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Đề số: 03 What are the differences between British English and Australian English?

Definition Australian English is a major variety

of the English language and is used throughout Australia

British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom

Historical

context

Australian English began to diverge from British English after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788 and was recognized as being different from British English

by 1820 However, a large part of the convict bodies were Irish and other non-English speaking Welsh and Scots, or at least, not from the South/

East of Britain

In 1827 Peter Cunningham reported that native-born white Australians of the time-known as “currency lads lasses” – spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong Cockney influence

Variation and change of

English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England including English English, Anglo - English, English in England Although there are many different accents and dialects throughout England and people are often very proud of their local accent or dialect, there are many associated prejudices International English is the concept of the English language as a global means

of communication in numerous dialects, and also the movement towards an international standard for the language It is also referred to as Global English, World English, Common English, Continental English,

Australian English: According to

linguists, three main varieties of

Australian English: Broad, General,

Cultivated

They are part of a continuum,

reflecting variations in accent They

often but not always, reflect the

social class or educational

background of the speaker

- Broad Australian English is

recognisable and familiar to English

speakers around the world because it

is used to identify Australian

characters in non-Australian films

and television programs

- The majority of Australians speak

with a similar accent – ‘General

Australian English’ This

predominates among modern

Australian films and TV programs

The Wiggles, Kylie Minogue, and

actors Nicole Kidman…speak this

- Cultivated Australian English has

many similarities to British Received

Pronunciation, and is often mistaken

for it Spoken by some within

Australian society, ex: Judy Davis,

General English, Engas (English as associate language), or Globish The modern concept of International English does not exist in isolation, but

is the product of centuries of development of the English language The process of the development of English language, here is the process of the development of English language: Pre-English period, Old English period, Middle English period, and Modern English period were presented briefly

in the lessons before Now, we have some words about how English becomes international language

How did English become international English?

- English have been introduced to Ireland

- The establishment of the first permanent English-speaking colony in North America in 1607 was a major step towards the globalization of the language British English was only partially standardized when American colonies was established

- In the 19th century, well-established

Geoffrey Rush…

Regional differences

There are no discernible variations in accent and pronunciation among people of different states and territories, though this is claimed

However, there are some regional differences For example: In Tasmania, “dance” and “grant” are usually heard with the older pronunciation of these words, using / æ/, whereas in South Australia, /a:/ is more common

English was brought to Arica, Asia, and Oceania

- Since 1919, in Europe, English received a more role particularly

- The English-speaking regions of Canada and the Caribbean are caught between historical connections with the

UK and the Commonwealth, and geographical and economic connections with the U.S American English vs British English In some things, and more formally, they tend to follow British standards, whereas in others they follow the U.S standard

Grammar Phonology

Australian English is a non-rhotic dialects most similar to New Zealand English and South African English and bears some resembance to dialects from the Southeast of England

+ The vowels of Australian English can be divided into two categories:

Long and short vowels

- The short vowels (only of monophthongs) mostly correspond to the lax vowels used in analyses of

+ The three major division of dialects

of English in England are classified as Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects, Northern English dialects

+ An important feature of English regional accents in the bundle of isoglosses, which separated different pronunciation and grammar in different areas

+ Accents throughout Britain are influenced by the phoneme inventory of regional dialects, and native English

Received Pronunciation.

- The long vowels (of both

monophthongs and diththongs)

mostly correspond to the lax vowels

and centring diphthongs

- Unlike most varieties of English, it

has a phonemic length distinction:

certain vowels differ only by length

_ex: /ai/ instead of /ei/: mate /mait/…

Consonants

Australian English consonants are

similar to those of other non-rhotic

varieties of English It has a flapped

variant of /t/ and /d/ in similar

environments, as American E

Many speakers have also coalesced /

dj/, /sj/, /tj/ into /dʒ/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/ such as

/tʃu:n/ for tune

speakers can often tell quite precisely Modern communications and mass media have reduced all the differences significantly Speakers may modify their pronunciation and vocabulary towards Receive Pronunciation and Standard English

Nouns: In BrE, collective nouns can

take either singular (formal agreement)

or plural (notional agreement) verb forms

Verbs: The past tense and past

participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.)

In BrE, both irregular and regular forms are current, but for some words (such as smelt and leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms, especially by users of Received Pronunciation For other words (such as dreamed, leaned and learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common

Use of tenses: BrE uses the present

perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past with: already, just and yet

Vocabulary Australian English has many words

that some consider unique to the langage Here are some examples:

(1) “Outback” means a remote, sparsely populated area (2) “The Bush” means either a native forest or

a country area in general It is a word

of Dutch origin: “Bosch” (3)

“Creak” (Australia+ North America)

is a stream or small river; (the UK) –

a small watercourse flowing into the sea (4) “Paddock” (Australia) means field In the UK it means a small enclosure for livestock… (5)

“Dinkum” can mean “true”, “is that true?” or “this is the truth!” (6) It derived from the Cantonese (or Hokkien) “ding kam”, meaning “top gold” (7) It originated from the extinct East Midlands dialect in England, where dinkum (or dincum) meant “hard work” or “fair work”

(8) The derivative “dinky-di” means

“true” or devoted: a “dinky-di

Education

In the UK, a university student is said

to study, to read or informally simply

to do a subject In the recent past the expression 'to read a subject' was more common at the older universities such

as Oxford and Cambridge

BrE:

"She did geography at Warwick." (informal)

"She studied geography at Cambridge."

"She read geography at Cambridge."

Aussie” is a “true Australian”.

Spelling Australian spelling is usually the

same as British spelling, with only a few exceptions Few exceptions: (1)

“program” is more common than

“programme” (2) “jail” > “gaol”

The Macquarie Dictionary is generally used, as the standard spelling reference A widely-held belief in Australia: controversies over spelling resulted from the

“Americanisation” of Australian English, but the debate over spelling

is much older

In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardized Different standards became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries Current BrE spellings follow, for the most part, those of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)

Others Influence of Australian Aboriginal

languages: Some elements of

Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English-mainly as names for places, flora and fauna Little has been adopted into the wider language

A few words of Australians origin are now used in other parts of the Anglosphere as well

Almost 440 words

Names for places, flora and fauna (for example: dingo, coala, wallaby,

Many Englishes

There are many difficult choices that have to be made if there is to be further standardization of English in the future These include the choice over whether

to adopt a current standard and move towards a more neutral, but artificial one

A true International English might supplant both current American and British English as a variety of English for international communication, leaving these as local dialects or would

Cooee/ ku:i:/ - high-piched call, for

attracting attention; also a national

distance: “if he’s within cooee, we’ll

spot him”

Hard yakka (hard work) is derived

from yakka, from the Yagara/Jagara

language once spoken in Brisbane

region

Bung: broken or pretending to be

hurt

Colloquialisms

Diminutive

Ripper: really great

+ Diminutives are used by some

They are formed in various ways and

are often used to indicate familiarity

Arvo: afternoon; Barbie: barbecue;

Chockers: very ful; Grommet: young

surfer; Mozzie: mosquito; Ta: thank

you!

Sook: to sulk If someone calls you a

sook, it is because they think you are

whinging

_ Roo: kangaroo A baby roo, still in

the pouch, is known as a Joey

+ Litotes, such as “you’re not

rise from a merger of General American and standard British English with admixture of other varieties of English and would generally replace all these varieties of English

Many users of English face difficuties

by their ‘non-standard' dialect of English as their birth tongue, but have

a more standard dialect

As far as spelling is concerned, the differences between American and British usage became noticeable due to the first influential lexicographers (dictionary writers) on each side of the Atlantic

Samuel Johnson's dictionary of 1755 greatly favoured Norman-influenced spellings such as centre and colour Noah Webster's first guide to American spelling, published in 1783, preferred spellings like centre and the Latinate colour

However, that these differences are extremely minor Spelling is but a small

part of the differences between dialects

of English, and may not even reflect

wrong”; “She’ll be right” (everything

all right) used by some

Many idiomatic phrases and words

(now stereotypes, caricatured

exaggeration, and have disappeared

from everyday use): “cobber”,

“strewth”, “you beaut and crikey”,

“Prawn” is used rather than

“shrimp”…

dialect differences at all International English refers to much more than an agreed spelling pattern

Dual standard: The Longman

Grammar of Spoken and Written English, published in 1999, is a descriptive study of both American and British English in which each chapter follows individual spelling conventions according to the preference of the main editor of that chapter