SELECTED TOPICS IN DNA REPAIR Edited by Clark C. Chen Selected Topics in DNA Repair Edited by Clark C. Chen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Alenka Urbancic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Booka, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Selected Topics in DNA Repair, Edited by Clark C. Chen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-606-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 DNA Damaging Agents 1 Chapter 1 The DNA-Damage Response to Ionizing Radiation in Human Lymphocytes 3 Maddalena Mognato, Mauro Grifalconi, Sabrina Canova, Cristina Girardi and Lucia Celotti Chapter 2 Interactions by Carcinogenic Metal Compounds with DNA Repair Processes 29 Simona Catalani and Pietro Apostoli Chapter 3 Effect of Oxidative Stress on DNA Repairing Genes 49 Bedia Cakmakoglu, Zeynep Birsu Cincin and Makbule Aydin Chapter 4 UV Damaged DNA Repair & Tolerance in Plants 73 Ashwin L. Ganpudi and Dana F. Schroeder Chapter 5 DNA Helix Destabilization by Alkylating Agents: From Covalent Bonding to DNA Repair 97 Gaëlle Lenglet, Sabine Depauw, Denise Mendy-Belaiche and Marie-Hélène David-Cordonnier Chapter 6 DNA Damage Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Markers 125 Balam Muñoz and Arnulfo Albores Chapter 7 DNA Repair: Lessons from the Evolution of Ionizing- Radiation-Resistant Prokaryotes – Fact and Theory 145 Haïtham Sghaier Chapter 8 Involvement of Non-Homologous End-Joining in Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability 157 Keiji Suzuki, Motohiro Yamauchi, Masatoshi Suzuki, Yasuyoshi Oka and Shunichi Yamashita VI Contents Part 2 Mechanistic Insights 173 Chapter 9 Role of RPA Proteins in Radiation Repair and Recovery 175 Patrick E. Gygli, J. Scott Lockhart and Linda C. DeVeaux Chapter 10 Recognition and Repair Pathways of Damaged DNA in Higher Plants 201 Sascha Biedermann, Sutton Mooney and Hanjo Hellmann Chapter 11 DNA Damage Protection and Induction of Repair by Dietary Phytochemicals and Cancer Prevention: What Do We Know? 237 Alice A. Ramos, Cristóvão F. Lima and Cristina Pereira-Wilson Chapter 12 The Nuclear Compartmentation of Glutathione: Effect on Cell Cycle Progression 271 Jelena Markovic, Nancy Mora, Amparo Gimeno, Consuelo Burguete, José Luis García-Gimenez and Federico V. Pallardó Chapter 13 Role for PKCδ on Apoptosis in the DNA Damage Response 293 Kiyotsugu Yoshida Chapter 14 New Players in Recognition of Intact and Cleaved AP Sites: Implication in DNA Repair in Mammalian Cells 305 Svetlana Khodyreva and Olga Lavrik Part 3 Methods in DNA Repair 331 Chapter 15 SiDNA and Other Tools for the Indirect Induction of DNA Damage Responses 333 Maria Quanz, Amélie Croset and Marie Dutreix Chapter 16 DNA Repair in Pathogenic Eukaryotic Cells: Insights from Comparative Genomics of Parasitic Protozoan 369 Laurence A. Marchat, Mavil López-Casamichana, Esther Orozco and César López-Camarillo Chapter 17 Mechanisms of Mutagenic DNA Nucleobase Damages and Their Chemical and Enzymatic Repairs Investigated by Quantum Chemical Methods 389 Eric A. C. Bushnell, Jorge Llano, Leif A. Eriksson and James W. Gauld Part 4 Insights into Therapeutic Strategies 415 Chapter 18 DNA Radiosensitization: The Search for Repair Refractive Lesions Including Double Strand Breaks and Interstrand Crosslinks 417 Tsvetan G. Gantchev, Marie-Eve Dextraze and Darel J. Hunting Contents VII Chapter 19 The Influence of Individual Genome Sensitivity in DNA Damage Repair Assessment in Chronic Professional Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation 437 Mirta Milić, Ružica Rozgaj, Vilena Kašuba, Ana Marija Jazbec, Patrizia Hrelia and Sabrina Angelini Chapter 20 Application of Host Cell Reactivation in Evaluating the Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Environmental Toxicants on Cellular DNA Repair Activity in Head and Neck Cancer 465 Yi-Shan Tsai, Jau-Ling Huang and Chang-Shen Lin Chapter 21 Role of Radioprotectors in the Inhibition of DNA Damage and Modulation of DNA Repair After Exposure to Gamma-Radiation 483 Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Thomas Paul Asir Devasagayam Chapter 22 DNA-Binding Radioprotectors 497 Pavel Lobachevsky, Alesia Ivashkevich, Olga A. Martin and Roger F. Martin Chapter 23 DNA Damage Response and Repair: Insights into Strategies for Radiation Sensitization 519 Joshua D. Lawson, Kristopher T. Kahle, Kimberly Ng, Bob Carter, Santosh Kesari and Clark C. Chen Chapter 24 The Botanical Extract Feverfew PFE Reduces DNA Damage and Induces DNA Repair Processes 531 Michael D. Southall, Simarna Kaur and Khalid Mahmood Chapter 25 Food Factors and Oxidative DNA Damage / DNA Repair Systems 547 Takeshi Hirano and Kazuyoshi Tamae Chapter 26 Enhancing DNA Repair by Combining only Dietary Supplement Ingredients that do not Metabolically Compete in Order to Achieve Synergism 561 Ronald W. Pero Preface In previous decades, we have seen a rapid advancement in our fundamental understanding of DNA repair, as well as translational application to medicine in general. In this context, a comprehensive review of key concepts in DNA repair is well beyond the scope of the presented text. Instead, select topics pertinent to the field are selected for presentation, with the goal of highlighting paradigmatic advances. This book is divided into 26 chapters, and compartmentalized into four parts: DNA Damaging Agents, Mechanistic Insights, Methods in DNA Repair, and Insights into Therapeutic Strategies. Each component discusses key concepts in DNA repair. Selected articles are further meant to demonstrate how scientific ideas are developed, tested, dialogued and matured. It is my sincere hope that the articles presented will stimulate and inspire thoughts that, in turn, contribute to this critically important field. Clark C. Chen, M.D., Ph.D. University of California, San Diego USA [...]... chromatin appears to be important in assembling the repair machinery, improving the accessibility of DNA lesions to repair complexes Modifications of cell structure and perturbations of nuclear architecture induced by microgravity may affect the accessibility in chromatin to DNA repair machinery The preliminary results obtained from miRNA-mRNA profiling 22 Selected Topics in DNA Repair represent new insights... was investigated in human PBL irradiated in vitro with different doses of gamma rays and incubated for 24 h in 1 g or in modeled microgravity (MMG) While cell survival was only slight affected by MMG, the HPRT mutant frequency significantly increased in PBL incubated in MMG after irradiation compared with those 10 Selected Topics in DNA Repair maintained in 1 g Given the increase of HPRT mutants in. .. lower rate of DSB rejoining in lymphocytes incubated in MMG compared to those in 1g, in agreement with the kinetics of -H2AX foci Our results provide evidences that MMG incubation during DNA repair delayed the rate of radiation-induced DSB rejoining, and increased, as a consequence, the genotoxic effects of ionizing radiation We then assessed whether MMG incubation affected IR-induced apoptosis Human... the sites of DNA breaks in a -H2AX-dependent pathway (Riches et al., 2008; Stucki, 2009) MDC1 has a role in controlling the assembly of multiple repair factors at DNA breaks and in amplifying the DNA damage signal MDC1 orchestrates the recruitment of IRIF-associated proteins, specifically the MRN complex (MRE11, RAD51, NBS1) and many DNA damage repair proteins, including p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1)... cells was sensitive to the inhibitor of caspase-8, the Z-IETD-fmk, added during CM treatment or 18 Selected Topics in DNA Repair Fig 12 Cell mortality determined by Trypan blue staining (A) and cloning efficiency (B) in non-irradiated control cells (0Gy), in irradiated cells (1Gy), in cells incubated with conditioned medium from non-irradiated cells (CM 0Gy) and in cells incubated with conditioned... increase of HPRT mutants in MMG, we investigated whether the reduced gravity affected the progression of the rejoining of double strand breaks (DSBs) in human PBL irradiated with -rays and incubated in MMG or in 1g The kinetics of H2AX foci was monitored during the repair incubation, showing that DSBs rejoining was slower in MMG than in 1g at 6 and 24 h after irradiation In addition, the mean number of... MMG or 1g incubation (24 h time-point), the percentages of cells in G1-phase were higher in cultures irradiated with 2-4 Gy and incubated in MMG compared with cells maintained in 1g Moreover, the G2/M block after irradiation was less evident in MMG than in 1g condition Also radiation-induced apoptosis was affected in TK6 cells by MMG incubation Induction of apoptosis was significantly lower in irradiated... 24h incubation in 1g or in MMG al., 1998; Hughes-Fulford 2001; Kita et al., 2000), which in turn may explain the results reported here It remains to be determined if one upstream or several downstream genes belonging to the pathway of the radiation response are involved in the effects induced by MMG incubation 3.3 Gene expression changes in human lymphocytes cultured in microgravity during the DNA- damage... DDR pathway, increasing the risk of the exposure to conditions occurring during spaceflight, we studied the DDR to ionizing radiation in human PBL incubated in MMG and in parallel static conditions Microgravity was simulated by culturing PBL in the Rotating Wall Vessel bioreactor (Synthecon, Cellon, Fig 4) placed inside a humidified incubator, vertically rotating at 23 rpm Fig 4 Rotating Wall Vessel... foci induction in bystander cells persists in time, probably as a consequence of the 20 Selected Topics in DNA Repair formation of bystander factors that themselves generate ROS, leading to a self-sustaining system responsible for long-lasting effects (Yang 2005, Sokolov 2005, Kashino 2004, Lyng 2006) In irradiated TK6 cells both 53BP1 and NBS1p343 proteins co-localized with -H2AX foci, whereas in bystander . significantly increased in PBL incubated in MMG after irradiation compared with those Selected Topics in DNA Repair 10 maintained in 1 g. Given the increase of HPRT mutants in MMG, we investigated. compartmentalized into four parts: DNA Damaging Agents, Mechanistic Insights, Methods in DNA Repair, and Insights into Therapeutic Strategies. Each component discusses key concepts in DNA repair. Selected. SELECTED TOPICS IN DNA REPAIR Edited by Clark C. Chen Selected Topics in DNA Repair Edited by Clark C. Chen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000