ADVANCES IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Advances in Regenerative Medicine Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Aija Abele, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Regenerative Medicine, Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-732-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Stem Cells 1 Chapter 1 Neural Crest Stem Cells from Adult Bone Marrow: A New Source for Cell Replacement Therapy? 3 Aneta Glejzer, Virginie Neirinckx, Bernard Rogister and Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Chapter 2 Regenerative Medicine for Cerebral Infarction 19 Masahiro Kameda and Isao Date Chapter 3 Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Rescue Ischemic Tissues 35 Dong-Hyuk Park, Jeong-Hyun Lee, David J. Eve, Cesario V. Borlongan, Paul R. Sanberg, Yong-Gu Chung and Tai-Hyoung Cho Chapter 4 Therapeutic Approaches in Regenerative Medicine of Cardiovascular Diseases: From Bench to Bedside 61 Antonia Aránega, Milán Bustamante, Juan Antonio Marchal, Macarena Perán, Elena López, Pablo Álvarez, Fernando Rodríguez-Serrano and Esmeralda Carrillo Chapter 5 Cytoprotection and Preconditioning for Stem Cell Therapy 89 S. Y. Lim, R. J. Dilley and G. J. Dusting Chapter 6 Degeneration and Regeneration in the Vertebrate Retina 119 Gabriele Colozza, André Mazabraud and Muriel Perron Chapter 7 A Strategy Using Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes for Stem Cell-Based Therapies 145 Daihachiro Tomotsune, Fumi Sato, Susumu Yoshie, Sakiko Shirasawa, Tadayuki Yokoyama, Yoshiya Kanoh, Hinako Ichikawa, Akimi Mogi, Fengming Yue and Katsunori Sasaki VI Contents Chapter 8 Amniotic Fluid Progenitor Cells and Their Use in Regenerative Medicine 165 Stefano Da Sacco, Roger E. De Filippo and Laura Perin Part 2 Cell Communicators 179 Chapter 9 Inflammation-Angiogenesis Cross-Talk and Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A Crucial Axis in Regenerating Vessels 181 Michele M. Ciulla, Paola Nicolini, Gianluca L. Perrucci, Chiara Benfenati and Fabio Magrini Chapter 10 Cellular Stress Responses 215 Irina Milisav Part 3 Tissue Engineering 233 Chapter 11 Tissue Engineering of Tubular and Solid Organs: An Industry Perspective 235 Joydeep Basu and John W. Ludlow Chapter 12 Self-Organization as a Tool in Mammalian Tissue Engineering 261 Jamie A. Davies Chapter 13 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Via Thermally Induced Phase Separation 275 Carlos A. Martínez-Pérez, Imelda Olivas-Armendariz, Javier S. Castro-Carmona and Perla E. García-Casillas Chapter 14 Nano-Doped Matrices for Tissue Regeneration 295 Leonardo Ricotti, Gianni Ciofani, Virgilio Mattoli and Arianna Menciassi Chapter 15 The Role of Platelet Gel in Regenerative Medicine 319 Primož Rožman, Danijela Semenič and Dragica Maja Smrke Chapter 16 Regenerative Orthopedics 349 Christopher J. Centeno and Stephen J. Faulkner Chapter 17 Cell-Biomaterial Interactions Reproducing a Niche 363 Silvia Scaglione, Paolo Giannoni and Rodolfo Quarto Chapter 18 Influence of Angiogenesis on Osteogenesis 389 Susanne Jung and Johannes Kleinheinz Preface In order to better introduce this book, it is important to define regenerative medicine. This field is built through a combination of multiple elements including living cells, matrix to support the living cells (i.e. a scaffold), and cell communicators (or signaling systems) to stimulate the cells, and their surrounding environment to grow and develop into new tissue or organ. Indeed, regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering that is likely to revolutionize the ways we improve the health and quality of life for millions of people worldwide by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ function. Even if the origins of regenerative medicine can be found in Greek mythology, as attested by the story of Prometheus, the Greek god whose immortal liver was feasted on day after day by Zeus' eagle; many challenges persist in order to successfully regenerate lost cells, tissues or organs and rebuild all connections and functions. In this book, we will cover a few aspects of regenerative medicine highlighting major advances and remaining challenges in cellular therapy (including cell communicators) and tissue/organ engineering. Cell replacement therapy The types of cells that are used are dependent on the type of tissue that needs to be repaired. Several cells have been suggested as suitable for cellular therapies: i.e. embryonic stem cells (ES), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS); somatic stem cells from fetal or adult tissues. The potential use of fetal tissue or differentiated embryonic stem cells from allogenic sources suffer limitations due to tissue availability, ethical issues or safety concerns. On the contrary, adult somatic stem cells can be used in autologus graft procedure, avoiding patient’s immunosuppression. In this book, several chapters will discuss stem cell applications in regenerative medicine focusing on several organs or tissues like brain, heart, liver or retina. Cell communicators The circulatory system is involved in the transport of a wide variety of biological molecules and cells and can be considered as the body's basic communication system. Cell communicators act as a signaling system, which stimulates the cells into action. X Preface In some cases those communicators could lead cells to integrate damage tissues and rebuild lost connections, however, some signals could also induce cellular stress responses conducting to cell death. Few of those aspects will be directly addressed in this book. Tissue engineering or …where biology meets engineering. All cells within tissues are separated and interlinked by a matrix or structure. The consistency of the matrix may vary from liquid, as in blood; to semi-solid, as in cartilage; to solid, as in bone. Tissue engineers either implant cells into a matrix or create the proper conditions for the living cells to build their own three dimensional matrix. Such a matrix provides the structure that supports the cells and creates the physiological environment for them to interact within the host tissue. The success or failure of an implant material in the body depends on a complex interaction between a synthetic ‘foreign body’ and the ‘host tissue’, which involves not only biological, but also mechanical, physical and chemical mediated factors. The latest advances in tissue engineering will be discussed in this book underlying many challenges that remain pending in this field. Finally, I would like to conclude this preface by expressing my deepest gratitude to all the authors who contributed to the realization of this book. Sabine Wislet-Gendebien, PhD GIGA Neurosciences University of Liège, Belgium [...]... muscles below the point of the injury, the injury is said “complete”; in the case of an “incomplete” injury, the victim retains some ability to feel sensations or control movement below the injured area Main goals in spinal cord repair include reconnecting brain and lower spinal cord, building new circuits, re-myelination of demyelinated axons, providing trophic support, and bridging the gap of the... thus improve recovery in spinal cord injured mice through immunosuppressive effects that can be enhanced by a Schwann cell co-culturing step These results indicate that the temporary presence of BMSC in the 12 Advances in Regenerative Medicine injured cord is sufficient to alter the cascade of pathological events that normally occurs after spinal cord injury and therefore, generating a microenvironment... This review summarizes the current consensus concerning regenerative medicine for cerebral infarction, focusing on stem cell transplantation and electrical stimulation techniques, and briefly describes strategies for applying these methods in a clinical setting 2 Approaches to regenerative medicine for cerebral infarction 2.1 Stem cell transplantation using exogenous stem cells 2.1.1 Donor cell sources... Despite having different origins, these MSC populations maintain cell biological properties typically associated with stem cells These include continuous cell cycle progression for self-renewal and the potential to differentiate into highly specialized cell types of the mesodermal phenotype including chondroblast, osteoblast, and adipocyte lineages Interestingly, BM-MSC have also been reported to be inducible... RIP or myelin basic protein (MBP) (Sieber-Blum et al., 2006) More interestingly, functional improvement was shown by two independent approaches, spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (SpSEP) and the SemmesWeinstein touch test (Hu et al., 2010) The strength of NSCS was fully characterized as they can exert a combination of pertinent functions in the contused spinal cord, including cell replacement, neuroprotection,... cells, neural stem cells, etc.; Reviewed by Kim and de Vellis, 2009) 4 Advances in Regenerative Medicine Fig 1 Stem cell type and origin Besides germ stem cells, three group of stem cells can be defined according to their differentiating abilities: A pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ES), B induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and C multipotent fetal or adult somatic stem cells (Figure adapted from Sigma-Aldrich)... of differentiating into neurons in a specific medium with up to 30% having the characteristics of dopamine cells At last, PD-derived MSCs could inhibit T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogens These findings indicate that MSCs derived from PD patients' bone marrow could be a promising cell type for cellular therapy and somatic gene therapy applications 3.4 Huntington disease Huntington disease... (mouse model of AD) with BM-MSCs promoted microglial activation, rescued cognitive impairment, and reduced Aβ and tau pathology in the mouse brain 14 Advances in Regenerative Medicine 4 Conclusions The NCSC is one of the most intriguing cells in the field of regenerative medicine, because it is easily harvested from various accessible peripheral tissues, which could make autologous transplantation possible... Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Three Dimensional Gelatin Sponge Scaffold Attenuate Inflammation, Promote Angiogenesis and 18 Advances in Regenerative Medicine Reduce Cavity Formation in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Cell Transplant.2011) Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang S (Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow of patients with Parkinson's disease In Vitro Cell Dev Biol... endodermal germline, demonstrating the expression of neuron-like factors insulin production or hepatic lineage-associated genes respectively In addition to these general stem cell properties, the International Society for Cellular Therapy proposed a more specific panel of markers for the characterization of 6 Advances in Regenerative Medicine MSC Due to the failure to identify a certain unique MSC cell-surface . ADVANCES IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Advances in Regenerative Medicine Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Published by InTech. latest advances in tissue engineering will be discussed in this book underlying many challenges that remain pending in this field. Finally, I would like to conclude this preface by expressing. Preface In order to better introduce this book, it is important to define regenerative medicine. This field is built through a combination of multiple elements including living cells, matrix