EMG METHODS FOR EVALUATING MUSCLE AND NERVE FUNCTION Edited by Mark Schwartz EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function Edited by Mark Schwartz Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function, Edited by Mark Schwartz p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-793-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Principles & Methods 1 Chapter 1 A Critical Review and Proposed Improvement in the Assessment of Muscle Interactions Using Surface EMG 3 James W. Fee, Jr. and Freeman Miller Chapter 2 Location of Electrodes in Surface EMG 17 Ken Nishihara and Takuya Isho Chapter 3 The Relationship Between Electromyography and Muscle Force 31 Heloyse Uliam Kuriki, Fábio Mícolis de Azevedo, Luciana Sanae Ota Takahashi, Emanuelle Moraes Mello, Rúben de Faria Negrão Filho and Neri Alves Chapter 4 Electromyography in Myofascial Syndrome 55 Juhani Partanen Chapter 5 Clinical Implications of Muscle-Tendon & -Force Interplay: Surface Electromyography Recordings of m. vastus lateralis in Renal Failure Patients Undergoing Dialysis and of m. gastrocnemius in Individuals with Achilles Tendon Damage 65 Adrian P. Harrison, Stig Molsted, Jessica Pingel, Henning Langberg and Else Marie Bartels Part 2 Signal Processing 89 Chapter 6 Nonlinear Analysis for Evaluation of Age-Related Muscle Performance Using Surface Electromyography 91 Hiroki Takada, Yasuyuki Matsuura, Tomoki Shiozawa and Masaru Miyao VI Contents Chapter 7 The Usefulness of Wavelet Transform to Reduce Noise in the SEMG Signal 107 Angkoon Phinyomark, Pornchai Phukpattaranont and Chusak Limsakul Chapter 8 Nonlinear Analysis of Surface Electromyography 133 Paul S. Sung Chapter 9 sEMG Techniques to Detect and Predict Localised Muscle Fatigue 157 M. R. Al-Mulla, F. Sepulveda and M. Colley Chapter 10 Clinical Application of Silent Period for the Evaluation of Neuro-Muscular Function in the Field of the Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation 187 Shinichi Daikuya, Atsuko Ono, Toshiaki Suzuki, Tetsuji Fujiwara and Kyonosuke Yabe Part 3 Diagnostics 207 Chapter 11 Middle and Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials and Their Usage in Fibromyalgia and Schizophrenia 209 Hande Turker, Ayhan Bilgici and Huseyin Alpaslan Sahin Chapter 12 Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorders by High-Spatial-Resolution-EMG 227 Catherine Disselhorst-Klug Chapter 13 EMG vs. Thermography in Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 241 Breda Jesenšek Papež and Miroslav Palfy Chapter 14 Functional Significance of Facilitation Between the Pronator Teres and Extensor Carpi Radialis in Humans: Studies with Electromyography and Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation 259 Akira Naito, Hiromi Fujii, Toshiaki Sato, Katsuhiko Suzuki and Haruki Nakano Part 4 Evoked Potential 279 Chapter 15 Visual and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Neurology 281 Ashraf Zaher Chapter 16 Extraction and Analysis of the Single Motor Unit F-Wave of the Median Nerve 311 Masafumi Yamada and Kentaro Nagata Contents VII Chapter 17 EMG and Evoked Potentials in the Operating Room During Spinal Surgery 325 Induk Chung and Arthur A. Grigorian Chapter 18 Combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography and Electroencephalography: Application in Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders 341 Faranak Farzan, Mera S. Barr, Paul B. Fitzgerald and Zafiris J. Daskalakis Part 5 EMG in Combination with Other Technologies 373 Chapter 19 Muscle Force Analysis of Human Foot Based on Wearable Sensors and EMG Method 375 Enguo Cao, Yoshio Inoue, Tao Liu and Kyoko Shibata Chapter 20 Affective Processing of Loved Familiar Faces: Contributions from Electromyography 391 Pedro Guerra, Alicia Sánchez-Adam, Lourdes Anllo-Vento and Jaime Vila Chapter 21 Noninvasive Monitoring of Breathing and Swallowing Interaction 413 N. Terzi, D. Orlikowski, H. Prigent, Pierre Denise, H. Normand and F. Lofaso Part 6 EMG New Frontiers in Research and Technology 425 Chapter 22 Man to Machine, Applications in Electromyography 427 Michael Wehner Chapter 23 Water Surface Electromyography 455 David Pánek, Dagmar Pavlů and Jitka Čemusová Chapter 24 Scanning Electromyography 471 Javier Navallas, Javier Rodríguez and Erik Stålberg Chapter 25 EMG PSD Measures in Orthodontic Appliances 491 Şükrü Okkesim, Tancan Uysal, Aslı Baysal and Sadık Kara Chapter 26 New Measurement Techniques of Surface Electromyographic Signals in Rest Position for Application in the Ophthalmological Field 507 Edoardo Fiorucci, Fabrizio Ciancetta and Annalisa Monaco Preface This is the first of two books on Electromyography (EMG), and it focuses on basic principles of using and analyzing EMG signals. The second book addresses the application of EMG in clinical medicine. In this first book, there are 6 sections. The first section on principles and methods contains five chapters that cover a wide range of principles and methods, starting with a critical review by Fee discussing proposed improvements for the assessment of muscle interactions using surface EMG. The purpose of this chapter is to propose a mathematical relationship between EMG excitation recorded from muscles in opposition to, or in coordination with each other. The chapter by Nishihara describes the location of electrodes in surface EMG, including the method and sources of variation based on distance from the innervation zone. Kuriki describes the relationship between electromyography and force. This is followed by a chapter by Partanan on EMG in myofascial syndrome. The final chapter, entitled “Clinical implications of muscle- tendon and- force interplay: surface electromyography recordings of m. vastus lateralis in renal failure patients undergoing dialysis and of m. gastrocnemius in individuals with Achilles tendon damage”, was contributed by Dr Harrison. The second section addresses issues of signal processing and has five chapters, starting with one by Takada. Chapter One is titled “Nonlinear Analysis for Evaluation of Age- Related Muscle Performance by Using Surface Electromyography”, which concludes that age-related reductions in muscular function can be detected using an algorithm developed for the nonlinear analysis of surface electromyography signals. The authors examined the femoral rectus muscles of the dominant leg, using several measurement parameters, and evaluated changes in these parameters with age. The second chapter in this section is by Phinyomark and covers the usefulness of wavelet transform to reduce noise in the SEMG signal. The third chapter by Sung covers nonlinear analysis of SEMG. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the potential use of nonlinear time series analysis as a tool for the clinical diagnosis of low back pain or neuromuscular dysfunction, especially low back muscle fatigue. Of particular interest is a comparison between methods based on the power spectrum and nonlinear time series analysis of EMG signals. A chapter by Al-Mulla and colleagues then describes the development of a wearable automated muscle fatigue detection system, based on a classification X Preface algorithm developed to identify different fatigue states in SEMG signals collected from the biceps brachii muscles. In the final chapter in this section, Daikuya and colleagues discuss the importance of the “silent period” of the EMG signal for the evaluation of neuro-muscular function in the field of the sports medicine and rehabilitation. The silent period is the duration of the inhibitory period of muscle contraction detected on surface electromyography, which is due to electrical stimulation at the innervating nerve during tonic muscle contraction. Section three moves into the area of diagnostics, beginning with a chapter by Turker and colleagues that reviews middle and long latency auditory evoked potentials and their diagnostic application in fibromyalgia and schizophrenia. Recording procedures and appropriate statistical methods for middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) and long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) are described. The authors place their findings in the context of the current literature and conclude that "central mechanisms may be important in the evolution of fibromyalgia. CNS dysfunction may be both an etiological factor in the fibromyalgia syndrome and a pathophysiological mechanism explaining the clinical symptoms and signs.” In the second chapter of this section, Disselhorst-Klug covers non-invasive diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders by high-spatial-resolution-EMG (HSR-EMG), which is capable of detecting single motor unit activity in a non-invasive way. The chapter provides a clear introduction to the relationship between neuromuscular disorders and changes in the structure of single motor units (MUs) and identifies reasons why conventional SEMG has a limited spatial resolution and is unable to separate the activity of single MUs from simultaneously active adjacent ones. The result is that SEMG is mainly useful for obtaining “global” information about muscle activation, like time or net-intensity of muscle activation within a recording field. The author reviews the evaluation of pathological changes in the HSR-EMG by introducing three sets of parameters that allow a quantitative evaluation of the changes in the pattern typical for each disorder. In the third chapter, Papez and colleagues present “EMG vs. Thermography in severe carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis of entrapment neuropathy”. The authors’ conclusions provide a comparison of the use of thermography for CTS with EMG. In the final chapter of the section on diagnostics, Naito writes about the functional significance of facilitation between agonist and antagonist muscles in humans, using the pronator teres and extensor carpi radialis muscles as examples. The fourth section provides a useful introduction to the use of evoked potentials and surface electromyography. The authors show how these combined measures can help to evaluate and diagnose disorders of the muscles and motor neurons. There are four interesting chapters that give good examples of the use of electromyography (EMG) in combination with electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) to clarify the integrity of neuromuscular function and neural pathways. This area could be of significant interest to readers from multiple disciplines. The first chapter in this section is a general review by Zaher. It is followed by a chapter by Yamada describing methods for the [...]... observed raw waveforms of EMG 20 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function Fig 3 Theoretical EMG signal from action potentials propagated along muscle fibers The action potentials propagated along muscle fibers are attenuated according to the distance between the muscle fibers and the surface electrodes and are superimposed in surface EMG (Nishihara et al., 2003) Fig 4 Example of raw EMG signals... active and inactive muscle activity and to easily fit into many standard gait analysis reports The method begins with a normalization that combines two previously described methods This combination of normalization on peak values and mean values of the data set itself 14 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function eliminates drawbacks of both methods Additionally it eliminates the need for a... ratio is not unique: 6 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function A / A a B / B b Let: B = 2 * A and b = 2 * a If "A" in the above equation is antagonist EMG area and "a" is agonist area, it is possible to conceive of another muscle group such that antagonist area "B" is twice that of "A" and agonist muscle "b" is twice the area of "a" The calculation for both muscles groups will... of methods to the extraction of force from EMG signals Christensen et al (1986) compared the number of zero crossings with force production and found a linear relationship up to 50% of a maximum voluntary contraction At low levels of maximum contraction the number of spikes was found to increase with increasing force 4 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function (Haas, 1926) At higher force... by electrodes The EMG signal can be prepared by the summation of theoretically generated MUAP waveforms The EMG signal observed by electrodes can also be estimated 18 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function Fig 1 Theoretical waveform of an MUAP measured using a surface electrode The action potential from the innervation zone (IZ) is propagated bilaterally along the muscle fibers The direction... and the peak of the cross-correlogram of an EMG signal (Nishihara et al., 2003) 2.4 Peak averaging method to estimate the propagation of action potentials The propagation pattern from a raw surface EMG signal can be observed by detecting the peaks in a surface EMG and averaging them using computer programs (Nishihara et al., 2003; Isho et al., 2011) 22 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function. .. evoked potential and EMG recording can improve specificity and clinical efficacy of EMG during cervical and thoracic spinal procedures The fourth and final chapter in this section is contributed by Farzan and colleagues It covers both the use of EMG and MEPs for assessing neurological pathways in experiments using Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the extension of these methods in combination... supporting limb's muscles should be most active While it is not the intent of this chapter to prove or disprove our 10 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function working hypothesis, some results will be presented in order to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the method of assessment outlined and advocated With regard to mirrored excitation, it is expected, that the excited muscle will... Electromyography in the biomechanical analysis of human movement and its clinical application, J Gait Posture, Vol 1, No 8(2) (Oct., 1998) pp 143-158, ISSN: 0966-6362 16 EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function Lam WK, Leong JC, Li YH, Hu Y, & Lu WW (2005) Biomechanical and electromyographic evaluation of ankle foot orthosis and dynamic ankle foot orthosis in spastic cerebral palsy Gait... surface muscles Surface EMG is a practical and noninvasive procedure that has potential usage in sports and rehabilitation medicine The signal amplitude of surface EMG is analyzed to estimate the level of muscle contraction, while the frequency component is used to estimate performance of muscle activation For example, a change in EMG signal amplitude is regarded as a change in the strength of muscle . EMG METHODS FOR EVALUATING MUSCLE AND NERVE FUNCTION Edited by Mark Schwartz EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function Edited by Mark. increasing force EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function 4 (Haas, 1926). At higher force levels, the mean rectified value of the signal was found to exhibit linearity with force. unique: EMG Methods for Evaluating Muscle and Nerve Function 6 A/ A a B/ B b Let: B = 2 * A and b = 2 * a If "A" in the above equation is antagonist EMG area and "a"