RADIOISOTOPES – APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCE Edited by Nirmal Singh Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science Edited by Nirmal Singh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science, Edited by Nirmal Singh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-748-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Radioisotopes and Radiations in Bioscience 1 Chapter 1 Medical Radioisotopes Production: A Comprehensive Cross-Section Study for the Production of Mo and Tc Radioisotopes Via Proton Induced Nuclear Reactions on nat Mo 3 A. A. Alharbi, A. Azzam, M. McCleskey, B. Roeder, A. Spiridon,E. Simmons, V.Z. Goldberg, A. Banu, L. Trache and R. E. Tribble Chapter 2 Use of Radioactive Precursors for Biochemical Characterization the Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids in Intraerythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum 27 Emilia A. Kimura, Gerhard Wunderlich, Fabiana M. Jordão, Renata Tonhosolo, Heloisa B. Gabriel, Rodrigo A. C. Sussmann, Alexandre Y. Saito and Alejandro M. Katzin Chapter 3 Radioisotopes and Nanomedicine 47 Nathan C. Sheets and Andrew Z. Wang Chapter 4 Use of Radiation and Isotopes in Insects 67 Thiago Mastrangelo and Julio Walder Chapter 5 Radioisotopes in Drug Research and Development: Focus on Positron Emission Tomography 93 Sosuke Miyoshi, Keisuke Mitsuoka, Shintaro Nishimura and Stephan A. Veltkamp Chapter 6 Application of Radioisotopes in Biochemical Analyses: Metal Binding Proteins and Metal Transporters 115 Miki Kawachi, Nahoko Nagasaki-Takeuchi, Mariko Kato and Masayoshi Maeshima VI Contents Chapter 7 Undesirable Radioisotopes Induced by Therapeutic Beams from Medical Linear Accelerators 127 Adam Konefał Chapter 8 The Use of Radioisotopes to Characterise the Abnormal Permeability of Red Blood Cells from Sickle Cell Patients 151 Anke Hannemann, Urszula Cytlak, Robert J. Wilkins, J. Clive Ellory, David C. Rees and John S. Gibson Chapter 9 Boron Studies in Interdisciplinary Fields Employing Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs) 173 László Sajo-Bohus, Eduardo D. Greaves and József K. Pálfalvi Part 2 Radioisotopes and Radiology in Medical Science 197 Chapter 10 Production and Selection of Metal PET Radioisotopes for Molecular Imaging 199 Suzanne V. Smith, Marian Jones and Vanessa Holmes Chapter 11 Radiolabelled Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer 225 Dimple Chopra Chapter 12 3-Dimensional CT Lymphography in Identifying the Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer 249 Junko Honda, Chieko Hirose, Masako Takahashi, Sonoka Hisaoka, Miyuki Kanematsu, Yoshimi Bando and Mitsunori Sasa Chapter 13 Nuclear Medicine in the Imaging and Management of Breast Cancer 259 Luciano Izzo, Sara Savelli, Andrea Stagnitti and Mario Marini Chapter 14 Axillary Reverse Mapping in Breast Cancer 273 Masakuni Noguchi, Miki Yokoi, Yasuharu Nakano, Yukako Ohno and Takeo Kosaka Chapter 15 Lymphedema: Clinical Picture, Diagnosis and Management 289 Tanja Planinšek Ručigaj and Vesna Tlaker Žunter Chapter 16 Targeting the Causes of Intractable Chronic Constipation in Children: The Nuclear Transit Study (NTS) 305 Yee Ian Yik, David J. Cook, Duncan M. Veysey, Stephen J. Rutkowski, Coral F. Tudball, Brooke S. King, Timothy M. Cain, Bridget R. Southwell and John M. Hutson Preface Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different atomic mass due to a different number of neutrons in their nuclei with the identical number of protons. Some isotopes are unstable due to a specific combination of neutrons and protons which occurs naturally or can be artificially produced by bombarding the target atoms with neutrons in a nuclear reactor or with charged particles in an accelerator. These unstable nuclei attain their stability by emitting nuclear radiations such as neutrons, alpha particles, beta (positron/electron) or gamma rays and are termed as radioisotopes, while the term radioactivity is used to describe these spontaneous, energy emitting, atomic transitions that involve changes in the state of the nucleus of an atom. Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in l896 when he was investigating the fluorescence of a double sulphate of uranium and potassium, using a photographic plate. Marie Curie coined the word radioactivitè, investigated this property in a number of minerals containing uranium, which she found to be more active and subsequently polonium was discovered. Readers are referred to read more in NCRP Report No.58, A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements and Procedures. Radiation from radioisotopes plays a very important role in all fields, useful in our life such as soil and earth science, radioactive dating, environment, archeology, agriculture, biochemical analysis, radiotherapy and cancer treatment, medical diagnosis, nuclear medicine, biological sciences, sterilization of medical products, non- destructive elemental analysis and testing of materials, oceanography, pharmaceutical, radioisotope power systems for space applications and many more. The basic aim of the book is to present a very comprehensive review. Applications of radioisotopes have been reviewed and compiled in chapters contributed by world known authors in their respective specialized fields of research. The book contains two sections: Radiations in Bioscience and Radiology in Medical Science. InTech Open Access Publisher has put in a lot of effort to complete the task of publication for the immense benefit of the scientific and technical community as well as to fulfill their social obligation and serve mankind all over the world. With this background I acknowledge the contributions put in these volumes by my expert X Preface colleagues and I endorse my special thanks to InTech Open Access Publisher for assigning me the job as an editor and for giving me an opportunity to review the all chapters published in this book. Nirmal Singh Emeritus Professor, Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh India [...]... extensively in the field of nuclear medicine in three main branches The largest and the most common type involve diagnostic procedures in which a radionuclide in a chemically suitable form is administered to the patient, and the distribution of the radioactivity in the body is determined by an external radiation detector (Qaim, 2008) The results are in the form of image of the involved organ, which provides information... 140.5 keV γ-line was the sum of the γ-line from the daughter 99mTc and from 90Nb We deduced the activities of 140.5 16 Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science and 141.2keV γ-lines from the independent γ-lines of 99Mo and 90Nb, respectively; an excellent agreement was obtained when compared with the results of radioactive decay curve 2.6 Cross section calculations and uncertainty The reaction... properties to be used in monitoring process This Cu foil was irradiated simultaneously with the main target foils 12 Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science and then analyzed with the same gamma ray spectrometer in a comparable geometry Thus, the ratio (αexp) between the measured cross section values for the 63Cu(p,n)63Zn and 63Cu(p,2n)62Zn nuclear reactions can be calculated using equation (1)... spectrum with identified γlines covering the energy range up to 1350 keV Table 6 shows the contributing reactions and the decay data of all the investigated radionuclides, which were taken from the Table of Isotopes (Firestone, 1998 and T-16, Nuclear Physics Group, LANL 1997) 14 Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science Fig 6 A calibrated Gamma ray spectrum with identified γ-lines Nuclide Half life... monitor and the target foils intercepted the beam The irradiation geometry used guaranteed that practically the whole beam passed through every foil The secondary effect 10 Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science of the interactions of the secondary produce neutrons with the molybdenum targets was checked by placing some foils in the end of the stack far behind the range of the fully stopped... 849.92 keV and Medical Radioisotopes Production: A Comprehensive Cross-Section Study for the nat Production of Mo and Tc Radioisotopes Via Proton Induced Nuclear Reactions on Mo 19 871.08 keV as listed in Table 6 Mainly we used the 702.63 keV γ-line, which has no interference with any other γ-lines from any other produced isotopes in a cooling time of about 5 hours, to determine the cross section for... of annihilation The most important clinical role of PET is in oncology, with a suitable fluorine-18 labelled compound as the tracer, since it has been found to be the best non-invasive method of detecting and evaluating most cancers It is also well used in cardiac and brain imaging (Qaim, et al., 1993) The radiation therapy is often done by using external beams of protons, neutrons, electrons, or photons... and 201Tl (Lamberecht, 1979; Qaim, 2001) A number of isotopes as shown in Table 1 are technically available for use in medical applications (Troyer & Schenter, 2009) 6 Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science Purpose Accelerator-produced Reactor-produced Therapeutic Isotopes 64 Cu, 67Cu, 77Br, 88mBr, 88Y, 89Zr, 103Pd, 11 1In, 124I, 186Re, 211At 32 Diagnostic Isotopes 11 C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 55Fe,... 1 Introduction 1.1 Radioisotopes in nuclear medicine Nowadays, many different stable and radioactive isotopes, each with unique physical and chemical properties, play significant roles in technological applications of importance to our modern society and are substantial to scientific research One of the most common applications is the use of the radioisotopes in medicine Medical radioisotopes are used... Part 1 Radioisotopes and Radiations in Bioscience 1 Medical Radioisotopes Production: A Comprehensive Cross-Section Study for the Production of Mo and Tc Radioisotopes Via Proton Induced Nuclear Reactions on natMo 1Faculty A A Alharbi1,2 et al.* of Sciences, Physics Department, Princess Nora University Riyadh, 2Cyclotron institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 1Saudi Arabia, 2USA 1 Introduction . RADIOISOTOPES – APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCE Edited by Nirmal Singh Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science Edited by Nirmal Singh . 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Radioisotopes – Applications. of isotopes as shown in Table 1 are technically available for use in medical applications (Troyer & Schenter, 2009). Radioisotopes – Applications in Bio-Medical Science 6 Purpose Accelerator-produced