NOVEL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY pdf

NOVEL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY Edited by Humberto Foyaca- Sibat Novel Treatment of Epilepsy Edited by Humberto Foyaca- Sibat Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright violetkaipa, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Novel Treatment of Epilepsy, Edited by Humberto Foyaca- Sibat p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-667-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Pharmacological Treatment of Epilepsy 1 Chapter 1 Drug Discovery in Epilepsy: A Synthetic Review 3 Raul SanMartin and Fátima Churruca Chapter 2 Different Mechanisms Underlying the Antiepileptic and Antiparkinsonian Effects of Zonisamide 23 Motohiro Okada and Sunao Kaneko Chapter 3 Role of Mitochondria in Epilepsy 37 Massoud Houshmand Chapter 4 The Role of Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Lessons from Animal Models and Clinical Trials 59 Magda Giordano Chapter 5 Adverse Metabolic Effects of Antiepileptic Drug Treatment 83 Karl O. Nakken Chapter 6 Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Data in Optimizing Pharmacotherapy of Antiepileptic Drugs 95 Katarina Vučićević, Branislava Miljković, Sandra Vezmar Kovačević, Zoran Todorović, Milica Prostran and Iztok Grabnar Chapter 7 Antiepileptic Drugs Targeting Cerebral Presynaptic Ion Channels Reduce Cerebral Excitability Decreasing Glutamate Release 111 María Sitges Chapter 8 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Medications 133 Matthew D. Krasowski VI Contents Chapter 9 Co-Morbidity and Medication Profiles of Patients with Epilepsy and Matched Controls in US and UK Electronic Health Records Systems 159 Lianna Ishihara and Michael Irizarry Chapter 10 Epilepsy and Anticonvulsant Therapy During Pregnancy 183 Eva Maňáková and Lucie Hubičková Chapter 11 Health Technology Assessment of Lacosamide as Adjunctive Therapy for Partial-Onset Epileptic Seizures 203 Steven Simoens Chapter 12 Treatment of Epilepsy Secondary to Neurocysticercosis 213 Humberto Foyaca-Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez-Valdés Part 2 Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Epilepsy 237 Chapter 13 Brain Stimulation for Seizure Control: Considerations and Potential Mechanisms 239 Benedict Albensi Chapter 14 Presurgical Assessment of Patients with Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 251 Hector Jaramillo, Mónica Massaro, José Luis Ascencio, Juan Felipe Álvarez, René Andrade, José Fernando Zapata, Luz Marina Galeano, Vanessa Benjumea, Esteban Jaramillo, Marta Jiménez and Refractory Epilepsy Group Chapter 15 Clinical Development of Corpus Callosotomy in Treating Refractory Seizure 281 Jiwen Xu, Ping Zheng and Hongyu Zhou Chapter 16 Neuromodulatory Treatment of Medically Refractory Epilepsy 287 Mark Witcher and Thomas L. Ellis Chapter 17 Surgical Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy Associated with Focal Cortical Dysplasia 311 Zhao Jizong, Fei Zhou and Bai Hongmin Chapter 18 Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Refractory Epilepsy: State of the Art 321 Berhouma Moncef Preface Epilepsy continues to be a major health problem throughout the planet affecting millions of people, mainly in developing countries where parasitic zoonoses are more common and cysticercosis, as a leading cause, is endemic. There is epidemiological evidence for an increasing prevalence of epilepsy throughout the world, and evidence of increasing morbidity and mortality in many countries as a consequence of higher incidence of infectious diseases, head injury and stroke. At the present moment, the number of available books about the treatment of epilepsy is quite big. Then, why did we decide to edit another one? We decided to edit this book because we identified another way to approach this problem covering aspects of the treatment of epilepsy based on the most recent technological results “in vitro” from developed countries, and the basic treatment of epilepsy at the primary care level in rural areas of South Africa. Therefore, apart from the classic issues that cannot be missing in any book about epilepsy, we introduced novel aspects related with epilepsy and neurocysticercosis as a leading cause of epilepsy in developing countries. Of course, the publication of this book could not have been possible but for the ungrudging efforts put in by a large number of individuals working in the field of epilepsy and many people from many countries, ethnic, religious and socioeconomic groups that coincidentally confluence in this publication. In this book we focus on novel antiepileptic drug (AED) as zonisamide and lacosamide, and the role of mithocondria in epilepsy. Because of the fact that the adverse metabolic effects of AEDs are probably currently underestimated, and thus represent an area of legitimate concern, we dedicated one chapter to the adverse metabolic effects of antiepileptic drug treatment. Another chapter is dedicated to antiepileptic drugs targeting cerebral presynaptic ion channels reduced cerebral excitability decreasing the Glu release. Nevertheless, the higher potency and efficacy of vinpocetine as the most effective antiepileptic drugs to inhibit presynaptic Na + and Ca 2+ channels permeability is described and we suggest that vinpocetine should be considered as a potential third generation AED for a better X Preface seizure control in patients presenting refractory epilepsy. The role of cell therapy and the cell transplants in epilepsy is also analyzed. Diagnosing pregnancy in an epileptic woman is something of frequent occurrence in everyday medical practice and scientific societies have not given us any decisive recommendations about such cases, which makes any risk/benefit assessment uneasy. Therefore in this book we bring all our readers up to date with the impact and the latest development of antiepileptic drugs in regard to pregnancy, and we suggest a proper use of such drug in this situation. The chapter related to treatment of epilepsy and epileptic seizures secondary to neurocysticercosis, is addressed to health professionals working in the more disadvantage places and offers another difference between this book and similar other ones. Finally we discuss another way of non-pharmacological treatment of epilepsy throughout selected topics related to brain stimulation, presurgical assessment, corpus callosotomy, neuromodulation, surgical treatment and vagus nerves stimulation with update information and wise guidelines and recommendations. Some chapters and the edition job were entirely made in a rural setting and this edition is aimed at health care professionals including general practitioners, family doctors, internists, neurologists, epileptologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, medical students, nursing students, and students of the professions allied to medicine among others. More than 150 abstracts were submitted for review from different parts of the world; about 50 % were selected for the first phase of this editorial process, some were considered for other books and unfortunately some were rejected. All material for this first edition has been thoroughly revised, and updated. Many specialists have provided expert advice on changes in their field and their help has been invaluable to us in our efforts to keep the relevance of the book for our readership community. All chapters were revised by each author twice after submission; the final version was peer-reviewed by two experts and recommendations were made. Nevertheless, some advices of contributors may differ from the approach of the editors or can be even different from the neurological community. However, we kept and supported it as a part of our policy of respecting all scientific criteria, mainly for that work which still remains controversial. The future will decide who was wrong. On the other hand, we also encouraged each author as an expert in the field, straight from the beginning to report their personal experience, expertise, and obtained results. Knowing that authors from many countries may have different experience and scientific results, in order to achieve a high degree of scientific content with a standard level of acceptance, we took a detailed overview of all important novel information. We all tried to keep the high prestige of our Editorial Company as a main priority and [...]... Faculty of Health Sciences (WSU), Prof JE Iputo Director of the School of Medicine (WSU), Prof A Awotedu Chairman of the Department of Medicine (WSU) , Dr C Xamlashe CEO and Dr TM Madiba Head: Clinical Governance of Mthatha Hospital Complex and to all my friends, colleagues and collaborators Prof Humberto Foyaca- Sibat Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha South Africa Part 1 Pharmacological Treatment of Epilepsy. .. Functionalized Amino Acids, among which lacosamide (LCM, Vimpat®) is the 14 Novel Treatment of Epilepsy first-in-class LCM is effective for the adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults and it has a novel mode of action: a "novel dual mechanism" consisting of selective enhancement of sodium channel slow inactivation and modulation of CRMP-2 activity (Chung, 2009) It is generally well tolerated but... synthesis of valproic acid O O Na O sodium valproate 10 Novel Treatment of Epilepsy The alkylation of carboxy acid derivatives with n-propyl halides is the most general approach reported in literature for the synthesis of VPA and so far the most effective (Santaniello et al., 1998) Starting from diverse substrates, different variations of the method have been carried out, as the elimination-hydrolysis of. .. Prof MM Balintulo Vice-Chancellor and Principal of Walter Sisulu University (WSU) in Mthatha, South Africa, Prof CL Obi Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs and Research, Prof G Buijs Deputy Chancellor, Planning, quality Assurance and Development, Prof KJ Mammen Director, Directorate of Post Graduate Studies, Prof GE Ekosse Director: Research Development (WSU); Prof K Mfenyana Executive Dean of. .. monitoring of the newer anti -epilepsy medications Pharmaceuticals , Vol.3, No.6, (June 2010), pp 1909-1935, ISNN 14244287 20 Novel Treatment of Epilepsy Krauss, G.L.; Choi, J & Tran, T (2010) Third-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs for Treating Partial-Onset Seizures Eur Neurol J., Vol.2, No.2, (August 2010), pp 1-8, ISNN 2041-8000 Kwan, P & Brodie, M.J (2004) Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy. .. been employed as intermediate for the 6 Novel Treatment of Epilepsy synthesis of oxcarbazepine Epoxidation of the former and rearrangement by iodide salts or hydrogenation/oxidation (Method D) provided target compound (Heckendorn et al., 1982) Other interesting approaches from iminostilbene involved the use of 10-nitro derivative intermediates and, in some cases, of the corresponding oximes Iron-catalyzed... instead of aminoguanidine (method B)(Ulomskii et al., 2005) or by the direct Suzuki coupling of a preformed diamino triazine halide with the corresponding boronic acid (method C) (Titirmare, 2007) But despite the potential applicability of these two approaches, the preparation of required intermediates as well as the poor reaction yields obtained limits considerably their scope 16 Novel Treatment of Epilepsy. .. deepest sense of appreciation to Dr Roberto Gonzalez Martin Vice-Minister of the Cuban Ministry of Health (CMH), Dra Luisa Maria Diaz National Director of Postgraduate (CMH) and Dr Jorge Delgado Bustillo Deputy Head of National Unit of International Collaboration (CMH), Prof PhD Nereyda Cantelar del XI XII Preface Castillo, Dr PhD Reinaldo Menendez and Lic Maribel Chao from the National Institute of Tropical... as active metabolite BDZs are partial agonist of the GABAA receptor which leads to increase the frequency of chloride ion channel opening and therefore to the inhibition of the synaptic transmissions across the CNS Due to the development of tolerance and their sedative effect, BDZs are not appropriate for a long-term and adjunctive treatment of refractory epilepsy (Riss et al., 2008) O2N O2N O Br NH2... continuous research and advances in the field, none of the currently available treatments for epilepsy accomplishes satisfactory control of seizures without causing important side effects Therefore, ongoing studies towards the development of new AEDs regarding efficiency, tolerability and safety have been carried out and have lead to a new generation of AEDs, most of which have already undergone preclinical . NOVEL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY Edited by Humberto Foyaca- Sibat Novel Treatment of Epilepsy Edited by Humberto Foyaca- Sibat. Antiparkinsonian Effects of Zonisamide 23 Motohiro Okada and Sunao Kaneko Chapter 3 Role of Mitochondria in Epilepsy 37 Massoud Houshmand Chapter 4 The Role of Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Epilepsy: . problem covering aspects of the treatment of epilepsy based on the most recent technological results “in vitro” from developed countries, and the basic treatment of epilepsy at the primary care