report depression in adolesence and howthey overcome it

This research paper will provide an overview of the causes of depression, the emotional and behavioral manifestations of the depression period, and how depressed people have overcome it.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY — HO CHI MINH CITY -

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

Report

DEPRESSION IN ADOLESENCE AND HOW

THEY OVERCOME IT

Course: Business Research Method

Lecturer: Dr Bui Quang Thong

Prepared by:

Nguyễn Ngoc Minh Chau - BABAWE18455 Nguyễn Thị Nam Phương - BABAWE18258

Vũ Ngọc Phương - BABAWEI8117 Hoang Thi Anh Thu - BABAWE18287

Lé Thu Trang - BABAWE18670

Nguyễn Minh Thao An - BABAWE18393

Date of submission: June 05", 2021

CONTENTS

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Depression is one of the common mental disorders encountered in many ages, especially adolescents (aged 10-19 years) This is the age with many psycho-physiological changes, the initial formation of personality, and the period marking a big development step from the family, children initially join the collective, enter the society and develop skills Adolescence is

characterized by rapid growth both mentally and physically Therefore, before the unfavorable effects of the environment that children have not yet adapted to, it is easy to lead to emotional

reactions - deviant behavior, especially depression

The purpose of this research is to examine how the young generation views depression from diverse perspectives This research paper will provide an overview of the causes of depression, the emotional and behavioral manifestations of the depression period, and how depressed people have overcome it According to a survey by the National Children's Hospital in some schools, up

to 20% of students have symptoms of anxiety, mental disorders, or depression And this number

is on an increasing trend over time Depression is one of the direct causes of suicide, with about 45-70% of people who commit suicide suffer from depression Depression is not difficult to recognize if we take the time to pay attention to the unusual signs of juveniles Therefore, this research helps people who are in the same depressive episode to find out the way to get out and helps normal people identify the early symptoms of depression from their loved ones to prevent unfortunate things from happening

The article is divided into six sections The first section provides a summary of the research The

definitions of these terminologies, as well as a variety of conscientious findings from various

research papers and publications on depression, will be demonstrated in the second half The methods utilized to collect input from Vietnamese pubescents are explained in the third section The findings are then reported and discussed further in the fourth section to help readers gain a better understanding of depression from various perspectives Then the conclusion section is following Finally, the limits and implications of this study are presented as a platform for future research

CHAPTER II

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LITERATURE REVIEW

1 Depression definition:

The term "depression" is defined in a variety of ways in several articles According to Brent and Birmaher 1996, Depression is a chronic, recurrent, and mostly an inherited illness In addition, in

PDM Task Force, 2006, page 109, depression has been noticed that is not just a form of extreme sadness It is a disorder that affects both brain and body, including cognition, behavior, the immune system, and the peripheral nervous system For more specific, Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, and poor concentration (Andrews

G, Culjpers P, Craske MG, McEvoy P, Titov N PLoS One, 2010) Moreover, another popular definition of depression is a major public health issue due to its prevalence, high mortality rates, suicide risk, and economic impact on the society (P Cuijpers and R A Schoevers, 2004)

2 Reasons for Depression in Young People:

Depression is likely to be caused by reasons belongs to such category of (1) biological Precisely, several previous studies had pointed out some biological that may trigger depression symptoms, which are the nocturnal growth hormone secretion (Ryan et al., 1994), thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion (Puig-Antich, 1987), high cortisol levels (Herane-Vives et al., 2018), melatonin and prolactin secretions (Waterman et al., 1994) or the unstable hormone production (Dahl et al., 2000); (2) insecure emotional attachment since adolescence is a challenging period

of life with various emotional changes, such as stressful academic or workplace pressures, increasingly high importance of peer and romantic relationships, and significantly reduced dependence on family support (Casey et al., 2010) ; (3) lack of reinforcement of previously reinforced behaviors: It was suggested by Rehm (1977) and another research of him (1979) that depression is due to deficits in the self-enforcement process, which includes the three phases of self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-administration of the consequences ;(4) unfavorable relations with one’s environment and the adverse events happen in life when proper correlations have been found between stressful life situations and depression in adolescents (Williamson et al., 1995) Events such as the loss of close ones, separation of parents, mourning, or exposure to suicide have all been linked to the start of the depression in childhood (Reinherz et al., 1993); (5) individuals’ acknowledgments about themselves and the surrounding as there reported a connection between lack of self-esteem and adverse outcomes for young people's behavioral and mental health problems, including health-compromising behaviors such as substance abuse, early sexual activity, and eating problems (Keane & Loades, 2017); (6) changes happen in socio- culture: Many findings had indicated that overall social media use was likely to associate with

higher levels of anxiety and depression (Banjanin et al., 2015; Farahani et al., 2011; Pantic et al.,

2012)

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3 Emotion Expression during Depression:

According to Zimmerman et al (2013), depression is divided into three severity levels: mild, moderate, and severe The structure of these three tiers of rating scales differs somewhat Mild depression is the least noticeable stage owing to the lack of evident symptoms The feelings appear due to negative experiences including high density in pressure, the uncertainty of ourselves, and psychological trauma from regular conflicts (Swallow et al., 1992) Moderate depression is a higher rating scale of depression which is believed that people experiencing this level of depression also have “blue” feelings and an assortment of others such as worthlessness, guilt (Nancy, 2020) Lastly, according to Rottenberg (2005), major depression is a kind of severe mood disruption During this phase, people have no pleasure in daily routines, intensive tiredness, and all-time drowsiness Suicide and death are also terrifying ideas for the patients

4 Behavioral Manifestations during Depression:

In contrast with adults, adolescents have fewer life experiences to draw from and therefore fewer resources to solve their problems Depressive minors frequently experience low mood or dysphoria, which is one of the key symptoms of severe depression Depression may be triggered

by aversive controlling practices, such as social control (Skinner, 1953) Similarly, it can be characterized by an increase in escape and avoidance repertoires (Ferster, 1973) However, the symptoms of depression can be varied among different people Some clients experience vegetative symptoms of depression (decreased appetite and insomnia) whereas, less commonly, others experience reversed vegetative symptoms of increased appetite and hypersomnia (Kanter

et al., 2008) Besides, Sleep disturbances have long been considered an epiphenomenon of depression, with sleep disturbances listed as a central symptom of depression in both major diagnostic classification systems (Sivertsen, 2013) Similarly, Anxiety disorder is one of the most common comorbid medical conditions in adolescent depression, as previously mentioned (American Psychiatric Association 2013) With several comorbidities considered, adolescents with depression are four to eleven times more likely to have a destructive behavior disorder and three to six times more likely to have a drug abuse problem than adolescents who are not depressed (Thapar, 2012) Ultimately, the early to late adolescence stage is known to be associated with a higher prevalence of self-harm and suicidal behaviors (Cash and Bridge, 2009; Martin et al., 2010) Depression has been identified as a factor in many young suicide attempts, both descriptively (Otto, 1964; Toolan, 1975) and diagnostically (Pfeffer et al., 1979)

5 Depression Overcoming Methods:

The American Psychological Association's Society of Clinical Psychology [APA, Society of

Clinical Psychology (APA), 2017] has published a list of psychological therapies that have been scientifically researched and judged to be the most effective in treating depression The therapies are as follows: Self-Management/Self-Control Therapy (Kanfer, 1970); Cognitive Therapy (Beck, 1987), Interpersonal Therapy (Klerman et al., 1984); Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (McCullough, 2000); Behavior Therapy/Behavioral Activation (BA) (Martell et al., 2013); Problem-Solving Therapy (Nezu et al., 2013)

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This study applied in-depth interviews, which is a common method to collect data for the research The following parts in this chapter will describe deeply the definition of in-depth interview, steps in this method, and how this research applied them

1 Definition of in-depth interview:

An in-depth interview is a qualitative research technique To process this technique, researchers conduct one-on-one interviews with a limited number of respondents to discover and gather their opinions on certain topics, programs, or issues (Boyce & Neale, 2006) This technique aids in the discovery of more precise and in-depth information than other data gathering methods such as

surveys (Parveen & Showkat, 2017)

2 Steps for conducting the in-depth interview:

Normally, there are four steps of an in-depth interview which are planning, developing instruments, collecting data, and analyzing data (Boyce & Neale, 2006)

2.1 Planning:

It is necessary to identify who are the appropriate respondents for the research and what information is needed to collect from them

In this research, we chose 20 respondents, and they are between the ages of 16 to 25 They used

to suffer emotional trauma in some situations like financial pressure, isolation, peer pressure,

pressure in work and relationships, etc and they experienced depression in the past Information about their depressed periods, which includes the reasons, their experience about emotion and behaviors, how they overcame that difficult period, and their life after a period of depression

2.2 Developing instruments:

In this step, researchers will identify an instruction for being followed for each interview in order

to maintain consistency across interviews and, as a result, boost the dependability of the results (Boyce & Neale, 2006)

This is the interview protocol that we used to collect data for this report:

1 How is depression to youngsters?

2 Why do people get depressed?

(a) What are the reasons that depression is getting popular now?

(b) Is it easy to recognize people having depressed feelings or not?

3 What is the relationship between depression and genetic factors?

4 How many types of depression?

(a) What are they?

(b) What are the differences between each period?

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(c) What causes the higher rate of depression?

5 What are the symptoms of depression?

(a) How do the young feel during the depression?

(b) What do they often do when they are depressed?

(c) Are they willing to do anything that hurts themselves for satisfying purposes?

6 Do you know anyone having depression?

(a) Which stage of depression are they in?

(b) What are your difficulties when communicating with depressed people?

7 How do people overcome depression?

(a) Does depression go away on its own in time?

(b) Should depressed people need to talk with a psychologist?

(c) How long does it take for people with depression to get well?

8 What should surround people do to help people experiencing depression?

9 What should do if depressed people do not respond to their treatment?

10 What should the young do to avoid depression?

(a) What is the importance of participating in campaigns involving depression to understand more about this disease?

11 How does the thought of depressed people change after being cured?

12 Can depression come back?

13 What are the sequelae of depression?

2.3 Collecting data:

This is one of the most important steps in the in-depth interview and it decides whether the research is successful or not The team needs to interview participants that have been chosen There is a need that the interviewer must tell the respondents the purpose, expectation of the interview, how the information will be kept confidential, and ask them to accept or not After receiving acceptance, the interview is conducted Interviewers need to summarize key

information and verify them if necessary

2.4 Analyzing data:

Revising all the data collected in the first step Then, researchers will pick out the data that is necessary and can be used to analyze the research Moreover, in this step, all of the responses to each question are aggregated to eliminate duplicate responses and provide an overall picture

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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS

1 Reasons for Depression in Young People

A Insecurity resulted from emotional changes: Through the period of adolescence, it cannot be denied that many factors in our lives have changed significantly, both physically and mentally,

some of the key influences include family relationships,

academic and working performance, social pressures, financial burden, etc As reported by our participants, many of them expressed the frustration resulting from the disability of attaining their desired results at work or school despite their

continuous endeavor Moreover, given that their families have

major problems involving mostly their parents, it causes great pain and helplessness in most of the cases that belong to our interviewees Other pressures including the need to fit into society or being able to afford the needs of these adolescents also bring about negative consequences

B Lack of reinforcement in behavior: Since young people who are going through the first stages

of depression cannot access help immediately, it can lead to a serious lack of self-monitoring This means that if they have a negative feeling that can involve harming themselves, and since they lack reinforcement in behavior, those self-harm behaviors may continuously grow in numbers and last for a long time Many participants reported having incurred such harmful behavior such as hurting themselves or thoughts/attempts to suicide

C Unfavorable relations to one’s surroundings and negative events: Going through the stage of adolescence, one sure cannot escape the changes in their surroundings, even when the changes are not theirs, it can be the place they live, the people around them, their obligations, or responsibilities and so on During such a sensitive period in their life, if there are any

circumstances or incidents that bring a shock to them, it is very difficult for them to overcome

them In many cases, these happenings bring about a massive strike in their mental health which leaves them unable to return to their normal way of thinking or behaving

2 Emotion Expression during Depression:

Most of the answers from the interview have indicated that they experience grievous feelings- which last and appear most of the time

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A Thoughts of depressed people

Based on the responses from interviewees, it is obvious that people who are depressed always consider everything on its negative side People are surrounded by desperation, meaninglessness, and lack of enthusiasm Also, they lose all energy, previous habits, and passions Some people tend to conceal these emotions due to the negation of depression by trying to but other people can effortlessly recognize their unusual expressions

B Causes to negative emotions:

From the results collected, the main problem for these rigorous feelings is the difficulty in sharing which is focused on two major cases: fear and indifference of confidants

Half interviewees reveal that they used to have the intention to confide with surrounding people

such as friends, family members but they have no courage to do that The reason for their

timidity is the fear of being a divergent individual in the world and no one is willing to listen to their talks Moreover, some believe that their negative emotions are

not acceptable and incomprehensible, so it is embarrassing to share

what happened to them

Respondents confess that they have shared what they are facing to

their families but what they receive is incomprehension Many

people innocently think that the negative emotions in their child are

unusual characteristics at their age and lose patience to listen to

their story Therefore, although having the strength to visualize their

thoughts, depressed people not only feel worse but also be

abandoned

3 Behavioral Manifestations during Depression:

A Tiredness and Sleeping/Eating Disorder:

The most known symptoms of depression in young people may include sadness or low moods that last for a long time, feeling tired and exhausted most of the time, or having trouble sleeping,

or in some cases, sleep more than usual Other common patterns that are usually seen in young people who experience depression are: not being interested in things they used to enjoy and having eating disorders

B Self-blaming tendencies:

Young people, who are often enthusiastic about many aspects of their life, when facing depressive illness, tend to blame themselves and some outer negative factors, they often talk about or feel guilty or worthless They reported having felt hopeless and helpless a lot of the time, albeit attempting to fix the problems

C Self-harm activities:

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In addition, the most alarming behaviors in young people during depression is having risk-taking doings, having frequent small to big accidents, talk about death and dying or actual attempt in self-harm and suicide This usually happens when the illness has lasted for quite a while and people who experienced these traits often described them as “a doing to free themselves” and

“seeking for a way to end all things”

4 Depression Overcoming Methods:

A Seeking helps from others:

Getting over depression is never an easy task for anyone

suffering from it in both physical and mental conditions

However, they may stand a good chance of recovering with

valuable help from other people, who may have close

relationships (such as close friends or family members) or be a

stranger (especially those who have been through similar

experiences) Thus, when people are getting stuck in their

thinking, support from people who make them feel safe and

cared for can greatly contribute to the recovery from their

mental illness These people do not judge personal thoughts and

feelings but listen attentively and enthusiastically to the story

behind them

B Helping others:

Some youngsters find ways to support other people by doing voluntary work This can help to boost their mood and make them realize that they are still useful for society Moreover, reaching people out and staying connected to society is also a useful way to escape from depression

In short, when people are depressed no matter what the reasons are, they need to find a new environment to change their mood or a person who is willing to listen to their story, expose all

their problems, or even help others By doing so, they may effectively recover from depression

5 Perception Change after Depression:

After experiencing depression, most respondents figure out their ways of preventing depression from coming back Opening for sharing is one of the most optimal solutions that most people mentioned in the interview to avoid recurrent depressive episodes They said that depressed individuals tend to be withdrawn from other people They feared sharing their nervous stories because of many reasons, like being afraid to disturb their friends, family members or worry that people do not want to talk with them To avoid depression, it is necessary for people to erase these things out of their minds and be more open to talking to other people about their difficult times

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