẩm /fuːd ˈpổkɪʤ/) When the label’s smooth (nhón mượt /ˈleɪblz smuːð/), the food is fresh and then when you can feel bumps (vết gồ ghề /bʌmps/) on the label, that means the food’s gone bad It started off as a project to help visually impaired (người khiếm thị /ˈvɪʒʊəli ɪmˈpɛəd/) people know whether food was fit to eat (ăn được /fɪt tuː iːt/) or not

COLIN: Interesting So just solid food (thực phẩm rắn /ˈsɒlɪd fuːd/)?

MARIE: No, things like milk and juice as well But actually, I thought it might be really good for drug storage (lưu trữ thuốc /drʌɡˈstɔːrɪdʒ/) in hospitals and pharmacies (nhà thuốc /ˈfɑːrməsiz/)

COLIN: Right And coming back to food, maybe it’d be possible to use it for other things besides freshness (độ tươi /ˈfrɛʃnɪs/) Like how many kilograms a joint of meat (miếng thịt /dʒɔɪnt əv miːt/) is, for example

MARIE: Yes, there are all sorts of possibilities (khả năng /ˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪtiz/)

COLIN: I was reading an article about food trends (xu hướng thực phẩm /fuːd trɛndz/) predicting how eating habits (thúi quen ăn uống /ˈiːtɪŋ ˈhổbɪts/) might change in the next few years

MARIE: Oh – things like more focus on local products (sản phẩm địa phương /ˈləʊkl

9 ˈprɒdʌkts/)? That seems so obvious (rõ ràng /ˈɒbvɪəs/), but the shops are still full of imported foods (thực phẩm nhập khẩu /ɪmˈpɔːtɪd fuːdz/)

COLIN: Yes, they need to be more proactive (chủ động /prəʊˈổktɪv/) to address that

MARIE: And somehow motivate (thúc đẩy /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/) consumers to change, yes

COLIN: One thing everyone’s aware of is the need for a reduction (sự giảm bớt/rɪˈdʌkʃn/) in unnecessary packaging – but just about everything you buy in supermarkets is still covered in plastic The government needs to do something about it

MARIE: Absolutely It’s got to change

COLIN: Do you think there’ll be more interest in gluten– and lactose-free (không chứa lactose /ˈlổktoʊs-friː/) food?

MARIE: For people with allergies (dị ứng /ˈổlədʒiz/) or food intolerances (sự khụng dung nạp /ɪnˈtɒlərənsɪz/)? I don’t know Lots of people I know have been buying that type of food for years now

COLIN: Yes, even if they haven’t been diagnosed (chẩn đoán /ˈdaɪəɡnoʊzd/) with an allergy

MARIE: That’s right One thing I’ve noticed (nhận thấy /ˈnoʊtɪst/) is the number of branded products (sản phẩm cú thương hiệu /ˈbrổndɪd ˈprɒdʌkts/) related to celebrity chefs – people watch them cooking on TV and then buy things like spice mixes (các loại gia vị /spaɪs mɪksɪz/) or frozen foods (thực phẩm đông lạnh /ˈfroʊzn fuːdz/) with the chef’s name on them I bought something like that once, but I won’t again

COLIN: Yeah – I bought a ready-made spice mix for chicken (hỗn hợp gia vị sẵn cho gà

/ˈredi-meɪd spaɪs mɪks fɔːr ˈʧɪkɪn/) which was supposed to be used by a chef I’d seen on television, and it didn’t actually taste of anything

MARIE: Mm Did the article mention ‘ghost kitchens’ (nhà bếp ảo /ɡoʊst ˈkɪʧɪnz/) used to produce takeaway food (thức ăn mang đi /ˈteɪkəweɪ fuːd/)?

COLIN: No What are they?

MARIE: Well, they might have the name of a restaurant, but actually, they’re a cooking facility (cơ sở nấu ăn /ˈkʊkɪŋ fəˈsɪləti/) just for delivery meals (bữa ăn giao tận nơi /dɪˈlɪvəri miːlz/)– the public (công chúng /ˈpʌblɪk/) don’t ever go there But people aren’t aware of that – it’s all kept very quiet

COLIN: So people don’t realize the food’s not actually from the restaurant?

COLIN: Did you know more and more people are using all sorts of different mushrooms now, to treat different health concerns (điều trị các vấn đề sức khỏe khác nhau /triːt ˈdɪfrənt hɛlθ kənˈsɜrnz/)? Things like heart problems?

MARIE: Hmm They might be taking a big risk there

COLIN: Yes, it’s hard to know which varieties (các loại /vəˈraɪɪtiz/) are safe to eat (an toàn để ăn /seɪf tuː iːt/) Anyway, maybe now…

Céide Fields

For my presentation (bài thuyết trình /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/) today, I’m going to talk about the Céide

Fields (cánh đồng Céide /fiːldz/) in the northwest (tây bắc /ˌnɔːrθˈwest/) of Ireland

(/ˈaɪərlənd/), one of the largest Neolithic sites (địa điểm thời kỳ đồ đá mới /ˌniːəʊˈlɪθɪk saɪts/) in the world I recently visited this site and observed (quan sát /əbˈzɜːrvd/) the work that is currently being done by a team of archaeologists (các nhà khảo cổ học /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪsts/) there

The site was first discovered (được phát hiện /dɪˈskʌvərd/) in the 1930s by a local teacher (giáo viên địa phương /ˈloʊkl ˈtiːtʃər/), Patrick Caulfield He noticed (nhận thấy /ˈnoʊtɪst/) that when local people were digging (đào /ˈdɪɡɪŋ/) in the bog (đầm lầy /bɒɡ/), they were constantly hitting against (đụng vào /ˈhɪtɪŋ əˈɡeɪnst/) what seemed to be rows of stones

(hàng đá /roʊz ʌv stoʊnz/) He realised (nhận ra /ˈriːəlaɪzd/) that these must be walls and that they must be thousands of years old for them to predate (có trước /ˌpriːˈdeɪt/) the bog (đầm lầy /bɒɡ/) which subsequently grew (phát triển /ɡruː/) over them

11 He wrote to the National Museum (Bảo tàng Quốc gia /ˈnổʃənəl mjuˈziːəm/) in Dublin

(/ˈdʌblɪn/) to ask them to investigate (điều tra /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/), but no one took him seriously

It wasn’t until 40 years later, when Patrick Caulfield’s son Seamus, who had become an archaeologist (nhà khảo cổ học /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪst/) by then, began to explore further He inserted (chèn vào /ɪnˈsɜːrtɪd/) iron probes (các đầu dò sắt /ˈaɪərn proʊbz/) into the bog

(đầm lầy /bɒɡ/) to map (vẽ bản đồ /mổp/) the formation (sự hỡnh thành /fɔːrˈmeɪʃn/) of the stones (đá /stoʊnz/), a traditional method (phương pháp truyền thống /trəˈdɪʃənl ˈmɛθəd/) which local people had always used for finding fuel (tìm nhiên liệu /ˈfaɪndɪŋ ˈfjuːəl/) buried (bị chôn vùi /ˈberid/) in the bog (đầm lầy /bɒɡ/) for thousands of years Carbon dating (phương pháp định tuổi bằng carbon /ˈkɑːrbən ˈdeɪtɪŋ/) later proved (chứng minh /pruːvd/) that the site (địa điểm /saɪt/) was over 5,000 years old and was the largest Neolithic site (địa điểm thời kỳ đồ đá mới /ˌniːəʊˈlɪθɪk saɪt/) in Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/)

Thanks to the bog (đầm lầy /bɒɡ/) which covers the area, the remains (di tích /rɪˈmeɪnz/) of the settlement (khu định cư /ˈsetlmənt/) at Céide Fields (cánh đồng Céide /fiːldz/), which is over 5,000 years old, are extremely well-preserved A bog (đầm lầy /bɒɡ/) is 90 percent water; its soil is so saturated (bóo hũa /ˈsổtʃəreɪtɪd/) that when the grasses (cỏ /ɡrổsɪz/) and heathers (cây thạch nam /ˈhɛðərz/) that grow on its surface die, they don’t fully decay (phân hủy /dɪˈkeɪ/) but accumulate (tích lũy /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/) in layers Objects (các vật thể /ˈɑːbdʒekts/) remain so well preserved (được bảo quản /prɪˈzɜːrvd/) in these conditions

(điều kiện /kənˈdɪʃnz/) because of the acidity (tính axit /əˈsɪdəti/) of the peat (than bùn /piːt/) and the deficiency (sự thiếu hụt /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/) of oxygen (oxy /ˈɑːksɪdʒən/) At least 175 days of rain a year are required for this to happen; this part of Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/) gets an average of 225 days

The Neolithic farmers (nông dân thời kỳ đồ đá mới /ˌniːəʊˈlɪθɪk ˈfɑːrmərz/) at Céide would have enjoyed several centuries of relative peace (hòa bình tương đối /ˈrelətɪv piːs/) and stability (sự ổn định /stəˈbɪləti/) Neolithic farmers generally lived in larger communities

(cộng đồng lớn hơn /ˈlɑːrdʒər kəˈmjuːnətiz/) than their predecessors (những người đi trước

/ˈpriːdɪˌsesərz/), with a number of houses built around a community building (tòa nhà cộng đồng /kəˈmjuːnəti ˈbɪldɪŋ/) As they lived in permanent settlements (khu định cư lâu dài /ˈpɜːrmənənt ˈsetlmənts/), Neolithic farmers were able to build bigger houses These weren’t

12 round (hình tròn /raʊnd/) as people often assume, but rectangular (hình chữ nhật /rekˈtổŋɡjələr/) with a small hole in the roof (lỗ trờn mỏi nhà /hoʊl ɪn ðə ruːf/) that allowed smoke (khói /smoʊk/) to escape This is one of many innovations (cải tiến /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz/) and indicates (cho thấy /ˈɪndɪkeɪts/) that the Neolithic farmers were the first people to cook indoors Another new technology that Neolithic settlers (người định cư /ˈsetlər/) brought to Ireland was pottery (gốm /ˈpɒtəri/) Fragments (mảnh vỡ /ˈfrổɡmənts/) of Neolithic pots have been found in Céide and elsewhere in Ireland The pots were used for many things; as well as for storing food, pots were filled with a small amount of fat (chất bộo /fổt/) and when this was set alight (đốt chỏy /set əˈlaɪt/), they served as lamps (đốn /lổmps/)

It’s thought that the Cộide Fields were mainly used as paddocks (bói chăn thả /ˈpổdəks/) for animals to graze (chăn thả /ɡreɪz/) in Evidence (bằng chứng /ˈevɪdəns/) from the Céide Fields suggests that each plot of land (mảnh đất /plɒt ʌv lổnd/) was of a suitable size to sustain (duy trỡ /səˈsteɪn/) an extended family (đại gia đỡnh/ɪkˈstendɪd ˈfổmɪli/) They may have used a system of rotational grazing (chăn thả luân phiên /roʊˈteɪʃənl ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/) in order to prevent over-grazing (quá mức chăn thả /ˈoʊvər ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/) and to allow for plant recovery (phục hồi cõy trồng/plổnt rɪˈkʌvəri/) and regrowth (tỏi sinh /ˌriːˈɡroʊθ/) This must have been a year-round activity (hoạt động quanh năm /jɪr-raʊnd ổkˈtɪvɪti/) as no structures (cụng trình/ˈstrʌkʧərz/) have been found which would have been used to shelter (che chở /ˈʃeltər/) animals in the winter

However, archaeologists believe that this way of life (cách sống /weɪʌv laɪf/) at Céide ceased (đã ngừng /siːst/) abruptly (một cách đột ngột /əˈbrʌptli/) Why was this? Well, several factors may have contributed (góp phần /kənˈtrɪbjʊtɪd/) to the changing circumstances (hoàn cảnh thay đổi /ˈʧeɪndʒɪŋ ˈsɜrkəmstổnsɪz/) The soil would have become less productive (ớt hiệu quả /lɛs prəˈdʌktɪv/) and led to the abandonment of farming (từ bỏ canh tỏc /əˈbổndənmənt ʌv ˈfɑːrmɪŋ/) The crop rotation system (hệ thống luân canh cây trồng /krɒp roʊˈteɪʃən ˈsɪstəm/) was partly responsible for this as it would have been very intensive (tập trung/ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/) and was not sustainable (bền vững /səˈsteɪnəbl/) But there were also climatic pressures (ỏp lực khớ hậu /klaɪˈmổtɪk ˈpreʃərz/) too The farmers at Cộide would have enjoyed a relatively dry period (thời kỳ khô ráo /draɪ ˈpɪriəd/), but this began to change and the conditions became wetter as there was a lot more rain It was these conditions that

13 encouraged the bog (thúc đẩy đầm lầy /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒd ðə bɒɡ/) to form (hình thành /fɔːrm/) over the area which survives (tồn tại /sərˈvaɪvz/) today

Guitar Group

WOMAN: Hi Coleman, how are you?

WOMAN: I wanted to have a chat (trũ chuyện) /tʃổt/ with you because our friend Josh told me that you’ve joined a guitar (guitar) /ɡɪˈtɑːr/ group and it sounds interesting I’d really like to learn myself

COLEMAN: Why don’t you come along (đi cùng) /əˈlɔːŋ/? I’m sure there’s room for another person

WOMAN: Really? So – who runs the classes (lớp học) /ˈklổsɪz/?

COLEMAN: He’s called a ‘coordinator’ (người điều phối) /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə(r)/ – his name’s Gary Mathieson

WOMAN: Let me note that down (ghi chép) /daʊn/ Gary How do you spell his surname

COLEMAN: He’s retired (hưu trí) /rɪˈtaɪəd/, actually, but he’s a really nice guy and he used to play in a lot of bands (nhúm nhạc) /bổndz/

WOMAN: Thanks So how long have you been going (tham gia) /ˈɡəʊɪŋ/?

WOMAN: And could you play anything before you started?

COLEMAN: I knew a few chords (hợp âm) /kɔːdz/, but that’s all

WOMAN: I’m sure everyone will be better than me

COLEMAN: That’s what I thought, too When I first spoke to Gary on the phone, he said it was a class for beginners (người mới bắt đầu) /bɪˈɡɪnəz/, but I was still worried that everyone would be better than me, but we were all equally hopeless (kém cỏi) /ˈhəʊpləs/!

WOMAN: Oh, that’s reassuring (an ủi) /ˌrɪəˈʃʊərɪŋ/ So where do you meet?

COLEMAN: Well, when I joined the group, they were meeting in Gary’s home, but as the group got bigger, he decided to book a room (phòng) /ruːm/ at the college (trường cao đẳng)

15 /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ in town I prefer going there

WOMAN: I know that place I used to go to tap dancing (nhảy tap) /tổp ˈdổnsɪŋ/ classes there when I was at secondary school I haven’t been since, though and I can’t remember what road it’s in… is it Lock Street?

COLEMAN: It’s just beyond there at the bottom of New Street near the city roundabout

COLEMAN: The guitar club is on the first floor (tầng) /flɔːr/ in Room T347

WOMAN: Right And when do you meet? Is it at the weekend (cuối tuần) /ˈwiːkˌend/?

COLEMAN: We meet on Thursdays It used to be 10.30 and that suited me well, but now we meet at 11 The class that’s in there before us asked if they could have the room for another 30 minutes (phút) /ˈmɪnɪts/

WOMAN: Oh, I see Well, I’d love to come, but I don’t have a guitar (đàn guitar) /ɡɪˈtɑːr/

COLEMAN: Well, you can always buy a second-hand (đó qua sử dụng) /ˈsekənd hổnd/ one There’s a website (trang web) /ˈwɛbˌsaɪt/ called ‘The Perfect Instrument’ that sells all kinds of guitars, violins and so on I’m sure you’ll find something there

WOMAN: So what’s a typical lesson (bài học) /ˈlesn/ like with Gary?

COLEMAN: Well, he always starts by getting us to tune (điều chỉnh âm thanh) /tjuːn/ our guitars That takes about five minutes

COLEMAN: Some people have an app (ứng dụng) /ổp/ they use, but others do it by ear (tai)

/ɪə(r)/ Gary goes round and helps them And while he’s doing that, he tells us what he’s going to do during the lesson (bài học) /ˈlesn/

COLEMAN: First, we usually spend about ten minutes doing some strumming (quạt dây)

WOMAN: So is that using what are they called plectrums (cây pick) /ˈplektrəm/?

COLEMAN: No – we just use our thumbs (ngón tay cái) /θʌmz/

COLEMAN: Gary reminds us where to put our fingers (ngón tay) /ˈfɪŋɡəz/ for each chord and then we play them together Sometimes we all just start laughing because we’re so bad at keeping time (nhịp) /taɪm/, so Gary starts clapping (vỗ tay) /ˈklổpɪŋ/ to help us

WOMAN: Do you learn to play any songs (bài hát) /sɒŋz/?

COLEMAN: Yes – we do at least one song with words (lời bài hát) /wɜːdz/ and chords (hợp âm) /kɔːdz/ I mean that’s harder than you think

WOMAN: Oh, I’m sure it is!

COLEMAN: That part of the lesson takes about 15 minutes He often brings a recording (bản thu âm) /rɪˈkɔːdɪŋ/ of the song and plays it to us first Then he hands out the song and if there’s a new chord in it, we practise (luyện tập) /ˈprổktɪs/ that before we play it together – but really slowly

WOMAN: Do you do any finger picking (chọn dây bằng ngón tay) /ˈfɪŋɡə ˈpɪkɪŋ/?

COLEMAN: That’s the last ten minutes of the lesson, when we pick out the individual notes

(nốt nhạc) /nəʊts/ from a tune (giai điệu) /tjuːn/ he’s made up It’s always quite simple

WOMAN: That must be hard, though

COLEMAN: It is, but people like it because they can really concentrate (tập trung)

/ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/ and if we’re all playing well, it sounds quite impressive The only trouble is that he sometimes gets us to play one at a time (thời điểm) /taɪm/ – you know, alone

WOMAN: That’s scary (đáng sợ) /ˈskeəri/

COLEMAN: It is, but I’ve got used to it now At the end he spends about five minutes telling us what to practise (luyện tập) /ˈprổktɪs/ for the following week

WOMAN: Well, thanks Coleman I’ll go and have a look at that website, I think.

Working as a lifeboat volunteer

WOMAN: I never really planned to be a lifeboat volunteer (tình nguyện viên cứu hộ)

/ˈlaɪfˌboʊt vɒlˈɪnˌtɪər/ when I came to live in Northsea I’d been working in London as a website designer (nhà thiết kế website) /ˈwɛbˌsaɪt dɪˈzaɪnər/, but although that was interesting, I didn’t like city life I’d been really keen (mê, nhiệt tình) /kiːn/ on boats as a teenager, and I thought if I went to live by the sea, I might be able to pursue (theo đuổi)

17 /pərˈsuː/ that interest a bit more in my free time Then I found that the Lifeboat Institution (Tổ chức Cứu hộ) /ˈlaɪfˌboʊt ˌɪn stɪˈtjuː ʃən/ was looking for volunteers (tình nguyện viên) /ˌvɒlɪnˈtɪəz/, so I decided to apply (nộp đơn) /əˈplaɪ/ Q11

The Lifeboat Institution building here in Northsea’s hard to miss; it’s one of the largest (lớn nhất) /ˈlɑːrdʒɪst/ in the country It was built 15 years ago with funds provided by a generous (hào phóng) /ˈdʒɛnərəs/ member of the public, who’d lived here all her life As the Lifeboat Institution is a charity (tổ chức từ thiện) /ˈtʃổrɪti/ that relies on that kind of donation (quyờn góp) /doʊˈneɪʃən/, rather than funding provided by the government, that kind of help is much needed Q12

When I applied, I had to have a health assessment (đánh giá sức khỏe) /hɛlθ əˈsɛsmənt/

The doctors were particularly interested in my vision (thị lực) /ˈvɪʒən/ I used to be short- sighted (cận thị) /ʃɔːrt ˈsaɪtɪd/, so I’d had to wear glasses, but I’d had laser eye surgery

(phẫu thuật mắt bằng laser) /ˈleɪzər aɪˈsɜːrdʒəri/ two years earlier so that was OK They gave me tests for colour blindness (mù màu) /ˈkʌlər ˈblaɪndnəs/ and they thought I might have a problem there, but it turned out I was OK Q13

When the coastguard (nhân viên cứu hộ biển) /ˈkoʊstˌɡɑːrd/ gets an alert (cảnh báo) /əˈlɜːrt/, all the volunteers are contacted and rush to the lifeboat station Our target (mục tiêu) /ˈtɑːrɡɪt/ is to get there in five minutes, then we try to get the boat off the dock and out to sea in another six to eight minutes Our team’s proud that we usually achieve (đạt được) /əˈtʃiːv/ that – the average time across the country’s eight and a half minutes Q14

As well as steering the lifeboat, as a 'helmsman' (người điều khiển tàu) /ˈhɛlmzmən/, I have the ultimate (cuối cùng) /ˈʌltɪmət/ responsibility for the lifeboat I have to check that the equipment (thiết bị) /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ we use is in working order – we have special life jackets (ỏo phao) /laɪf ˈdʒổkɪts/ that can support up four people in the water And it’s ultimately my decision whether it’s safe to launch (khởi hành) /lɔːntʃ/ the boat But it’s very rare not to launch, even in the worst weather (thời tiết) /ˈwɛðər/ Q15

As well as going out on the lifeboat, my work involves other things too A lot of people underestimate (đánh giá thấp) /ˌʌndərˈɛstɪmeɪt/ how windy (gió) /ˈwɪndi/ conditions can change at sea, so I speak to youth groups (nhóm thanh thiếu niên) /juːθ ɡruːps/ and sailing clubs (câu lạc bộ thuyền buồm) /ˈseɪlɪŋ klʌbz/ in the area about the sorts of problems that

18 sailors and swimmers can have if the weather suddenly gets bad We also have a lot of volunteers who organise activities (hoạt động) /ổkˈtɪvɪtiz/ to raise money for us, and we couldn’t manage without them Q16

The training (đào tạo) /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ we get is a continuous process, focusing on technical competence (năng lực kỹ thuật) /ˈtɛknɪkl ˈkɒmpɪtəns/ and safe handling techniques (kỹ thuật xử lý an toàn) /seɪf ˈhổndlɪŋ tɛkˈniːks/, and it’s given me the confidence to deal with extreme (khoảnh khắc) /ɪkˈstriːm/ situations without panicking (hoảng loạn) /ˈpổnɪkɪŋ/ I was glad I’d done a first aid course (khóa học sơ cứu) /fɜːrst eɪd kɔːrs/ before I started, as that’s a big help with the casualty care activities (hoạt động chăm súc nạn nhõn) /ˈkổʒʊəlti keə(r) ổkˈtɪvɪtiz/ we do We’ve done a lot on how to deal with ropes (dõy thừng) /roʊps/ and tie knots (thắt nút) /taɪ nɑːts/ – that’s an essential skill After a year, I did a one-week residential course (khóa học nội trú một tuần) /wʌn wiːk ˌrɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl kɔːrs/, led by specialists They had a wave-tank (bể súng) /weɪv tổŋk/ where they could create extreme weather conditions – so we could get experience at what to do if the boat turned over in a storm (bão) /stɔːrm/ at night, for example Q17/18

Since I started, I’ve had to deal with a range of emergency situations (tình huống khẩn cấp) /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənsi sɪˈtjuːɒns/

But the work’s hugely motivating (khích lệ) /ˈmoʊtɪˌveɪtɪŋ/ It’s not just about saving lives – I’ve learned a lot about the technology (công nghệ) /tɛkˈnɒlədʒi/ involved My background in IT’s been useful here, and I can use my expertise (chuyên môn) /ˌɛkspɜːrˈtiːz/ to help other volunteers They’re a great group – we’re like a family (gia đỡnh) /ˈfổmɪli/ really, which helps when you’re dragging yourself out of bed on a cold stormy night But actually, it’s the colder months (những tháng lạnh hơn) /ˈkoʊldər mʌnθs/ that can be the most rewarding time

That’s when the incidents (sự cố) /ˈɪnsɪdənts/ tend to be more serious, and you realise that you can make a huge difference to the outcome Q19/20

So if any of you listeners are interested…

Recycling footwear

BELLA: Hi Don – did you get the copy of the article (bài báo) /ˈɑːrtɪkl/ on recycling footwear

(tái chế giày dép) /rɪˈsaɪklɪŋ ˈfʊtweə(r)/ that I emailed you?

DON: Yeah – it’s here … I’ve had a look at it

BELLA: So do you think it’s a good topic (chủ đề) /ˈtɑːpɪk/ for our presentation (bài thuyết trình) /ˌprɛzənˈteɪʃən/?

DON: Well, before I started reading it, I thought recycling footwear, well, although it’s quite interesting, perhaps there isn’t enough to say about it, cos we put shoes in recycling bins (thựng tỏi chế) /rɪˈsaɪklɪŋ bɪnz/, they go to charity shops (cửa hàng từ thiện) /ˈtʃổrɪti ʃɒps/ and that’s about it Q21

BELLA: … but there’s much more to it than that

DON: I realise that now and I’m keen (nhiệt tình) /kiːn/ to research (nghiên cứu) /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/ the topic more

DON: One of the things I didn’t realise until I read the article was just how many pairs of trainers (giày thể thao) /ˈtreɪnəz/ get recycled!

BELLA: Well, a lot of young people wear them all the time now They’ve become more popular (phổ biến) /ˈpɒpjələr/ than ordinary shoes

DON: I know I guess they are very hard-wearing (bền) /hɑːrd ˈwɛərɪŋ/, but don’t they look a bit casual (thụng thường) /ˈkổʒuəl/ for school uniform? I don’t think they’re right for that

Q22 BELLA: Actually, I think some of them look quite smart (thanh lịch) /smɑːrt/ on pupils … better than a scruffy (lôi thôi) /ˈskrʌfi/ old pair of shoes

DON: So do you keep shoes a long time (lâu dài) /lɔːŋ taɪm/?

BELLA: Yes Though I do tend to wear my old pairs for doing dirty jobs (công việc bẩn thỉu)

/ˈdɜːrti dʒɒbz/ like cleaning my bike

BELLA: I must admit, I’ve recycled (tái chế) /rɪˈsaɪkləd/ some perfectly good shoes, that haven’t gone out of fashion and still fit, just because they don’t look great on me any more

That’s awful (khủng khiếp) /ˈɔːfəl/ isn’t it? Q23

DON: I think it’s common (phổ biến) /ˈkɒmən/ because there’s so much choice (sự lựa chọn) /ʧɔɪs/ The article did say that recent sales (doanh số) /seɪlz/ of footwear have increased enormously (rất lớn) /ɪˈnɔːrməsli/

BELLA: That didn’t surprise me

DON: No But then it said that the amount of recycled footwear has fallen (giảm) /ˈfɔːlən/: it’s 6 percent now compared to a previous level of 11 percent That doesn’t seem to make sense Q24

BELLA: That’s because not everything goes through the recycling process (quá trình tái chế)

/rɪˈsaɪklɪŋ ˈprəʊsɛs/ Some footwear just isn’t good enough to re-sell (bán lại) /ˌriːˈsɛl/, for one reason or another, and gets rejected (bị từ chối) /rɪˈdʒɛktɪd/

BELLA: So let’s find some examples (ví dụ) /ɪɡˈzɑːmplz/ in the article of footwear that was rejected for recycling

DON: OK I think there are some in the interview (phỏng vấn) /ˈɪntəvjuː/ with the recycling manager (quản lý tỏi chế) /rɪˈsaɪklɪŋ ˈmổnɪdʒər/ Yeah – here it is

BELLA: Mmm Let’s start with the ladies’ high-heeled shoes (giày cao gót nữ) /ˈleɪdiz ˈhaɪ- hiːld ʃuːz/ What did he say about those?

DON: He said they were probably expensive (đắt đỏ) /ɪkˈspɛnsɪv/ – the material was suede (da lộn) /sweɪd/ and they were beige (màu be) /beɪʒ/ in colour – it looked like someone had only worn them once, but in a very wet field so the heels (gót giày) /hiːlz/ were too stained (bị bẩn) /steɪnd/ with mud and grass to re-sell them Q25

BELLA: OK … and the leather ankle boots (giày cổ chõn da) /ˈlɛðər ˈổŋkl buːts/ What was wrong with them?

DON: Apparently, the heels (gót giày) /hiːlz/ were worn – but that wasn’t the problem One of the shoes was a much lighter shade than the other one – it had obviously been left in the sun (nắng) /sʌn/ I suppose even second-hand shoes (giày đó qua sử dụng) /ˈsɛkənd-hổnd ʃuːz/ should look the same! Q26

BELLA: Sure Then there were the red baby shoes (giày đỏ cho bé) /rɛd ˈbeɪbi ʃuːz/

DON: Oh yes – we’re told to tie shoes together (buộc giày lại) /taɪ ʃuːz təˈɡɛðər/ when we put them in a recycling bin, but people often don’t bother

BELLA: You’d think it would have been easy to find the other, but it wasn’t That was a shame

(điều đáng tiếc) /ʃeɪm/ because they were obviously new Q27

DON: The trainers (giày thể thao) /ˈtreɪnəz/ were interesting He said they looked like they’d been worn by a marathon runner (vận động viờn marathon) /ˈmổrəθən ˈrʌnər/

BELLA: Yeah – weren’t they split (rách) /splɪt/?

DON: Not exactly One of the soles (đế giày) /soʊlz/ was so worn under the foot that you could put your finger (ngón tay) /ˈfɪŋɡər/ through it Q28

BELLA: Well, we could certainly use some of those examples (ví dụ) /ɪɡˈzɑːmplz/ in our presentation to explain why 90 percent of shoes that people take to recycling centres or bins get thrown into landfill (bói rỏc) /ˈlổndfɪl/

DON: Mmm What did you think about the project (dự án) /ˈprɒdʒɛkt/ his team set up to avoid this by making new shoes out of the good parts of old shoes?

BELLA: It sounded like a good idea They get so many shoes, they should be able to match parts (kết hợp cỏc phần) /mổtʃ pɑːrts/ I wasn’t surprised that it failed, though I mean who wants to buy second-hand shoes (giày đó qua sử dụng) /ˈsɛkənd-hổnd ʃuːz/ really? Think of all the germs you could catch!

DON: Well, people didn’t refuse them for that reason, did they? It was because the pairs of shoes weren’t identical Q29

BELLA: They still managed to ship them overseas (đi nước ngoài) /ˌoʊvərˈsiːz/, though

DON: That’s another area we need to discuss

BELLA: You know I used to consider this topic just from my own perspective (góc nhìn của mình) /pərˈspɛktɪv/, by thinking about my own recycling behaviour (hành vi tái chế)

/bɪˈheɪvjər/ without looking at the bigger picture (bức tranh tổng thể) /ˈbɪɡər ˈpɪkʧər/ So much happens once shoes leave the recycling area

DON: It’s not as simple as you first think, and we can show that by taking a very different approach (phương pháp) /əˈproʊʧ/ to it Q30

BELLA: Absolutely So let’s discuss …

Tardigrades

For my project on invertebrates, I chose to study tardigrades (con gấu nước /ˈtɑːrdɪˌɡreɪdz/) These are microscopic (vi mô /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk/) — or to be more precise

— near-microscopic (gần vi mô /nɪərˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk/) animals There are well over a thousand known species (loài /ˈspiːʃiːz/) of these tiny animals, which belong to the phylum (ngành /ˈfaɪləm/) Tardigrada Most tardigrades range in length from 0.05 to 1 millimetre (milimét /ˈmɪlɪˌmiːtə(r)/), though the largest species can grow to be 1.2 millimetres in length They are also sometimes called ‘water bears’ (gấu nước /ˈwɔːtə(r) beəz/) because of the way they move Q31 ‘Moss piglet’ (lợn rừng /mɒs ˈpɪɡlɪt/) is another name for tardigrades because of the way they look when viewed from the front They were first discovered in Germany in 1773 by Johann Goeze, who coined the name Tardigrada

As I say, there are many different species of tardigrade — too many to describe here — but, generally speaking, the different species share similar physical traits They have a body which is short, Q32 rounded (tròn /ˈraʊndɪd/), and also rounded — a bit like a barrel — and the body comprises four segments (phân đoạn /ˈsɛɡmənts/) Each segment has a pair of legs, at the end of which are between four and eight sharp claws (móng vuốt /klɔːz/) I should also say that some species don’t have any claws: what they have are discs Q33 (đĩa /dɪsks/), and these work by means of suction (sự hút /ˈsʌkʃən/) They enable the tardigrade to cling to surfaces or to grip its prey Within the body, there are no lungs (phổi /lʌŋz/), or any organs for breathing at all Instead, oxygen and also blood are transported in a fluid (chất lỏng /ˈfluːɪd/) that fills the cavity (khoang /ˈkổvɪti/) of the body.Q34 As far as the tardigrade’s head is concerned, the best way I can describe this is that it looks rather strange — a bit squashed (bẹp /skwɒʃt/) even — though many of the websites I looked at described its appearance as cute, which isn’t exactly very scientific The tardigrade’s mouth is a kind of tube Q35(ống /tjuːb/) that can open outwards to reveal teeth-like structures known as ‘stylets’ (mũi nhọn /ˈstaɪlɪts/) These are sharp enough to pierce plant or animal cells

So, where are tardigrades found? Well, they live in every part of the world, in a variety of habitats: most commonly, on the bed of a lake, or on many kinds of plants or in very wet environments There’s been some interesting research which has found that tardigrades are

23 capable of surviving radiation (bức xạ /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/) and very high pressure, and they’re also able to withstand temperatures as low as minus –200 degrees centigrade, or highs of more than 148 degrees centigrade, Q36 which is incredibly hot (rất nóng /wɪʧ ɪz ɪnˈkrɛdɪbli hɒt/)

It has been said that tardigrades could survive long after human beings have been wiped out, even in the event of an asteroid (thiờn thạch /ˈổstəriɔɪd/) hitting the earth If conditions become too extreme and tardigrades are at risk of drying out, they enter a state called cryptobiosis (trạng thái mật hóa /ˌkrɪptəʊbaɪˈəʊsɪs/) They form a little ball, called a tun

(kén /tʌn/) — by retracting their head and legs, and their metabolism drops to less than one percent of normal levels They can stay in this state for decades, and if re-introduced to water, they will come back to life in a matter of a few hours While in this state of cryptobiosis, tardigrades produce a protein (protein /ˈprəʊtiːn/) that protects their DNA

Q37 In 2016, scientists revived two tardigrades that had been tuns for more than 30 years

There was a report that, in 1948, a 120-year-old tun was revived, but this experiment has never been repeated There are currently several tests taking place in space (vũ trụ /speɪs/), to determine how long tardigrades might be able to survive there Q38 I believe the record so far is 10 days

So, erm, moving on In terms of their diet, tardigrades consume liquids (chất lỏng /ˈlɪkwɪdz/) in order to survive Although they have teeth, they don’t use these for chewing They suck (hút /sʌk/) the juices from moss, or extract fluid from seaweed, Q39, but some species prey on other tardigrades, from other species or within their own I suppose this isn’t surprising, given that tardigrades are mainly comprised of liquid and are coated with a type of gel (gel /dʒɛl/)

Finally, I’d like to mention the conservation status (tình trạng bảo tồn /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən ˈsteɪtəs/) of tardigrades It is estimated that they have been in existence for approximately half a billion years (nửa tỷ năm /ˌhổf ə ˈbɪljən jɪəz/) and, in that time, they have survived five mass extinctions (năm cuộc tuyệt chủng /faɪv mổs ɪkˈstɪŋkʃənz/) So, it will probably come as no surprise to you, that tardigrades have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are not on any endangered list Q40 Some researchers have described them as thriving (phát triển mạnh /ˈθraɪvɪŋ/)

Local food shops

LEON: Hi Shannon – how are you settling into (thích nghi với) /ˈset.lɪŋ ˈɪn.tuː/ your new flat?

LEON: You look like you’re going shopping (đi mua sắm) /ˈɡəʊ.ɪŋ ˈʃɒp.ɪŋ/

SHANNON: Yes, I am My cousins (anh/chị/em họ) /ˈkʌz.ɪnz/ are coming to stay for a couple of days, and I have to cook (nấu ăn) /kʊk/ for them

LEON: Well, there are plenty of places to buy (mua) /baɪ/ food in Kite Place – it’s the area by the harbour (bến cảng) /ˈhɑː.bər/

SHANNON: Oh OK, I’ll find that on the map (bản đồ) /mổp/ Thanks

LEON: What sort of food do you need to get (lấy/mua) /ɡet/?

SHANNON: Well, neither of them eats meat (ăn thịt) /iːts miːt/ but they both like fish (cá)

LEON: Well, there’s a really good fish market (chợ cá) /fɪʃ ˈmɑː.kɪt/ there

SHANNON: Oh great – where is it exactly (chớnh xỏc) /ɪɡˈzổkt.li/?

LEON: It’s at the far end of Kite Place, so you have to go over the bridge (cầu) /brɪdʒ/ and then it’s on the right (bên phải) /raɪt/

SHANNON: OK – is it open (mở cửa) /ˈəʊ.pən/ all day?

LEON: It doesn’t close (đóng cửa) /kləʊz/ until four, but I’d recommend going (đi) /ˈɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ earlier than that – it does run out of some things

SHANNON: Oh, I don’t want that to happen (xảy ra) /ˈhổp.ən/

LEON: As long as you get there by 3.30, you should be fine (ổn) /faɪn/ It’s only 11 now, so plenty of time (thời gian) /taɪm/

LEON: Do you need to buy vegetables (mua rau củ) /baɪ ˈvedʒ.tə.bəlz/ too?

SHANNON: I do, and I want to avoid (tránh) /əˈvɔɪd/ all the plastic packaging (bao bì)

/ˈpổk.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/ in the supermarket!

LEON: Well, there’s a really nice organic shop (cửa hàng hữu cơ) /ɔːˈɡổn.ɪk ʃɒp/ there Now what’s it called … it’s the name of a flower (hoa) /ˈflaʊ.ər/ I know, it’s ‘Rose’

SHANNON: That’s a nice name (tên) /neɪm/

LEON: Yeah – it sells vegetables (rau củ) /ˈvedʒ.tə.bəlz/ and quite a lot of other stuff (đồ đạc) /stʌf/

SHANNON: And where’s that (đú) /ðổt/?

LEON: Well, as you reach the market (chợ) /ˈmɑː.kɪt/, you’ll see a big grey building (tòa nhà)

/ˈbɪl.dɪŋ/ on your left (bên trái) /left/ – I think it used to be a warehouse (kho hàng) /ˈweə.haʊs/ Anyway, now it’s a restaurant (nhà hàng) /ˈres.trɒnt/ upstairs, but the ground floor has two shops (cửa hàng) /ʃɒps/ either side of the entrance (lối vào) /ˈen.trəns/ and it’s the one on the left (bên trái) /left/

SHANNON: That’s easy enough (đủ) /ɪˈnʌf/

LEON: You can’t miss (bỏ lỡ) /mɪs/ it – there’s also a big sign (biển hiệu) /saɪn/ on the pavement (vỉa hố) /ˈpeɪv.mənt/ so you can look for that (đú) /ðổt/

SHANNON: Fine! I guess if I need anything else, I’ll have to go to the supermarket (siêu thị)

LEON: Yeah – you should be able to get everything you need (cần) /niːd/, but there’s a minibus (xe buýt nhỏ) /ˈmɪn.i.bʌs/ that goes to the supermarket if you need (cần) /niːd/ it It’s purple (màu tím) /ˈpɜː.pəl/ and the number is 289 (số 289) /tuːˈeɪt ˈnaɪn/

SHANNON: Thanks, that’s great (tuyệt vời) /ɡreɪt/

LEON: So what do you need to get at the fish market (chợ cá) /fɪʃ ˈmɑː.kɪt/? The salmon (cá hồi) /ˈsổm.ən/ is always very good and the shellfish (động vật cú vỏ) /ˈʃel.fɪʃ/

SHANNON: I’m going to make a curry (món cà ri) /ˈkʌr.i/, I think, and I need about 12 prawns

(tôm) /prɔːnz/ for that

LEON: They’ll have plenty (nhiều) /ˈplen.ti/ of those

LEON: Have you ever tried samphire (cỏ sam biển) /ˈsổm.faɪər/?

LEON: It’s a type of seaweed (rong biển) /ˈsiː.wiːd/ I just ask for a handful (một nắm)

/ˈhổnd.fʊl/ and you fry (rỏn) /fraɪ/ it in butter (bơ) /ˈbʌt.ər/ It’s delicious (ngon) /dɪˈlɪʃ.əs/!

SHANNON: Oh, I might try that - how do you spell (đánh vần) /spel/ it?

SHANNON: Great – it’s always good to try something different (khác biệt) /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt/

SHANNON: I’ll see what beans (đậu) /biːnz/ they have in the organic shop (cửa hàng hữu cơ) /ɔːˈɡổn.ɪk ʃɒp/ and I think I’ll get something for dessert (mún trỏng miệng) /dɪˈzɜːt/ there

LEON: How about a mango (xoài) /ˈmổŋ.ɡəʊ/?

SHANNON: I’m not sure – they’re not always ripe (chín) /raɪp/ I’d prefer a melon (dưa)

/ˈmel.ən/ – it’s bigger too

LEON: Good idea The owner (chủ cửa hàng) /ˈəʊ.nər/ also sells a lot of spices (gia vị) /spaɪsɪz/ there that you can put in a curry, and things like coconut (dừa) /ˈkəʊ.kə.nʌt/

SHANNON: Oh, that’s very helpful (hữu ích) /ˈhelp.fəl/ I’ll have a look

LEON: No problem (không vấn đề gì) /ˈprɒb.ləm/

SHANNON: I know bread (bánh mì) /bred/ doesn’t really go with curry but I always like to have some in case

LEON: As I said – all the bread is home-made (nhà làm) /ˌhəʊmˈmeɪd/ and there’s lots of variety (đa dạng) /vəˈraɪ.ə.ti/ I like the brown bread (bánh mì nâu) /braʊn bred/ myself

SHANNON: Mm, sounds good (ngon) /ɡʊd/

LEON: They sell other things (thứ khác) /θɪŋz/ there too

SHANNON: Like cakes (bánh ngọt) /keɪks/? I love chocolate cake (bánh sô cô la) /ˈtʃɒk.lət keɪk/

LEON: Well – not that, but they have a whole range (phạm vi rộng) /reɪndʒ/ of tarts (bánh tart) /tɑːrts/ and the best are the strawberry ones (bánh dâu tây) /ˈstrɔː.bər.i wʌnz/

SHANNON: Perfect (hoàn hảo) /ˈpɜː.fɪkt/ – hopefully I won’t even have to go to the supermarket (siêu thị) /ˈsuː.pəˌmɑː.kɪt/!

Festival workshops

PRESENTER: The children’s book festival (lễ hội sách thiếu nhi) /ˈtʃɪl.drənz bʊk ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/ is coming up again soon and here to tell us all about it is the festival’s organiser (người tổ chức) /ˈɔː.ɡən.aɪ.zər/, Jenny Morgan So tell us what we can expect (mong đợi) /ɪkˈspekt/ this year, Jenny

JENNY: Well, as usual we’ve got five days of action-packed (đầy hành động) /ˈổk.ʃən ˌpổkt/ exciting events (sự kiện thú vị) /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪŋ ɪˈvents/ for children, with writers (nhà văn) /ˈraɪ.tərz/ coming from all over the country getting involved (tham gia) /ɪnˈvɒlvd/

Just to give you an idea of what’s on offer in the workshops (các hội thảo) /ˈwɜːk.ʃɒps/, first of all, there’s a very special event (sự kiện) /ɪˈvent/ called Superheroes (Siêu anh hùng) This is a chance for deaf (khiếm thính) /def/ children to share their reading experiences (trải nghiệm) /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.ənsɪz/ with author (tác giả) /ˈɔː.θər/ Madeleine Gordon, who is herself hearing impaired (khiếm thính) /ˈhɪə.rɪŋ ɪmˈpeəd/

‘Just do it’ (Chỉ cần làm thôi) is a practical workshop (hội thảo thực hành) /ˈwɜːk.ʃɒp/ led by the well-known illustrator (người vẽ minh họa) /ˈɪl.ə.streɪ.tər/ Mark Keane He’ll take participants (người tham gia) /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənts/ on a magical journey (hành trình) /ˈdʒɜː.ni/ to faraway lands (vựng đất xa xụi) /lổndz/ with an opportunity for aspiring actors (diễn viờn đầy triển vọng) /əˈspaɪə.rɪŋ ˈổk.tərz/ to do some role play (đúng vai) /rəʊl pleɪ/

‘Count on me’ (Dựa vào tôi) is an inspiring (truyền cảm hứng) /ɪnˈspaɪə.rɪŋ/ and entertaining (giải trí) /ˌen.təˈteɪ.nɪŋ/ look at the issues (vấn đề) /ˈɪʃ.uːz/ of friendship (tình bạn) /ˈfrend.ʃɪp/ for 13–14-year-olds It looks at some of the friendships described in popular books and asks participants (người tham gia) to compare (so sánh) /kəmˈpeər/ these with their own experiences (trải nghiệm)

‘Speak up’ (Nói lên) is part of a series of workshops (các hội thảo) on the subject of mental health (sức khỏe tinh thần) /ˈmen.təl helθ/ This is a creative writing (viết sáng tạo) /ˈraɪ.tɪŋ/ workshop (hội thảo) encouraging children to describe (miêu tả) /dɪˈskraɪb/ situations (tình huống) /ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃənz/ where young people experience loneliness (trải qua sự cô đơn)

/ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns ˈləʊn.li.nəs/ A recent survey (khảo sát) /ˈsɜː.veɪ/ revealed (tiết lộ) /rɪˈviːld/ that children can be lonely (cô đơn) /ˈləʊn.li/ even when they’re at home with their families

(gia đỡnh) /ˈfổm.əl.iz/

‘Jump for joy’ (Nhảy lên vì vui sướng), as many of you will know, is the heart-warming, best- selling story (câu chuyện) /ˈstɔː.ri/ by Nina Karan about a young girl’s trip to visit her relatives

(họ hàng) /ˈrel.ə.tɪvz/ in India It recently received (nhận được) /rɪˈsiːvd/ the gold medal (huy chương vàng) /ˈmed.əl/ at the Waterford Awards (Giải thưởng) /əˈwɔːdz/ Nina will get children to celebrate (kỷ niệm) /ˈsel.ɪ.breɪt/ the word ‘joy’ by writing (viết) /ˈraɪ.tɪŋ/ a poem

‘Sticks and stones’ (Gậy và đá) is the beautifully illustrated (được minh họa đẹp mắt) /ˈɪl.ə.streɪ.tɪd/ picture book (sách tranh) /ˈpɪk.tʃər bʊk/ for young readers about a community (cộng đồng) /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti/ who organise an African-Caribbean festival (lễ hội)

/ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/ to help local children learn about their Jamaican roots (gốc gác) /ruːts/ This will be a musical event (sự kiện âm nhạc) /ˈmjuː.zɪ.kəl ɪˈvent/ where children will have the chance to play steel drums (chơi trống thép) /pleɪ stiːl drʌmz/ This is bound to be very popular (phổ biến) /ˈpɒp.jʊ.lər/, so please book (đặt chỗ) /bʊk/ as soon as possible

PRESENTER: Thanks Jenny That all sounds really interesting (thú vị) /ˈɪn.trɪ.stɪŋ/ I’m just wondering (tự hỏi) /ˈwʌn.dər.ɪŋ/ if you have a favourite book (cuốn sách yêu thích)

/ˈfeɪ.vər.ɪt bʊk/ you could recommend (giới thiệu) /ˌrek.əˈmend/ for our readers (độc giả) /ˈriː.dərz/?

JENNY: It’s hard to choose (chọn) /tʃuːz/, but Alive and Kicking (Sống động và Hăng hái) is definitely worth mentioning (đáng đề cập) /ˈmen.ʃən.ɪŋ/ You won’t have heard of the writer

(nhà văn) /ˈraɪ.tər/ as it’s her first book – which is really impressive (ấn tượng) /ɪmˈpres.ɪv/

It’s basically the teenage diary (nhật ký) /ˈdaɪə.ri/ of a boy from Somalia (Somalia) /səˈmɑː.li.ə/ who comes to live in the UK It deals with the serious issue (vấn đề) /ˈɪʃ.uː/ of immigration (nhập cư) /ˌɪm.ɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ and all the challenges (thỏch thức) /ˈtʃổl.ɪn.dʒɪz/ the boy has to face at school and with the language barrier (rào cản ngụn ngữ) /ˈlổŋ.ɡwɪdʒ ˈbổr.i.ər/, etc Usually, books like this are quite sad (buồn) /sổd/, but this one actually made me cry with laughter (cười đến chảy nước mắt) /kraɪ wɪð ˈlɑːf.tər/ On each page (trang sách) /peɪdʒ/, there are simple but hilarious (hài hước) /hɪˈleə.ri.əs/ black and white stick drawings (hình vẽ đơn giản) /stɪk ˈdrɔː.ɪŋz/ of the boy with his friends and teachers (giáo viên) /ˈtiː.tʃərz/ At the end of each diary entry (mục nhật ký) /ˈen.tri/, there are new English

29 words (từ vựng tiếng Anh) /ˈɪŋ.ɡlɪʃ wɜːdz/ the boy learns each day, which may help develop

(phỏt triển) /dɪˈvel.əp/ some children’s vocabulary (vốn từ vựng) /vəˈkổb.jə.lər.i/

PRESENTER: I think my kids (con cái) /kɪdz/ would enjoy (thưởng thức) /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ that What about any advice (lời khuyên) /ədˈvaɪs/ for parents (phụ huynh) /ˈpeə.rənts/ on how to encourage (khuyến khích) /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ their children to read more?

JENNY: Well, this is something I get asked (được hỏi) /ɑːskt/ about a lot There are so many distractions (sự xao nhóng) /dɪˈstrổk.ʃənz/ for kids these days that it can be hard to find time for reading (đọc sách) /ˈriː.dɪŋ/ One thing I’d say is to make time to sit down (ngồi xuống) /sɪt daʊn/ with your child and share (chia sẻ) /ʃeər/ books with them A lot of parents give up (từ bỏ) /ɡɪv ʌp/ reading aloud (đọc to) /əˈlaʊd/ to their children as soon as they learn to read independently (tự đọc) /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt.li/, but this is a mistake (sai lầm) /mɪˈsteɪk/

Science experiment for Year 12 students

CLARE: Hi Jake How are you getting on (tiến bộ thế nào) /ˈɡet.ɪŋ ɒn/ with the practical teaching (giảng dạy thực tế) /ˈprổk.tɪ.kəl ˈtiː.tʃɪŋ/?

JAKE: It’s harder than I expected (mong đợi) /ɪkˈspek.tɪd/, but I’ve got some great classes

(lớp học) /klɑːsɪz/ How about you?

CLARE: Not brilliant (không tốt lắm) /ˈbrɪl.i.ənt/ I’m really struggling (gặp khó khăn)

/ˈstrʌɡ.lɪŋ/ with my Year 12 science class (lớp học) /klɑːs/

JAKE: Are they hard to control (kiểm soát) /kənˈtrəʊl/?

CLARE: Well, I don’t have discipline problems (vấn đề kỷ luật) /ˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪn ˈprɒb.ləmz/ as such It’s just that they don’t seem to think that science (khoa học) /ˈsaɪ.əns/ has anything to do with their lives (cuộc sống) /laɪvz/ It’s depressing (đáng chán nản) /dɪˈpres.ɪŋ/ They listen (lắng nghe) /ˈlɪs.ən/ to what I say, and I gave them a test (bài kiểm tra) /test/ last week and the results (kết quả) /rɪˈzʌlts/ weren’t too bad, but there’s no real engagement (sự tham gia tích cực) /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ.mənt/

CLARE: And as part of my teaching practice (thực hành giảng dạy) /ˈtiː.tʃɪŋ ˈprổk.tɪs/, I have to design (thiết kế) /dɪˈzaɪn/ an experiment (thí nghiệm) /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ for them to do I was wondering about something on the children’s diets (chế độ ăn) /ˈdaɪ.əts/… you know, asking them to record (ghi lại) /rɪˈkɔːd/ what they eat and maybe linking (liên kết) /ˈlɪŋ.kɪŋ/ it to their state of health (tình trạng sức khỏe) /steɪt əv helθ/

JAKE: Mmm Let’s think So your methodology (phương pháp) /ˌmeθ.əˈdɒl.ə.dʒi/ would involve (liên quan đến) /ɪnˈvɒlv/ the children recording what they eat OK, but you’d also need to have access (truy cập) /ˈổk.ses/ to the children’s medical records (hồ sơ y tế) /ˈmed.ɪ.kəl ˈrek.ɔːdz/ and I don’t think people would be happy about that; confidentiality

(bảo mật) /ˌkɒn.fɪ.den.ʃiˈổl.ə.ti/ would be an issue (vấn đề) /ˈɪʃ.uː/ If you could get the right data (dữ liệu) /ˈdeɪ.tə/, the conclusions (kết luận) /kənˈkluː.ʒənz/ might be significant, but I suspect (nghi ngờ) /səˈspekt/ it’s just not going to be easy

JAKE: Have you thought about doing an experiment (thí nghiệm) /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ using animals (động vật) /ˈổn.ɪ.məlz/?

CLARE: Wouldn’t that be upsetting (làm buồn) /ʌpˈset.ɪŋ/ for the children?

JAKE: Well, the animals don’t have to be harmed (bị tổn thương) /hɑːmd/ in any way It could just be an experiment where they’re given a certain diet (chế độ ăn) /ˈdaɪ.ət/ and the effects are observed (quan sát) /əbˈzɜːvd/

CLARE: Would I have to get permission (sự cho phép) /pəˈmɪʃ.ən/ to use animals?

JAKE: Yes, you’d have to submit (nộp) /səbˈmɪt/ an outline (bản phác thảo) /ˈaʊt.laɪn/ of the experiment and fill in a form, but it’s quite straightforward (đơn giản) /ˌstreɪtˈfɔː.wəd/

CLARE: But if we found out that, say, a particular diet affects (ảnh hưởng đến) /əˈfekts/ the health of animals, the same thing wouldn’t necessarily be true for people (người) /ˈpiː.pəl/, would it?

JAKE: No that’s true, but the findings (phát hiện) /ˈfaɪn.dɪŋz/ for any experiment are going to be limited (giới hạn) /ˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ It’s inevitable (không thể tránh khỏi) /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl/

CLARE: I suppose so So what animals could I use to investigate (nghiên cứu)

/ɪnˈves.tɪ.ɡeɪt/ the effects of diet? Mice (chuột) /maɪs/?

JAKE: Yes You’d need experimental mice (chuột thí nghiệm) /ɪkˌsper.ɪˈmen.təl maɪs/ – ones that have been specially bred for experiments OK, so what will your experiment be investigating (nghiên cứu) /ɪnˈves.tɪ.ɡeɪt.ɪŋ/ exactly?

CLARE: Well, something to do with nutrition (dinh dưỡng) /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/ So maybe we could look at food supplements (thực phẩm bổ sung) /fuːd ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənts/… things like extra iron

(sắt) /ˈaɪ.ən/ and extra protein (chất đạm) /ˈprəʊ.tiːn/, and their impact (tác động) /ˈɪm.pổkt/ on health

JAKE: Mmm That might be rather broad (rộng) /brɔːd/ Maybe just look at the effects of one supplement, like sugar (đường) /ˈʃʊɡ.ər/, on the health of the mice?

CLARE: In fact, maybe the focus (tập trung) /ˈfəʊ.kəs/ could be on whether mice can control (kiểm soát) /kənˈtrəʊl/ their own diet

JAKE: So, what happens when they have access (truy cập) /ˈổk.ses/ to more sugar, that they don’t really need?

CLARE: Exactly Do they eat it or do they decide (quyết định) /dɪˈsaɪd/ to leave it?

JAKE: Great Then later on, you could do a follow-up experiment (thí nghiệm tiếp theo)

/ˈfɒl.əʊ.ʌp ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ adding another variable (biến số) /ˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/

AKE: Like, you could give some of the mice the chance to be more active (năng động)

/ˈổk.tɪv/, running (chạy) /ˈrʌn.ɪŋ/ on a wheel (bỏnh xe) /wiːl/ or something, and the others just sit around (ngồi xung quanh) /sɪt əˈraʊnd/ and don’t do much

CLARE: Or I could repeat (lặp lại) /rɪˈpiːt/ the experiment (thí nghiệm) /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ but change (thay đổi) /tʃeɪndʒ/ the type of food (thức ăn) /fuːd/ I provided (cung cấp)

/prəˈvaɪ.dɪd/… or use mice with a different genetic structure (cấu trúc di truyền khác nhau)

32 /dʒəˈnet.ɪk ˈstrʌk.tʃər/ But I think your idea (ý tưởng) /aɪˈdɪə/ would be more interesting (thú vị) /ˈɪn.trɪ.stɪŋ/, I might think about that some more

CLARE: So can I talk through a possible procedure (quy trình) /prəˈsiː.dʒər/ for the experiment where mice are given a sugar supplement (bổ sung đường) /ˈʃʊɡ.ər ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənt/?

JAKE: Sure I did a similar (tương tự) /ˈsɪm.ɪ.lər/ experiment in college (trường đại học)

CLARE: Great So how many mice would I need (cần) /niːd/?

JAKE: I’d say about 12 And all young ones (con non) /jʌŋ wʌnz/, not a mixture (hỗn hợp) /ˈmɪks.tʃər/ of old and young

CLARE: OK And I’d need two groups (nhóm) /ɡruːps/ of equal sizes, so six in each group

And how would I tell them apart (phân biệt chúng) /tel ðəm əˈpɑːrt/? I suppose I could put some sort of tag (thẻ) /tổɡ/ on one group… or just mark (đỏnh dấu) /mɑːk/ them in some way?

JAKE: You could use food colouring (màu thực phẩm) /fuːd ˈkʌl.ər.ɪŋ/, that wouldn’t hurt

CLARE: Perfect Then each group would go into a separate cage (lồng riêng biệt) /ˈsep.ər.ət keɪdʒ/, and one group, let’s call them group A, would be the control group (nhóm đối chứng) /kənˈtrəʊl ɡruːp/ So they’d just have ordinary (bình thường) /ˈɔː.dən.əri/ mouse food I suppose you can buy (mua) /baɪ/ that?

JAKE: Yes, it comes in dry pellets (viên nén khô) /ˈpel.ɪts/

CLARE: And the other group would have the same as the first group, but they’d also have the extra sugar (đường) /ˈʃʊɡ.ər/

JAKE: Would you just give them straight sugar (đường nguyên chất) /streɪt ˈʃʊɡ.ər/?

CLARE: I might be better to give them something like cereal (ngũ cốc) /ˈsɪə.ri.əl/ with it

JAKE: Hmm Then you’d need to weigh (cân) /weɪ/ the mice, I should think once a week And you’d need an electronic balance (cõn điện tử) /ɪˌlekˈtrɒn.ɪk ˈbổl.əns/

CLARE: But we can’t hold (giữ) /həʊld/ them on the balance, or it’d affect (ảnh hưởng)

/əˈfekt/ the reading (kết quả đọc) /ˈriː.dɪŋ/

JAKE: Exactly So you need something called a weighing chamber (buồng cân) /ˈweɪ.ɪŋ ˈtʃeɪm.bər/ to stop the mice from running away (chạy thoát) /ˈrʌn.ɪŋ əˈweɪ/ It sounds complicated (phức tạp) /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/, but actually you can just use a plastic box (hộp nhựa) /ˈplổs.tɪk bɒks/ with holes (lỗ hổng) /həʊlz/ in the top

CLARE: OK So once we’ve measured (đo lường) /ˈmeʒ.əd/ the weight gain (tăng trọng lượng) /weɪt ɡeɪn/ of each mouse we can work out the average (trung bỡnh) /ˈổv.ər.ɪdʒ/ for each group, as well as the standard deviation (độ lệch chuẩn) /ˈstổn.dəd ˌdiː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/ And then see where we go from there That sounds cool (hay ho) /kuːl/, I think the students will enjoy (thích) /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ it

Microplastics

In today’s lecture (bài giảng) /ˈlek.tʃər/, I’m going to be talking about microplastics (vi nhựa) /ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌplổs.tɪks/

Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic smaller than five millimetres in size Recently there’s been a greater awareness (nhận thức) /əˈweə.nəs/ that there are large quantities of plastic waste – big and small – in the environment (môi trường) /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mənt/ The amount of plastic waste in the oceans (đại dương) /ˈəʊ.ʃənz/ has received widespread attention (sự chú ý rộng rãi) /ˈwaɪd.spred əˈten.ʃən/, but far less is known about the effects of microplastics in freshwater (nước ngọt) /ˈfreʃˌwɔː.tər/ and particularly in soil (đất) /sɔɪl/

Microplastics can enter (xâm nhập) /ˈen.tər/ the environment via a number of different sources (nguồn) /sɔː.sɪz/ Threads and microfibres (vi sợi) /ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌfaɪ.bərz/ detach from synthetic clothing (quần áo tổng hợp) /sɪnˈθet.ɪk ˈkləʊ.ðɪŋ/ every time they’re put in a washing machine, and these find their way into the water system (hệ thống nước) /ˈwɔː.tər ˈsɪs.təm/ Other sources include big pieces of plastic waste that are already in the environment, and these break down into microscopic particles over a period of time (khoảng thời gian) /ˈpɪə.ri.əd əv taɪm/ On a larger scale (quy mô) /skeɪl/, factory waste (chất thải nhà mỏy) /ˈfổk.tər.i weɪst/ is another route (con đường) /ruːt/, as are tyres (lốp xe) /taɪrz/

34 which wear down as cars, lorries and so on travel along road surfaces (mặt đường) /rəʊd ˈsɜː.fɪsɪz/

We already understand (hiểu) /ˌʌn.dəˈstổnd/ some of the impacts (tỏc động) /ˈɪm.pổkts/ of microplastics from studies involving fish (cá) /fɪʃ/ and other animals (động vật) /ˈổn.ɪ.məlz/ There is evidence (bằng chứng) /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ that microplastics harm small creatures in a variety of ways, such as by damaging (làm hỏng) /ˈdổm.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/ their mouths

(miệng) /maʊðz/, or by impairing (làm suy yếu) /ɪmˈpeər.ɪŋ/ their ability to feed (ăn) /fiːd/, for example when microplastics get lodged (bị mắc kẹt) /lɒdʒd/ in their digestive system (hệ tiêu hóa) /daɪˈdʒes.tɪv ˈsɪs.təm/

Surprisingly perhaps, it is likely that humans (con người) /ˈhjuː.mənz/ consume (tiêu thụ) /kənˈsjuːm/ microplastics, as these have been detected (phát hiện) /dɪˈtek.tɪd/ in a wide range of food (thức ăn) /fuːd/ and drink products (sản phẩm đồ uống) /drɪŋk ˈprɒd.ʌkts/, including bottled water (nước đóng chai) /ˈbɒt.əld ˈwɔː.tər/, as well as in water that comes direct (trực tiếp) /dəˈrekt/ from the tap What’s more, salt (muối) /sɒlt/ and many kinds of seafood (hải sản) /ˈsiː.fuːd/ have also been found to contain (chứa đựng) /kənˈteɪn/ microplastics

However, it’s important to underline (nhấn mạnh) /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪn/ that there is not yet conclusive proof (bằng chứng thuyết phục) /kənˈkluː.sɪv pruːf/ that microplastics cause significant harm to people In many countries, including here in the UK, there is legislation

(luật pháp) /ˌledʒ.ɪˈsleɪ.ʃən/ which prevents (ngăn chặn) /prɪˈvents/ manufacturers from adding (thờm vào) /ˈổd.ɪŋ/ plastic microbeads to shower gels (sữa tắm) /ˈʃaʊər dʒelz/, facial cleansers (sữa rửa mặt) /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl ˈklen.zərz/ and toothpaste (kem đánh răng)

It is very difficult to accurately (chớnh xỏc) /ˈổk.jər.ət.li/ estimate (ước tớnh) /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/ the total amount of microplastic particles in the soil as they can be hard to detect (phát hiện) /dɪˈtekt/, but we do know they are carried (được mang đi) /ˈkổr.id/ in the air and deposited

(lắng đọng) /dɪˈpɒz.ɪ.tɪd/ in the soil by rain (mưa) /reɪn/ What’s more, many of the fertilisers

(phân bón) /ˈfɜː.tɪ.laɪ.zərz/ used by both farmers and gardeners contain (chứa) /kənˈteɪn/ microplastics

35 A team from the Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge has carried out a study (nghiên cứu) /ˈstʌd.i/ of the effects of microplastics on the digestive tracts (đường tiêu hóa) /daɪˈdʒes.tɪv trổks/ of earthworms (giun đất) /ˈɜːθ.wɜːmz/ These worms, which live in topsoil (tầng đất mặt) /ˈtɒp.sɔɪl/, are an essential component of our agricultural system (hệ thống nông nghiệp) /ˌổɡ.rɪˈkʌl.tʃər.əl ˈsɪs.təm/ By feeding on (ăn vào) /ˈfiːd.ɪŋ ɒn/ soil, they mix (trộn lẫn) /mɪks/ nutrients (chất dinh dưỡng) /ˈnjuː.tri.ənts/ into it, thereby making it more fertile

The researchers (nhà nghiên cứu) /rɪˈsɜː.tʃərz/ set out to discover (khám phá) /dɪˈskʌv.ər/ whether the introduction (sự đưa vào) /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/ of microplastics into the soil – and the subsequent ingestion (nuốt phải) /ɪnˈdʒes.tʃən/ of these by earthworms – would impact soil quality and ultimately inhibit (cản trở) /ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/ plant growth (sự phát triển) /ɡrəʊθ/

The short answer was, yes, it did After placing (đặt) /ˈpleɪ.sɪŋ/ three different types of microplastic particles (hạt vi nhựa) /ˈpɑː.tɪ.kəlz/ into the soil, they planted (trồng) /ˈplɑːn.tɪd/ perennial rye grass (cỏ lúa mạch lâu năm) /pəˈren.i.əl raɪ ɡrɑːs/ The particles of microplastic, which included biodegradable (phân hủy sinh học) /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.dɪˈɡreɪ.də.bəl/

PLA and conventional high-density polyethylene (polyethylene tỷ trọng cao) /ˌpɒl.iˈeθ.əl.iːn/, or HDPE, were then ingested (nuốt vào) /ɪnˈdʒes.tɪd/ by the earthworms

(giun đất) /ˈɜːθ.wɜːmz/ in the soil The result was that the worms lost weight rapidly (giảm cõn nhanh chúng) /lɒst weɪt ˈrổp.ɪd.li/

What’s more, a lower percentage (tỷ lệ phần trăm) /pəˈsen.tɪdʒ/ than normal of the rye grass seeds (hạt giống) /siːdz/ germinated (nảy mầm) /ˈdʒɜː.mɪ.neɪ.tɪd/, and the researchers concluded (kết luận) /kənˈkluː.dɪd/ that this was a direct result (kết quả trực tiếp) /daɪˈrekt rɪˈzʌlt/ of the earthworms being unable to fulfil (hoàn thành) /fʊlˈfɪl/ their normal role (vai trò) /rəʊl/ in making soil more fertile (màu mỡ) /ˈfɜː.taɪl/ The team also discovered (phát hiện) /dɪˈskʌv.əd/ that there was an increase (sự gia tăng) /ɪnˈkriːs/ in the amount of acid (axit) /ˈổs.ɪd/ found in the soil, and this was attributed (được quy cho) /əˈtrɪb.juː.tɪd/ mainly to the microplastic particles from conventional HDPE plastic (nhựa HDPE thông thường) /eɪtʃˌdiːpiːˈiː ˈplổs.tɪk/

The conclusions (kết luận) /kənˈkluː.ʒənz/ of the study (nghiên cứu) /ˈstʌd.i/ make for very interesting reading (đọc) /ˈriː.dɪŋ/ – I’ve included the reference (tài liệu tham khảo)

36 /ˈref.ər.əns/ in the notes to give you at the end of this session To summarise (tóm tắt) /ˈsʌm.ər.aɪz/, the authors proposed (đề xuất) /prəˈpəʊzd/ the idea that we need to regard

(coi như) /rɪˈɡɑːd/ soil as we would regard any other process (quá trình) /ˈprəʊ.ses/ in nature (tự nhiên) /ˈneɪ.tʃər/ This means we should accept (chấp nhận) /əkˈsept/ the implications (hệ quả) /ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/ of soil being dependent (phụ thuộc) /dɪˈpen.dənt/ on decaying (phõn hủy) /dɪˈkeɪ.ɪŋ/ and dead matter (chất chết) /ded ˈmổt.ər/ constantly being passed (được chuyển qua) /pɑːst/ through the bodies of earthworms That is, when soil becomes impoverished (bị suy thoái) /ɪmˈpɒv.ər.ɪʃt/ by the presence of microplastics, not only ecosystems (hệ sinh thái) /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təmz/ but also the whole of society (xã hội) /səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/ are negatively impacted (bị ảnh hưởng tiờu cực) /ˈneɡ.ə.tɪv.li ɪmˈpổktɪd/.

First day at work

KAEDEN: Hello Charlotte I’m Kaeden, one of the supervisors (người giám sát

/ˈsuːpərvaɪzərz/) Welcome to the team

KAEDEN: It’s Kaeden Q1 CHARLOTTE: I’m so sorry

KAEDEN: Don’t worry People often get my name wrong; they never know how to spell it It’s K-A-E-D-E-N, in case you ever need to write it

CHARLOTTE: I’ll try and remember

KAEDEN: So, there are a few practical things (những việc thực tế /ˈprổktɪkl θɪŋz/) you need to sort out (giải quyết /sɔːrt aʊt/) this morning Then I’ll show you what you’re going to do today

CHARLOTTE: The email I received said to go to the front desk (quầy tiếp tân /frʌnt dɛsk/), to show my letter of appointment (thư bổ nhiệm /ˈlɛtər əv əˈpɔɪntmənt/) and pick up my badge (huy hiệu /bổdʒ/)

KAEDEN: You’ll need that for the staffroom (phũng nhõn viờn /ˈstổfruːm/) and other areas of the supermarket where shoppers (khách mua hàng /ˈʃɒpərz/) aren’t allowed So, after

37 you’ve finished at the front desk, I’ll take you to the staffroom Put your coat (áo khoác

/koʊt/) and rucksack (ba lụ /ˈrʌksổk/) in one of the lockers (tủ khúa /ˈlɒkərz/) there Take whichever one is free Q2

CHARLOTTE: Will I have a key (chìa khóa /kiː/)?

KAEDEN: Yes Try not to lose (làm mất /luːz/) it At the end of the day, leave it in the door for the next person to use

KAEDEN: You also need to go to the HR department (phòng nhân sự /ˌeɪʧ ɑːr dɪˈpɑːrtmənt/) to see Tiffany She’s really helpful

CHARLOTTE: I was told to bring my passport (hộ chiếu /ˈpổspɔːrt/) with me HR need to take a note of the number (số /ˈnʌmbər/) in it Q3

KAEDEN: That’s right Or you can show your ID card (thẻ căn cước /aɪˈdiː kɑːrd/)

CHARLOTTE: I don’t have one of those

KAEDEN: OK Tiffany will give you a uniform (đồng phục /ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/) They have lots in different sizes (kích cỡ /ˈsaɪzɪz/), so you just tell her what you need I won’t come with you to HR – I’ve got to go and sort something else out (giải quyết việc khác /sɔːrt ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɛls aʊt/)

Problem (vấn đề /ˈprɒbləm/) with a bread slicer (máy cắt bánh mì /brɛd ˈslaɪsər/) Q4

CHARLOTTE: Is the HR office (văn phòng nhân sự /ˌeɪʧ ɑːr ˈɒfɪs/) near the staffroom?

KAEDEN: The staffroom’s on the first floor (tầng một /ˈfɜːrst flɔːr/), and HR are a couple of floors above that, on the third floor (tầng ba /θɜːrd flɔːr/) There’s a staircase (cầu thang /ˈstɛərkeɪs/) outside the staffroom Q5

KAEDEN: When you’ve finished with HR, come and find me in the bakery section (khu vực bánh mì /ˈbeɪkəri ˈsɛkʃən/) of the shop

CHARLOTTE: I’m looking forward to getting started

KAEDEN: I’ll just give you my phone number (số điện thoại /foʊn ˈnʌmbər/), in case you can’t find me Have you got your phone (điện thoại /foʊn/) there?

KAEDEN: It’s oh-four-one-two double-six-five nine-oh-three (0412 665 903) Q6 CHARLOTTE: OK, done

KAEDEN: So, Charlotte, your tasks (nhiệm vụ /tɑːsks/) today are in the bakery section (khu vực bánh mì /ˈbeɪkəri ˈsɛkʃən/), on the sushi counter (quầy sushi /ˈsuːʃi ˈkaʊntər/), and on the meat and fish counters (quầy thịt và cá /miːt ənd fɪʃ ˈkaʊntərz/) The first job is to check sell-by dates (ngày bán hết hạn /sɛl-baɪ deɪts/) on the bread and cakes If any of the dates are today’s, put a new price label (nhãn giá /praɪs ˈleɪbəl/) on the packaging (bao bì /ˈpổkɪdʒɪŋ/)

CHARLOTTE: What if any of the labels (nhãn /ˈleɪbəlz/) are yesterday’s dates, or older? Do I throw those items away?

KAEDEN: Yes, but that shouldn’t happen – we check the stock every day When something needs a new price label, put a yellow one on the package, next to the original price *(giá gốc /əˈrɪdʒɪnəl praɪs/) Q7

KAEDEN: After that, you’ll go to the sushi takeaway counter (quầy sushi mang đi /ˈsuːʃi ˈteɪkəweɪ ˈkaʊntər/)

CHARLOTTE: Will I be preparing boxes of food (hộp thức ăn /ˈbɒksɪz əv fuːd/)?

KAEDEN: For today, you’ll just be helping the staff

KAEDEN: You’ll see lots of flat cardboard boxes (hộp bỡa phẳng /flổt ˈkɑːrdbɔːrd ˈbɒksɪz/) at one end of the counter Beneath those is where we keep the plastic boxes (hộp nhựa

/ˈplổstɪk ˈbɒksɪz/) - we run out of those really quickly, so you should bring more from the storeroom *(kho /ˈstɔːrˌruːm/) Q8 CHARLOTTE: Is that my only task on the sushi counter?

KAEDEN: No You also need to clean the area (dọn dẹp khu vực /kliːn ði ˈeərɪə/) where they prepare the dishes There are cloths and bottles of spray (khăn lau và chai xịt /klɒθs ənd ˈbɒtəlz əv spreɪ/) by the sink Oh, and please make sure you clean that too

CHARLOTTE: Sure That’s important *(quan trọng /ɪmˈpɔːrtənt/), isn’t it?

KAEDEN: Absolutely But you mustn’t wash up knives *(rửa dao /wɒʃ ʌp naɪvz/) You have to do some training (đào tạo /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/) before you’re allowed to touch sharp objects *(vật sắc nhọn /ʃɑːrp ˈɒbdʒekts/)

CHARLOTTE: What should I do if there are any?

KAEDEN: Ask someone to put them in the dishwasher *(máy rửa chén /ˈdɪʃˌwɒʃər/)

CHARLOTTE: OK, thanks I don’t want to get anything wrong *(sai /rɒŋ/)

KAEDEN: Don’t worry You’ll be fine *(ổn thôi /faɪn/) And I’ll be around to help

KAEDEN: Finally, the meat and fish counters *(quầy thịt và cá /miːt ənd fɪʃ ˈkaʊntərz/) You need to clean the area (dọn dẹp khu vực /kliːn ði ˈeərɪə/) where staff serve customers

*(phục vụ khách hàng /sɜːrv ˈkʌstəmərz/), including wiping the weighing scales *(lau cân /ˈwaɪpɪŋ ðə ˈweɪɪŋ skeɪlz/)

KAEDEN: The fish is laid on ice *(được đặt trên đá /leɪd ɒn aɪs/), but when that starts to melt, you’ll need to get more from the cold-room *(phòng lạnh /koʊld ruːm/) Q9

CHARLOTTE: I know the staff on the food counters (quầy thức ăn /fuːd ˈkaʊntərz/) wear a hat Will that be the same for me?

KAEDEN: You won’t be serving customers (phục vụ khách hàng /sɜːrvɪŋ ˈkʌstəmərz/) directly, so no But make sure you put on thermal gloves (găng tay nhiệt /ˈθɜːrməl ɡlʌvz/) when you take anything out of the cold-room The temperature’s (nhiệt độ /ˈtemprətʃərz/) low enough in there to get frostbite (bỏng lạnh /ˈfrɔːstbaɪt/) from touching things Q10

CHARLOTTE: Understood *(hiểu rồi /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/).

Training programmes for new runners

My name’s Liz Fuller (Tên riêng /lɪz ˈfʊlər/) and I’m a running coach (huấn luyện viên chạy bộ

/ˈrʌnɪŋ koʊʧ/) with Compton Park Runners Club (Câu lạc bộ Chạy bộ Công viên Compton /ˈkɑːmptən pɑːrk ˈrʌnərz klʌb/)

Welcome to my podcast *(chương trình phát thanh trực tuyến /ˈpɒdkɑːst/) If you’re thinking about taking up running (bắt đầu chạy bộ /ˈteɪkɪŋ ʌp ˈrʌnɪŋ/) – I’m here to help

There are many training programmes (chương trỡnh đào tạo /ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈprəʊɡrổmz/) available online which aim to help people build up to running 5 kilometres *(chạy 5 kilomet /ˈrʌnɪŋ faɪv ˈkɪləˌmiːtərz/) Some of them are great and thousands of people of all ages are

40 taking part in (tham gia vào /ˈteɪkɪŋ pɑːrt ɪn/) 5-kilometre races across the country as a result People like them because they’re easy to follow (dễ làm theo /ˈiːzi tə ˈfɒləʊ/) and don’t push them too hard *(không đẩy họ quá sức /pʊʃ ðəm tuː hɑːrd/) However, they don’t work for everyone – especially if you suffer from (bị mắc phải /ˈsʌfər frəm/) something like a heart condition (bệnh tim /hɑːrt kənˈdɪʃən/) or asthma *(hen suyễn /ˈổsmə/), because they’re aimed at people with average fitness (sức khỏe trung bỡnh /ˈổvərɪdʒ ˈfɪtnɪs/) and running ability *(khả năng chạy bộ /ˈrʌnɪŋ əˈbɪləti/) Another thing is that everyone is different – and if you have any specific questions (câu hỏi cụ thể /spəˈsɪfɪk ˈkwɛstʃənz/) related to your needs, there’s no one to provide any answers (cung cấp câu trả lời /prəˈvaɪd ˈɛni ˈổnsərz/) Q11/12

I have a couple of simple tips I always give to new runners I expect you’ve been told to run very slowly (chậm /ˈsləʊli/) until your fitness (thể lực /ˈfɪtnɪs/) increases – well, I find that can prevent progress *(ngăn cản tiến bộ /prɪˈvɛnt ˈprəʊɡrɛs/) You should run at a speed that feels comfortable *(thoải mái /ˈkʌmftəbəl/), but time yourself (tự căn thời gian /taɪm jɔːrˈsɛlf/) and try to run a bit faster (nhanh hơn /ˈfɑːstər/) each time Listening to music (nghe nhạc /ˈlɪsənɪŋ tə ˈmjuːzɪk/) can be very helpful – it takes your mind off things (làm bạn quên đi mọi thứ /teɪks jɔːr maɪnd ɒf θɪŋz/) and helps your body get into a rhythm *(nhịp điệu /ˈrɪðəm/) I’d say that is better than running with a friend – especially as most people are competitive (cạnh tranh /kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv/) and that’s not what you want when you’re just starting I don’t think the time of day (thời gian trong ngày /taɪm əv deɪ/) is especially important – some people are better in the evening *(buổi tối /ˈiːvnɪŋ/), while others are morning people *(người thích buổi sáng /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ˈpiːpəl/), but you need to be consistent

*(nhất quán /kənˈsɪstənt/), so aim to train regularly *(thường xuyên /ˈrɛɡjʊləli/) Twice a week (hai lần một tuần /twaɪs ə wiːk/) is enough to begin with Q13/14 New members (thành viên mới /njuː ˈmɛmbərz/) often say to me that they’ve been put off running (bỏ chạy bộ /pʊt ɒf ˈrʌnɪŋ/) either because they lack confidence *(thiếu tự tin /lổk ˈkɒnfɪdəns/), or they don’t have time, or they think they dislike running *(không thích chạy bộ /dɪsˈlaɪk ˈrʌnɪŋ/) Ceri *(Tên riêng /ˈsɛri/), for example, joined the club two years ago at the age of 40 She’d always enjoyed running (thích chạy bộ /ɪnˈʤɔɪd ˈrʌnɪŋ/) at school but wasn’t sure if she’d be able to do it She was worried about (lo lắng về /ˈwʌrid əˈbaʊt/) being

41 left behind (bỏ lại phía sau /lɛft bɪˈhaɪnd/) and being the slowest runner *(người chạy chậm nhất /ˈsləʊɪst ˈrʌnər/) But she says she was made to feel so welcome (chào đón

/ˈwɛlkəm/) she soon forgot all about that Q15

James (Tên riêng /ʤeɪmz/) had always hated the idea (ghét ý tưởng /ˈheɪtɪd ði aɪˈdɪə/) of running but a friend encouraged (động viên /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒd/) him to come along for a taster session (buổi thử nghiệm /ˈteɪstər ˈsɛʃən/) and he hasn’t looked back He never misses a training session (bỏ lỡ buổi tập luyện /ˈmɪsɪz ə ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈsɛʃən/) despite having a really demanding job *(cụng việc đũi hỏi cao /dɪˈmổndɪŋ ʤɒb/) Q16

Leo (Tên riêng /ˈliːoʊ/) was worried about having to commit himself (cam kết /kəˈmɪt hɪmˈsɛlf/) to training sessions every week and wasn’t sure he’d be able to fit training into his busy schedule *(xếp lịch tập vào lịch trình bận rộn của mình /fɪt ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈɪntuː hɪz ˈbɪzi ˈʃɛdjuːl/) But after experiencing a lot of stress (căng thẳng /strɛs/) at work he came along to us and gave it a go Now he says he feels much more relaxed (thư gión /rɪˈlổkst/) and he looks forward to (mong chờ /lʊks ˈfɔːrwərd tʊ/) his weekly run Q17 Mark (Tên riêng /mɑːrk/) is quite typical (điển hình /ˈtɪpɪkəl/) of our new members He’s never considered himself to be a sporty person (người yêu thể thao /ˈspɔːrti ˈpɜːrsən/) and it was only when he retired (nghỉ hưu /rɪˈtaɪərd/) that he decided to take up the challenge (đún nhận thử thỏch /teɪk ʌp ðə ˈʧổlɪndʒ/) of trying to run 5 kilometres It took him months to find the courage (dũng cảm /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/) to contact us but felt reassured (được trấn an /ˌriːəˈʃʊrd/) immediately as there were other people his age who were only just taking up running (bắt đầu chạy bộ /ˈteɪkɪŋ ʌp ˈrʌnɪŋ/) for the first time Q18

My own journey (hành trình /ˈdʒɜːrni/) hasn’t been easy *(dễ dàng /ˈiːzi/) I did my first marathon (cuộc chạy marathon /ˈmổrəθən/) when I was 37, after having had two kids My husband had been running marathons (chạy marathon /ˈrʌnɪŋ ˈmổrəθənz/) for years, but I never dreamed (mơ ước /driːmd/) I’d be doing one with him I managed to complete (hoàn thành /kəmˈpliːt/) it in four hours, but I felt like giving up (bỏ cuộc /ˈɡɪvɪŋ ʌp/) halfway through - it was only the support of the spectators (sự ủng hộ của khán giả /səˈpɔːrt əv ðə spɛkˈteɪtərz/) that kept me going Q19

I do think signing up for a race (đăng ký một cuộc đua /ˈsaɪnɪŋ ʌp fər ə reɪs/) of whatever length is motivating (tạo động lực /ˈmoʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/) – whether it’s 5K or 25K (5 km hay 25 km

/faɪv keɪ ɔːr ˈtwenti faɪv keɪ/) – because it’s good to have something to work towards (hướng tới /wɜːrk təˈwɔːrdz/) and it gives you a sense of achievement *(cảm giác đạt được /sɛns əv əˈʧiːvmənt/) I did my first 10K after only six months, which was certainly very challenging

(thử thỏch /ˈʧổlɪndʒɪŋ/) and not something I’d necessarily recommend (khuyờn /ˌrekəˈmɛnd/) But after you’ve been training (đào tạo, huấn luyện /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/) for a few weeks, it’s worth putting your name down (đăng ký tên /ˈpʊtɪŋ jɔːr neɪm daʊn/) for a 5K – some people find they only need a few practice runs (chạy thử /ˈprổktɪs rʌnz/) before taking part in a race, but I’d give yourself a couple of months at least Q20

Types of books

KIERAN: So Jane – you’ll be off to Denmark (Đan Mạch /ˈdenmɑːrk/) soon to do your work placement (thực tập /wɜːrk ˈpleɪsmənt/)

JANE: Yes, I’m really looking forward to (mong đợi /ˈlʊkɪŋ ˈfɔːrwərd tʊ/) it and I’ve just started packing up (đúng gúi /ˈpổkɪŋ ʌp/) all my books to put in storage (cất giữ /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/)

KIERAN: Well, I hope they don’t get spoilt (bị hỏng /spɔɪlt/)

JANE: It’s OK – my grandfather (ụng nội/ngoại /ˈɡrổnfɑːðər/) works in a bookshop (hiệu sỏch /ˈbʊkʃɒp/) and he told me how to pack (đúng gúi /pổk/) them

KIERAN: Oh, that’s helpful (hữu ích /ˈhɛlpfl/)

JANE: He says you have to support the spine (hỗ trợ gáy sách /səˈpɔːrt ðə spaɪn/) otherwise the paper can come away (giấy cú thể tỏch ra /ˈpeɪpər kổn kʌm əˈweɪ/) from the cover

KIERAN: Yeah – that’s obvious (rõ ràng /ˈɒbvɪəs/)

JANE: He also told me to pack them flat (đúng gúi chỳng phẳng /pổk ðəm flổt/) in the box not on their side – again because they can bend (uốn cong /bɛnd/) and if you leave them like that for, say, a year, it’s quite hard to get them back to their normal shape (hình dạng ban đầu

KIERAN: Well, it’s pretty clear that ruins (làm hỏng /ˈruːɪnz/) them, but a lot of people just can’t be bothered (quan tâm /ˈbɒðərd/) to protect (bảo vệ /prəˈtɛkt/) their books

JANE: He always says it’s such a shame (điều đáng tiếc /ʃeɪm/) that publishers (nhà xuất bản /ˈpʌblɪʃərz/) don’t use better-quality paper (giấy /ˈpeɪpər/)

KIERAN: It’s the acid (axit /ˈổsɪd/) in the paper that causes the problem, isn’t it?

JANE: Yeah – that’s why old books (sách cũ /oʊld bʊks/) go yellow *(vàng /ˈjɛloʊ/) You know some of the books my grandfather’s (ụng của tụi /ˈɡrổnfɑːðərz/) given me are like that already

KIERAN: Oh JANE: I should dump (vứt bỏ /dʌmp/) them really if they’re going to deteriorate (xuống cấp

/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/) further, but I’d feel bad They’ll always remind me of (nhắc nhở tôi về /rɪˈmaɪnd miː əv/) him He’s quite a collector, you know Q22 (người sưu tập /kəˈlɛktər/)

KIERAN: Well, if they’re important (quan trọng /ɪmˈpɔːrtənt/) to you JANE: Yeah – I’d regret (hối hận /rɪˈɡrɛt/) just throwing them away (vứt bỏ chúng /ˈθroʊɪŋ ðɛm əˈweɪ/)

KIERAN: You know, maybe it’s because I was taught to treasure (trân trọng /ˈtrɛʒər/) books but I hate (ghét /heɪt/) seeing students force open (mở mạnh /fɔːrs ˈoʊpən/) the pages – of paperbacks *(sỏch bỡa mềm /ˈpeɪpərˌbổks/) They press (nhấn /prɛs/) so hard they end up breaking the spine (làm gãy gáy sách /ˈbreɪkɪŋ ðə spaɪn/)

JANE: I know, but unfortunately, paperbacks aren’t designed to last a long time (kéo dài lâu

/lổst ə lɔːŋ taɪm/) and people know that Hardbacks (sỏch bỡa cứng /ˈhɑːrdbổks/) aren’t quite as weak (yếu /wiːk/)

KIERAN: Yeah, they’re different, I suppose But I still don’t think people value (đánh giá cao

/ˈvổljuː/) hardbacks like they used to

JANE: Well, they aren’t decorative *(trang trí /ˈdɛkərətɪv/), are they, like other objects Plus, nowadays, people don’t keep them out on shelves (kệ /ʃɛlvz/) as much as they used to

KIERAN: That’s such a pity *(đáng tiếc /ˈpɪti/) When I visit someone – if they have, say, a colorful book (cuốn sách màu sắc /ˈkʌlərfəl bʊk/) on a table, it’s the first thing I’m drawn to

*(bị thu hút /drɔːn tuː/) Q23

JANE: I agree (đồng ý /əˈɡriː/) – and book covers (bìa sách /bʊk ˈkʌvərz/) can be a work of art (tác phẩm nghệ thuật /wɜːrk əv ɑːrt/) in themselves Some are really eye-catching (bắt mắt /ˈaɪˌkổʧɪŋ/)

KIERAN: I’ve always been taught to handle books carefully *(cầm sỏch cẩn thận /ˈhổndl bʊks ˈkeəfli/) If you watch someone take a book off a shelf, well, they usually do it wrong

JANE: Ah, my grandfather (ụng của tụi /ˈɡrổnfɑːðər/) says, you should put your hand right over the top of the book *(trên đầu sách /tɒp əv ðə bʊk/) or if you can’t do that, pull the other books on the shelf aside (sang một bên /əˈsaɪd/) so that you can hold the whole cover (toàn bộ bìa sách /hoʊl ˈkʌvər/)

KIERAN: When did you learn all this (học tất cả những điều này /lɜːrn ɔːl ðɪs/)?

JANE: He watched me pull a heavy book (cuốn sách nặng /ˈhɛvi bʊk/) off the shelf when I was small, and it fell on the floor (rơi xuống sàn /fɛl ɒn ðə flɔːr/) and broke apart *(vỡ ra

KIERAN: I can still remember (nhớ /rɪˈmɛmbər/) it!

JANE: You know what I really like?

JANE: The smell of new books (mùi của sách mới /smɛl əv njuː bʊks/)

JANE: My parents (bố mẹ tôi /ˈpɛrənts/) used to laugh at me when I was a kid because I loved putting books up to my nose *(mũi /noʊz/) Almost as much as reading them!

KIERAN: New books (sách mới /njuː bʊks/) aren’t cheap *(rẻ /ʧiːp/), though, are they? Q25

JANE: I guess we’re lucky we can buy (mua /baɪ/) them

Tree planting

Tree planting (trồng cõy /triː ˈplổntɪŋ/) now dominates (chiếm ưu thế /ˈdɒmɪneɪts/) political (chính trị /pəˈlɪtɪkəl/) and popular agendas (chương trình nghị sự phổ biến

/ˈpɒpjʊlər əˈʤɛndəz/) and is often presented as an easy answer to the climate crisis

*(khủng hoảng khí hậu /ˈklaɪmət ˈkraɪsɪs/), as well as a way for business corporations (tập đoàn kinh doanh /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃənz/) to offset (bù đắp /ˈɒfsɛt/) their carbon emissions *(lượng khí thải carbon /ˈkɑːbən ɪˈmɪʃənz/) But unfortunately, tree planting isn’t as straightforward

(đơn giản /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd/) as some people think When the wrong trees (cây không phù hợp /rɒŋ triːz/) are planted in the wrong place *(địa điểm không phù hợp /rɒŋ pleɪs/), it can do considerably more damage than good *(gõy hại nhiều hơn lợi /kənˈsɪdərəblɪ mɔː ˈdổmɪdʒ ðổn ɡʊd/), failing to help either people or the environment (mụi trường /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/)

Reforestation projects (dự án tái trồng rừng /ˌriːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən ˈprɒʤɛkts/) are currently being undertaken (thực hiện /ˌʌndərˈteɪkən/) on a huge scale in many countries and it’s crucial

(quan trọng /ˈkruːʃəl/) that the right trees are selected A mix of species (sự pha trộn của các loài /mɪks əv ˈspiːʃiz/) should always be planted, typical of the local natural forest ecosystem (hệ sinh thái rừng /ˈfɒrɪst ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/) and including rare and endangered species (các loài quý hiếm và có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd ˈspiːʃiz/) in order to create a rich ecosystem *(hệ sinh thái /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/) It’s important to avoid non-native species (các loài ngoại lai /nɒn-ˈneɪtɪv ˈspiːʃiz/) that could become invasive *(xâm lấn

47 /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/) Invasive species (các loài xâm lấn /ɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiːʃiz/) are a significant contributor to the current global biodiversity crisis (khủng hoảng đa dạng sinh học toàn cầu

/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪti ˈkraɪsɪs/) and are often in competition (cạnh tranh /ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃən/) with native species and may threaten (đe dọa /ˈθrɛtn/) their long-term survival Q31

Restoring biodiversity (khôi phục đa dạng sinh học /rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪti/) that will maximise carbon capture (tối đa húa việc hấp thụ carbon /ˈmổksɪmaɪz ˈkɑːbən ˈkổptʃər/) is key when reforesting an area, but ideally any reforestation project should have several goals *(mục tiêu /ɡəʊlz/) These could include selecting trees that can contribute to wildlife conservation *(bảo tồn động vật hoang dã /ˈwaɪldlaɪf ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/), improve the availability of food for the local community (cung cấp thực phẩm cho cộng đồng địa phương

/fuːd fər ðə ˈloʊkəl kəˈmjuːnɪti/) and maintain the stability of soil systems *(duy trì sự ổn định của hệ thống đất /meɪnˈteɪn ðə stəˈbɪlɪti əv sɔɪl ˈsɪstəmz/) Meeting as many of these goals as possible, whilst doing no harm to local communities, native ecosystems and vulnerable species, is the sign of a highly successful tree-planting scheme *(kế hoạch trồng cõy /triː-ˈplổntɪŋ skiːm/) To ensure the survival (sự sống sút /səˈvaɪvəl/) and resilience

(khả năng phục hồi /rɪˈzɪlɪəns/) of a planted forest, it’s vital to use tree seeds with appropriate levels of genetic diversity *(đa dạng di truyền /ʤɪˈnɛtɪk daɪˈvɜːsɪti/): the amount of genetic variation found within a species essential for their survival Using seeds with low genetic diversity generally lowers the resilience (khả năng phục hồi /rɪˈzɪlɪəns/) of restored forests, which can make them vulnerable (dễ bị tổn thương /ˈvʌlnərəbl/) to disease (bệnh tật /dɪˈziːz/) and unable to adapt to climate change *(thích nghi với biến đổi khí hậu

Choosing the right location (lựa chọn địa điểm phù hợp /ˈʧuːzɪŋ ðə raɪt loʊˈkeɪʃən/) for reforestation projects (dự án tái trồng rừng /ˌriːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən ˈprɒʤɛkts/) is as important as choosing the right trees Ultimately *(cuối cùng /ˈʌltɪmətli/), the best area for planting trees would be in formerly forested areas (các khu vực trước đây có rừng /ˈfɔːrmərli ˈfɔːrɪstɪd ˈɛəriəz/) that are in poor condition *(điều kiện kém /pʊr kənˈdɪʃən/) It’s better to avoid non- forested landscapes (cảnh quan khụng cú rừng /nɒn-ˈfɔːrɪstɪd ˈlổndskeɪps/) such as natural grasslands *(đồng cỏ tự nhiờn /ˈnổʧrəl ˈɡrổslổndz/), savannas (savanna

/səˈvổnəz/) or wetlands (đầm lầy /ˈwetləndz/) as these ecosystems already contribute

48 greatly to capturing carbon *(hấp thụ carbon /ˈkổpʧərɪŋ ˈkɑːbən/) It would also be advantageous (cú lợi /ˌổdvənˈteɪdʒəs/) to choose an area where trees could provide other benefits, such as recreational spaces *(không gian giải trí /ˌrekriˈeɪʃənəl ˈspeɪsɪz/)

Reforesting areas (tái trồng rừng ở các khu vực /ˌriːˈfɒrɪstɪŋ ˈɛəriəz/) which are currently exploited for agriculture (bị khai thỏc cho nụng nghiệp /ɪkˈsplɔɪtɪd fɔːr ˈổɡrɪkʌlʧər/) should be avoided as this often leads to other areas being deforested *(phá rừng /ˌdiːˈfɔːrɪstɪd/)

Large-scale reforestation projects (dự án tái trồng rừng quy mô lớn /ˈlɑːrʤ skeɪl ˌriːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən ˈprɒʤɛkts/) require careful planning *(lập kế hoạch cẩn thận /ˈkeəfəl ˈplổnɪŋ/) Making the right decisions about where to plant trees depends on having the right information *(thông tin /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/) Having detailed and up-to-date maps (bản đồ chi tiết và cập nhật /mổps/) identifying high-priority areas (khu vực ưu tiờn cao /haɪ praɪˈɒrəti ˈɛəriəz/) for intervention (can thiệp /ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən/) is essential *(cần thiết /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/) Q35

Drone technology (công nghệ máy bay không người lái /droʊn tɛkˈnɒləʤi/) is a useful tool in helping to prioritise (ưu tiên /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/) and monitor (giám sát /ˈmɒnɪtər/) areas of degraded forest (rừng bị suy thoái /dɪˈgreɪdɪd ˈfɒrɪst/) for restoration *(phục hồi

/ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən/) In Brazil, it’s being used to identify and quantify (xác định và định lượng

/aɪˈdɛntɪfaɪ ənd ˈkwɒntɪfaɪ/) how parts of the Amazon (rừng Amazon /ˈổməzən/) are being devastated (tàn phá /ˈdɛvəsteɪtɪd/) by human activities such as rearing cattle (chăn nuôi gia sỳc /ˈrɪərɪŋ ˈkổtəl/) and illegal logging *(khai thỏc gỗ bất hợp phỏp /ɪˈliːɡəl ˈlɒɡɪŋ/) Q36

A good example of where the right trees (cây phù hợp /raɪt triːz/) were picked to achieve a restored forest (phục hồi rừng /rɪˈstɔːrd ˈfɒrɪst/) is in Lampang Province (Tỉnh Lampang /ˈlổmpổŋ ˈprɒvɪns/) in Northern Thailand *(miền Bắc Thỏi Lan /ˈnɔːrðərn ˈtaɪlổnd/) A previously forested site which had been degraded (suy thoái /dɪˈgreɪdɪd/) through mining

(khai thác mỏ /ˈmaɪnɪŋ/) was reforested (tái trồng rừng /ˌriːˈfɒrɪstɪd/) by a cement company together with Chiang Mai University After spreading 60 cm of topsoil *(phủ 60 cm lớp đất mặt /ˈsprɛdɪŋ ˈsɪkstɪ ˈsɛn.tɪˌmiː.tərz əv ˈtɒpsɔɪl/), they planted 14 different native tree species (loài cây bản địa /ˈneɪtɪv triː ˈspiːʃiz/) which included several species of fig *(các loài sung /ˈspiːʃiz əv fɪɡ/) Figs (quả sung /fɪɡz/) are a keystone species (loài chủ chốt

/ˈkiːstoʊn ˈspiːʃiz/) because of the critical role (vai trò quan trọng /ˈkrɪtɪkəl roʊl/) they play in maintaining wildlife populations *(duy trì quần thể động vật hoang dã /meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ ˈwaɪldlaɪf ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃənz/) They are central to tropical reforestation projects (trung tâm của các dự án tái trồng rừng nhiệt đới /ˈsɛntrəl tə ˈtrɒpɪkəl ˌriːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən ˈprɒʤɛkts/) as they accelerate (tăng tốc /əkˈsɛləreɪt/) the speed of the recovery process (quá trình phục hồi /rɪˈkʌvəri ˈprəʊsɛs/) by attracting animals and birds (thu hút động vật và chim /əˈtrổktɪŋ ˈổnɪməlz ənd bɜːrdz/) which act as natural seed dispersers *(những vật phỏt tỏn hạt giống tự nhiờn /ˈnổʧrəl siːd dɪˈspɜːrsəz/) Q37 This helps to promote diversity (thỳc đẩy đa dạng /prəˈmoʊt daɪˈvɜːrsɪti/) through the healthy regrowth (tái sinh /riˈɡroʊθ/) of a wide range of plant species *(cỏc loài thực vật /plổnt ˈspiːʃiz/) Unlike the majority of fruit trees