PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐỐI CHIẾU VÀ PHẠM VI ĐỐI CHIẾU TRONG NGÔN NGỮ HỌC SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU SẼ GIÚP BẠN TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH HỌC CŨNG NHƯ LÀ QUÁ TRÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU GIỮA CÁC LOẠI NGÔN NGỮ VỚI NHAU
Trang 12 PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐỐI CHIẾU CÁC NGÔN NGỮ
2 CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTIC RESEARCH METHOD2.1 BACKGROUND
There are a lot of research methods, however, researchers have based onthe purpose of the research and then stated two branches
Descriptive Methods: phương pháp miêu tả
+ The descriptive method in linguistics describes a language's system across all its facets, including its levels, categories,
properties, relationships, and organizational structure
+ This method treats language as a structured system, aiming to comprehensively understand its components and
Comparative Methods (Comparison) : phương pháp so sánh+ This is an important tool for perception
+ It was widely applied in the 19th century
+ In linguistics, comparison plays a vital role and takes on many forms.
+ It is widely used across various scientific disciplines (comparative
sociology, comparative education, comparative linguistics) to gain knowledge and understanding.
o Intra-linguistic Comparison so sánh bên trong: This
involves comparing units, categories, and phenomena within
the same language.
Trang 2This involves comparing units, categories, and phenomena
between different languages
Incidental Comparison(so sánh ngẫu nhiên): Compare
individual elements like isolated units, categories, or phenomena between languages to describe a specific language.
For example, comparing simple present and simple past tenses in English.
* Strictly speaking, it is merely a device of the descriptive method.
Systematic Comparison(so sánh hệ thống): It focuses on
identifying similarities and differences between languages, analyzing entire language systems rather than just individual elements.
comparing the semantic features of adjectives denoting size in English and Vietnamese.
"Comparative linguistics is essentially historical-comparativelinguistics (Lehmann 1962)."
- Contrastive Methods:
+ Due to its specific characteristics, the contrastive method is identified as a distinct branch of comparative linguistics with its own defined principles.
+ It focuses on comparing two subjects, with one serving as a
Trang 3standard
+ This comparison reveals the distinct characteristics of the
subjects by highlighting their similarities and differences relative to the chosen standard.
*Contrastive method<Comparative method (Comparison) The
concept of comparison can be used to explain the concept of contrast, but not vice versa.
Contrastive method
Examining 2 subjects to see similarities and differences.
Ex:
- Compare the
populations of two countries
- Compare the weatherof the North and the South
Comparing two subjectswith one being taken as the standard.
- Compare the translation with the original- Compare the
current print edition with the previous print edition of the bookScope A broader term
encompassing various
A specific type of comparison
Trang 4similarities and differences distinctive nature of the compared parts
Reference Point
Do not necessarily require Often involves a
reference point against which other elements are compared
The contrastive method differs from the comparative method mainly in the relationship between the languages selected and the purpose of the comparison.
2.2 PHẠM VI ĐỐI CHIẾU
Research methods used in linguistics
Trang 52.2 SCOPE OF CONTRAST
The scope of contrastive analysis can be categorized into:- Systematic Contrastive: đối chiếu hệ thống
+ Compare two languages as a whole
+ It is practically impossible due to the vastness of linguistic systems.
- Partial Contrastive: đối chiếu bộ phận
+ Compare specific units, categories, and phenomena of the two
systems, consonant systems, etc.,
2 Contrasting equivalent structures (Đối chiếu những cấu trúc tương đương): such as interrogative and negative
structures, and passive structures,…
3 Contrasting equivalent rules (Đối chiếu các qui tắc tương đương): passivization, subject-verb inversion in
The three fields above do not fully encompass the scope of contrastive research, as they only address issues within the
Trang 6speech, such as contrastive research on pragmatics.According to Lê Quang Thiêm:
Category contrasting (đối chiếu phạm trù)
Systemic structure contrasting (đối chiếu cấu trúc hệ thống) Function and operation contrasting (đối chiếu chức năng và hoạt động)
Style contrasting (đối chiếu phong cách)
Historical-developmental contrasting (đối chiếu lịch sử-phát triển)
According to Bùi Mạnh Hùng:
Phonetics Vocabularies Grammar Pragmatics
This broader perspective ensures a more holistic
understanding of the similarities and differences between the languages being compared.