research proposal criticalanalysis of the right kind of language

Natural languages are either spoken or signed; however, any language may be encoded into secondary media utilizing aural, visual, or tactile inputs, such as writing, whistling, signing,

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT KIND OF LANGUAGE

CLASS : BUSINESS ANALYTICS 64

SUBJECT : ORAL COMMUNICATION

LECTURER : PHAM THI THANH THUY

GROUP MEMBER : BE THAO NGAN

NGUYEN LE MINH CHAU PHAM LINH CHI

TRAN DINH KHANH NGUYEN MINH NGOC NGUYEN DUC ANH TRAN HOANG DUNG

Ha Noi, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENT

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A Definition of language:

Language is an organized communication system consisting of grammar and vocabulary It is the fundamental mechanism through which people convey meaning, both in spoken and in writing, and it may also be communicated through sign languages The great majority of human languages have evolved writing systems that enable the recording and preservation of linguistic sounds or signals Human language

is distinguished by its cultural and historical diversity, with considerable differences noted across cultures and time Human languages have the productivity and displacement features that allow for the development of an unlimited number of sentences as well as the ability to refer to things, events, and concepts that are not immediately present in the discourse The use of human language relies on social convention and is acquired through learning

Meanwhile, the world's human language count ranges between 5000 and 7000 Natural languages are either spoken or signed; however, any language may be encoded into secondary media utilizing aural, visual, or tactile inputs, such as writing, whistling, signing, or braille In other words, while human language is modality- independent, written or signed language is the means through which real human speech or gestures are inscribed or encoded

2, Feature and elements of spoken language

¢ Spoken language is often contrasted with written language, and indeed, the two have some notable differences In all human cultures, spoken language predates written language Written language is a representation of spoken language that often follows its own rules and conventions One may, or may not, be able to infer these conventions simply by listening to a spoken language Not all spoken languages have written counterparts, depending on the cultural and linguistic history of the speakers

¢ Here are some elements of spoken language:

Element of | Explanation Example

Spoken

Language

Adjacency Adjacency pairs are sets of verbal Greetings like

pairs expressions that almost always go "How are you?" "Fine,

together They are a kind of stock how are you?"

greeting or question and answer that and

facilitate conversational turn-taking and) "Have a good day!" politeness "Thank you, you too!"

are both adjacency pairs

Backchannels Backchannels are a conversation | "Uh-huh"

technique where the listener interjects| "I see"

with short sounds, words, and phrases to | "No way!"

demonstrate appropriate attention and

interest Their frequency varies from one

culture to another

Deixis Deistic expressions are words and Words with context-

phrases that do not have a clear meaning | dependent meanings

on their own, but are strongly informed

by context This makes them great ways

to have efficient conversation within an

understood context because of their

flexibility

Discourse markers allow speakers to

organize and connect their thoughts and

utterances while speaking These

markers can be very formal or very

speech informal, depending on the

utterance in question

Speakers often try to find a quicker way

to say what they want to say They can

do this by omitting, or eliding, certain

sounds from words The words remain

comprehensible, but they are faster and

easier to say

A hedge is a word or phrase that allows a

speaker to convey Inexactness or

uncertainty Hedges can be used for

politeness, evasion, or simply as a quick

way to make listeners understand that

the information being given is imprecise

Non-fluency features are also called

false starts or self-correction They occur

when people are not quite certain of

what they want to say or when they

make a mistake

include "he" "those,"

"that," “enough,” and

"over."

Formal examples include "furthermore" and "meanwhile." Informal examples include "So," "Anyway,"

"And then "

Contractions like "I've" and "they'll," shortened

+ utterances like "wanna" and "gonna."

Prosodic Prosodic features are things like rhythm Intonation (the rise and features and intonation that contribute to subtle fall of a voice in

meanings in speech They can serve to) speech), rhythm, stress, convey uncertainty, anger, enthusiasm, and tempo are all humor, and much more prosodic features Vague Vague language that conveys little "Whatever,"

language information is usually to be avoided in| "Something like "

writing In conversation, however, it can

help set people at ease, allow them to

gloss over insignificant details, and

create a more casual rapport

II Written language

I Definition

Written language is the written form of communication which includes both reading and writing Although written language may at first be considered to simply be oral language in its written form, the two are quite different in that oral language rules are innate whereas written language is acquired through explicit education

Many definitions of language have been proposed Henry Sweet, an English phonetician and language scholar, stated: “Language is the expression of ideas by means of speech-sounds combined into words Words are combined into sentences, this combination answering to that of ideas into thoughts.” The American linguists Bernard Bloch and George L Trager formulated the following definition: “A language

is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” Any succinct definition of language makes a number of presuppositions and begs a

number of questions The first, for example, puts excessive weight on “thought,” and the second uses “arbitrary” in a specialized, though legitimate, way

When we speak of written language, written language or written communication, we generally refer to the transmission of verbal information through writing technology,

in its different possible physical supports In other words, we refer to the transmission

of a written message from a sender to a receiver, thanks to some verbal language registration technique

Writing, as we know, was one of the great inventions of humanity, which allowed messages, data and instructions to be saved for much longer than the time necessary to transmit them orally

2, History

e Early Pictograms and Ideograms (c 3300 BCE):

o Early forms of written language began with pictorial symbols (pictograms) and ideograms that represented basic concepts and objects

o Used by civilizations like the Sumerians and Egyptians for record- keeping

¢ Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics (c 3200 BCE):

o The Sumerians developed cuneiform, a system of wedge-shaped marks

on clay tablets

o Egyptians used hieroglyphics with stylized pictures and symbols

¢ Alphabets and Scripts (c 2000 BCE):

o The Phoenicians created one of the first alphabets, which became the basis for the Greek and Latin scripts

o Writing systems evolved to represent individual sounds or phonemes

¢ Chinese Script (c 14th century BCE):

o Chinese writing used logograms (characters representing words or morphemes) and remains in use today

o Middle Ages and Manuscripts (c 5th to 15th centuries CE):

o Writing and literacy were concentrated in religious institutions during the Middle Ages

o Manuscripts, often illuminated, were copied by scribes

e Printing Press (15th century CE):

© Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press revolutionized written language by making books widely accessible

¢ Modern Digital Age (20th century CE to present):

o Computers and digital technology transformed how written language is created, stored, and shared

o Word processing, the internet, and electronic publishing have revolutionized communication

In fact, the first forms of writing (cuneiform writing) appeared on clay tablets, on which what needed to be recorded was engraved with a sharp object Later, leather of animal origin, vegetable fibers, papers of different kinds and, in recent times, electronic screens and word processing software were used

In other words, writing is a human technology, and unlike speech, it is not natural and spontaneous in the species In fact, writing was created around 3,300 BC C., when civilization already had tens of thousands of years of existence

This is precisely why we first learn to speak and then to write (and not the other way around), since writing, as defined by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857- 1913), is “a second system of representation of thought”: that that we think we represent first in sound, and then in graphics that in turn represent those sounds, that

is, writing

Written language was first and foremost used by the wealthy and the educated by the Sumerians in the Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq) In early medieval times, this was usually church priests and the odd king This meant that written language became the language of the educated and did not necessarily represent the way normal people speak This means, therefore, there is often a large distinction between written language and spoken language

Modern technology has increased the gap between the two As well as mixing in modern slang and terms into the written lexicon, modern technology has seen a fad where people abbreviate and contradict phrases

BFF: "Best Friends Forever" is used to describe a close friendship

IDK: "I Don't Know" is a quick way to express uncertainty or lack of knowledge LOL: "Laugh Out Loud" is often used to indicate amusement or laughter in text messages or online chats

3 Characteristics and genres

® Genres:

In our highly literate society, there are literally hundreds of different types of written texts, a much larger variety than found in spoken texts Each of the types listed below represents, or is an example of a genre of written language:

Nonfictions: reports, editorials, essays, articles, reference (dictionaries, etc)

Fiction: novels, short stories, jokes, drama, poetry

Letters: personal, business

Academic writing: short-answer test responses, reports, papers, theses, books Forms, applications

Bills (and other financial statements)

When we encounter one of the above, we usually know what our purpose is in reading

it, and therefore we know what to select and what not to select for short and long term memory — in other words, we bring various schemata to bear on the message that we have chosen to retain What would happen if we did not know some of these differences? That is what our students may encounter when they read English, so part

of our job as a teacher is to enlighten your students on features of these genres and to help them to develop strategies for extracting meaning from each

® Characteristic Of Written Language:

Performance

Spoken language is fleeting Written language is permanent (or as permanent as paper and computer disks are), and therefore the reader has an opportunity to return again and again

Processing Time

Most reading contexts allow readers to read at their own rate They are not forced into following the rate of delivery, as in spoken language

— punctuation, picture or chart lends a helping hand But these written symbols stand alone as the one set of signals that the reader must percetve Because of the frequent ambiguity that is present in a good deal of writing, readers must do their best to infer, interpret, and to “read between the lines”

Complexity

Writing and speech represent different modes of complexity, and the most significant difference is clauses Spoken language tends to have shorter clauses connected by more coordinate conjunctions, while writing has longer clauses and more subordination

Vocabulary

It is true that written English typically utilizes a greater variety of lexical items then spoken conversational English Because writing allows the writer more processing- time, because of a desire to be precise in writing, and simply because of the formal conventions of writing, lower-frequency words often appear

Formality

Writing is quite frequently more formal than speech Formality refers to prescribed forms that certain written messages must hold on to

4 Comparison to spoken language

The difference between written and spoken language is that written language is permanent because it is present in records On the other hand, spoken Language is temporary because it has no records Slang and tags find no place in written language

In contrast, slang and tags are a more commonplace trend in spoken language because they are mostly informal

Written language refers to a form of communication that makes use of reading and writing skills Thus, literacy is a prerequisite for written language

In most situations, it is not possible for individuals to recetve feedback on their written language Due to the absence of immediate feedback in written language, it is important that written language is clear and precise

Spoken language refers to the form of communication that makes a dominant use of speaking and listening skills Spoken language often takes place on the spot

Consequently, spoken language may make extensive use of repetitions, incomplete sentences, and interruptions In addition, spoken language eliminates the need for punctuation, though it may require exclamations

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Parameters of | Written Language Spoken Language

Comparison

Elements The main elements of | The most important element for

written language are] understanding spoken language is punctuation and layout tone and pitch

Literacy Literacy is a prerequisite | Spoken language eliminates the need

for written language for literacy

Components Slang and tags find no |Slang and tags are a more

place in written language | commonplace trend in spoken