Kỹ Năng Mềm - Báo cáo khoa học, luận văn tiến sĩ, luận văn thạc sĩ, nghiên cứu - Giáo Dục - Education QUANG NAM PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE QUANG NAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TAN THI MY VUONG A STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS OF PREPOSITION PHRASES IN VANITY FAIR BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY GRADUATION PAPER Quang Nam, May 2018 QUANG NAM PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE QUANG NAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS OF PREPOSITION PHRASES IN VANITY FAIR BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY RESEARCHER TAN THI MY VUONG STUDENT CODE: 2114020851 MAJOR:ENGLISH ACADEMIC COURSE: 2014-2018 SUPERVISOR: DOAN PHAN ANH TRUC, M.A Quang Nam, May 2018 ACKNOWLEDGE Firstly and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this study. I want to thank the Foreign Language Department of Quang Nam University for giving me the permission to commence this study in the first instance and to do the necessary research work. I also would like to show my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Doan Phan Anh Truc, M.A, whose reference materials, support, stimulation, suggestions and encouragement help me in all stages of this research for and writing of this study. Besides, I am deeply indebted to my beloved family for their wholehearted support and encouragement. I also would like to dedicate my special thanks to my classmates from English class DT14TAN02 , who have supported, cooperated and provided me with valuable suggestions. Finally, I cannot fully express my gratitude to all people whose direct and indirect support assisted me to accomplish my study in time. ABSTRACT The research paper examines some types of translation shifts : class shifts, unit rank shifts, structure shifts on the basic of 200 samples taken from " Vanity Fair". We will discuss and point out translation shifts in Vietnamese translations as well as give recommendation to employ translation shifts for translation skill. The study is to help learners realize how preposition phrases of place are translated into Vietnamese so that they would be able to use shifts effectively. ABBREVIATIONS NP: Noun phrase VP: Verb phrase AP: Adjective phrase PP: Preposition phrase P: Preposition N: Noun V: Verb SL: Source language TL: Target language LIST OF THE TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1. The word order of noun phrases in Vietnamese. Table 2.2. The word order of verb phrases in Vietnamese. Table 2.3. The word order of adjective phrases. Table 4.1. Distribution of structure shifts in English Table 4.2. The changes of preposition phrases when preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in verb phrases. Table 4.3. Occurences of structure shifts of preposition phrases of place when preposition phrases play the roles as post modifiers in noun phrases. Table 4.4. Structure shifts used in the novel " Vanity Fair" Figure 4.1. Structure shifts of preposition phrases of place when preposition phrase of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases. Figure4. 2. Structure shifts of preposition phrases of place when preposition phrases play the role as post modifiers in noun phrases. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. Rationale ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 1 1.3. Scope of the Study ........................................................................................ 2 1.4. Aims and Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 2 1.4.1. Aims of the Study........................................................................................ 2 1.4.2. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................... 2 1.5. Research Questions ....................................................................................... 2 1.6. Organization of the Study. .......................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................ 4 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........... 4 2.1. Literature Review ......................................................................................... 4 2.2. Theoretical Background .............................................................................. 5 2.2.1. Translation.................................................................................................. 5 2.2.1.1. Concept of translation ............................................................................. 5 2.2.1.2. Main translation methods ....................................................................... 6 2.2.1.3. Translation shift ...................................................................................... 8 2.2.2. Preposition phrases in English ................................................................ 10 2.2.2.1. Concept of Preposition phrases of Place .............................................. 10 2.2.2.2. Types of preposition phrases of place ................................................... 11 2.2.2.3 Function.................................................................................................. 12 2.2.3. Phrases in Vietnamese. ............................................................................ 12 2.2.3.1. Phrases in Vietnamese .......................................................................... 12 2.2.3.2. Preposition phrases in Vietnamese ....................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................... 20 METHOD AND PROCEDURE....................................................................... 20 3.1. Research Design.......................................................................................... 20 3.2. Research Procedures .................................................................................. 20 3.2.1. Data collection .......................................................................................... 20 3.2.2. Data analysis............................................................................................. 20 3.3. Validity and Reliability .............................................................................. 21 CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................... 22 FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 22 4.1. Structure Shifts ............................................................................................ 22 4.1.1. Preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases ................................................................................................................ 22 4.1.2.Preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in noun phrases... 25 4.2. The frequency of Structure shifts in the Vietnamese translations of Preposition phrase of Place .............................................................................. 29 4.3. Discussions of the Findings ........................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 5 ...................................................................................................... 33 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 33 5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 33 5.2. Pedagogical implications for translation shifts of Preposition phrase of Place .................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.1. Implication for translation learning ...................................................... 34 5.2.2. Implications for translation teaching .................................................... 34 5.3. Limitations .................................................................................................. 35 5.4. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 35 5.4.1. Recommendation for teaching ............................................................... 35 5.4.2. Recommendation for learning ............................................................... 36 5.4.3. Recommendation for further study ....................................................... 36 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 37 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Rationale Translation can be considered an indispensable part in the fields of not only literature, culture and religion but also commercial advertisements, popular entertainment, public administration, and education, etc. Translation plays a key role in the universalization of human knowledge. It helps improve international understanding, socio-cultural awareness, professional communicative activities, implements of technologies, and so on. Translation is an core subject for the English major students at Quang Nam University. It exploits our knowledge on different fields so we are required to equip not only specified knowledge and vocabulary but also translation theory. For example, learners need to know how changes occur when they translate a noun phrase, a verb phrase or a preposition phrase into English. To do this, it is obligatory for us to grasp the theory of shifts in translation. Translation is a multi- skilled process so it causes a lot of difficulties for leaners in choosing correct methods and using equivalents in the target text. Especially it is also difficult for learners to translate preposition phrases of place because they are not confident to use necessary changes instead of using the word-for-word technique very often. Specifically learners do not understand of shifts in translation so it is not easy for them to apply them to target translated versions. As a result, they can mistranslate or convey wrong meanings. Up to now, there has not been any study of shifts in the Vietnamese translations of English preposition phrases of place. Therefore, we choose the topic ― A study of changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray”. We hope that our research paper will make a contribution to the learners'''' improvement of translation. 1.2. Significance of the Study The researchers hope that this study, to some extent, can be useful for English learners in general and translators in particular to identify changes of 2 preposition phrases of place in Vietnamese translations. Moreover, it helps reduce the ambiguity of shifts for English learners as well as reduce mistakes in translation. Especially, the English major students can get a lot of benefits from this study in order to partly improve their translation competence. In general, the findings of the study can be a potential source for using and translating preposition phrases from English to Vietnamese effectively. 1.3. Scope of the Study Due to limitation of time, space, knowledge and experience in this paper we just focus on preposition phrases of place and changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place mentioned in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray. 1.4. Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.4.1. Aims of the Study This study aims at helping translators be able to understand clearly about changes in structure when translating English preposition phrases into Vietnamese. Furthermore, the aim is to help English learners translate preposition phrases of place more accurately and partly improve translation skill. 1.4.2. Objectives of the Study This study is intended to: Identify changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place showed in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray. Give some effective suggestions for translating preposition phrases of place as well as some learning ways to enhance learners’ translation skills. 1.5. Research Questions The study seeks answers to the retailing research questions: 1. What are the changes in Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases of place in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray? What are some implications of the research on the learning and teaching of translation shifts of preposition phrases of place? 3 What are some suggestions that learners can apply to improve translation skill? 1.6. Organization of the Study. The research includes 5 chapters as below: Chapter 1 Introduction The chapter is the introduction of our study including rationale, aims and objective of the study, the scope of the study and organization of the study. Chapter 2 Literature Review The chapter consists of two parts -The first part is a review of previous research related to the paper. -The second part provides the theoretical background for the study. It also involves key terms of the study Chapter 3 Method and Procedure The chapter mentions that the research methodology carried out in the research involving research design, data collection and data analysis and validity and reliability. Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion The chapter presents the results and a discussion of the findings of the analysis conducted in exploring translation shifts in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place in novel "Vanity Fair" by William Makepeace Thackeray. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications The chapter summarizes and concludes what has been done in the research, implications of the study points and limitations of the study as well as some recommendations for further researches. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1. Literature Review Regarding translation shifts, Vinay and Darbelnet''''s (1958, 2000 : 88-89) mention that shifts as a transposition which " involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message " as a modulation which show " a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view". Catford (1965) gives a new opinion to analyze translation shifts. He refers to translation equivalences as a range of difference levels such as phonology, graphology, grammar or lexis and ranks where the equivalence is " sentences to sentence, at another, group - to - group, at another word - to- word". In Catford''''s view, there are key differences between formal correspondence and textual equivalence. According to Munday (2001:60), textual equivalence is tied to particular Source language ( SL) - Target languge (TT) pair, while formal equivalence is a more general system - based concept between a pair of languages. Nida and Taber (2003: 12) focus on rendering the meaning of a text, rather than of any single linguistic pair, certain radical departures from the formal structures are not only legitimate but may even be desirable. Chi (2014) defines rank unit shifts based on two directions: shifts up the rank which " explicate the implicit message compacted in the nominalized constructions necessitate the tendency to go beyond the rank of the de-verbal noun with new added elements'''' and shift down the rank which tend to be simpler in the structure, removing any complication in expression if possible to maintain a clear message to the potential readership. Trang (2016) explores types of translation shift in the Vietnamese translation of nominal group describing nature in the series of " a little House" by Laura Ingalls Wilder and " Wuther height" by Emily Bronte. Truc and Chi (2017) study types of shifts via Vietnamese translation of English Intensifiers. The authors refer translation shifts of intensifiers occurred in the Vietnamese translation including class shifts and unitrank shifts and structure shifts. 5 As for preposition study, there have been many works on preposition phrases in general. Quirk et al (1972) shows that Preposition phrase of Place are typical either adjuncts (relating an even or state of affairs to a location) or post - modifiers ( relating some object to a location). According to Collins (2001), adjuncts consisting of a preposition and a noun group, such as ―in a box‖ and ― to the station‖, are called preposition ph rases. Tra (2005) studies English preposition of place and analysis of errors made by secondary school students and ― a study on preposition phrase of time in English by Trang (2009)‖ and Dieu (2010) mentions preposition of direction and some errors made by Vietnamese learners. Although many studies of preposition phrases in translation have been carried out, there have been few studies of changes in Vietnamese translations of English preposition phrases. A study of changes in the Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray is completely new. The study is in hope of putting some useful practical suggestions for teaching and learning preposition phrases translation. 2.2. Theoretical Background 2.2.1. Translation 2.2.1.1. Concept of translation According to Wikipedia, translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a translation that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the source text, and the language that it is to be translated into is called the target language; the final product is sometimes called the target text. As for Advanced oxford dictionary, translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. E.A.Nida (1959) defines translation as the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the source text) and the production, in another language of a equivalent text (the target text ) that communicates the same message. Catford (1965:20) shows that translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another ( target language). Savory (1968) explores translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expression. As for Tanke (1975), translation is the process of communication in which the translation is interposed between a transmitter and a receiver who use different languages to carry out code of conversation between them. Diaz -Diacaretz (1985) mentions that translation will be understood as the final product of problem solving and sign production of a receptor – text (RT) functionally equivalent to a source text (ST) by a human being in a given language for a given group of a text receivers. According to 6 Bell (1991), translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original. Peter Newmark (1991) mentions that translation includes both written and spoken language which are two important means of communication. Peter Newmark (1991, p.7) states that " translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace the written message and statement in one language by the same message and statement in another language". Bui Tien Bao (1997) looks at translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text. As for Houbert (1998:1), translation is understood as the process where by a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language. 2.2.1.2. Main translation methods According to Peter Newmark, (1988, p.45- 47), there are some methods used in translation as follow: a. Word - for - word This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word - for - word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process. b. Literal translation The SL construction are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre- translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved. c. Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It " transfers" cultural words and preserves the degrees of grammatical and lexical " abnormality" ( deviation from SL norm) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text- realization of the SL writer. 7 d. Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from " faithful translation" only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value ( that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on " meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word- play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third of functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it make other small concessions to readership. In semantic translation, translators have to be legal to the author and respect the context. Therefore, semantic translation is objective. Peter Newmark (1980, p.63) proposes interlinear translation when considering semantic translation: " the primary senses of all words in the original are translated as though out of context , and the word- order of the original is retained. The main purpose is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to constitute a pre- translation procedure for a complicated SL text". Since the form of the text is important, semantic translation may well not read like an original TL text. e. Adaptation This is a " freest" form of translation. It is used mainly for plays ( comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have " rescued" period plays. f. Free translation Free translation produces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so- called " intralingual translation ", often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all. g. Idiomatic translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the " message" of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism ad idioms where these do not exist in the original. h. Communicative translation Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. In communicative translation, translators have the rights to correct or improve their logic, to replace clumsy with elegant, or at least functional, 8 syntactic structures, to remove obscurities, to eliminate repetition and tautology, to exclude the less likely interpretations of an ambiguity, to modify and clarify jargon (i.e. reduce loose generic terms to rather more concrete components), and to norminate bizarreries of idiolect ( i.e. wayward uses of language). Further, one has the rights to concrete mistakes of fact and slips, normally stating what one has done in a foot note. 2.2.1.3. Translation shift Concept of translation shift Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as a departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from source language ( SL) to target language (TL). Items which can be shifted are grammar as Newmark (1988:55) states shifts is translation procedure involving a change in grammar from SL to TL, and word- class as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:64) states transposition is the replacement of one word- class by another without changing the meaning of the message. Newmark (1988:85) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts. The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts. Another reason is when the grammatical structure of SL do not exist in TL. Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL and TL. The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by grammatical structure. Types of translation shifts Catford (1965: 73) divides into two major types namely level shifts and category shifts. The category shifts are divided into structure shifts, class shifts, randunit shifts and intra - system shifts. a. Level shifts Level shifts occur when an item at one linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL ( Catford: 73). The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in 9 the translation between English ― this text is intended for…‖ to French ― Le present Manuels’ adresse a…‖. from the example above, level shift occurs when English ― this‖ as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French ― le present‖ as a modifier consisting an article + a lexical adjective. b. Category shifts Catford (1965: 76) states category shifts refer to some shifts which share a particular feature-departures from formal correspondence in translation. Category shifts are divided into four types namely structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra- system shifts. Structure shift Structure shift grammatically occurs at any ranks of language where words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in SL has its translation equivalent with the same rank in TL so only their structures are different. Catford (1965:77) gives an example of stru cture shifts in clause rank from English clause ― the man is in the boat‖ to Gaelic clause ― tha an duine anns a bhata. Where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of English clause exchange their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in English is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. Another structure shift also occurs at phrase ranks, for example ― a white house‖ with shift from MH (modifier + head) is translated into French " une maison blanche (M) HQ (( modifier +) head + qualifiers). Class shift Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. An example is given by Catford (1965:79) clearly shows a change of class from English phrase ― a white house‖ to French phrase ― Une maison blanche‖ where the English adjective ― white‖ as a modifier has its equivalence in French adjective ― blanche‖ as a qualifier although both of them are adjectives, they possess different functions as a modifier in English and as a qualifier in French. A change of class also occurs when an English clause ―they insist on higher wages‖ is translated into an Indonesian clause ― mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji‖. The example shows that 10 the English adjective of comparative ―higher‖ changes into Indonesian noun ―kenaikan‖. Rank Unit shift Unitrank shift is the changes of rank; that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Chi (2014) determines two kind of rank unit shifts: up - rank shifts are the addition of elements to the target text which are implicit from the original text. Down - rank shifts are the reject components from the target text. Intra- System shifts Intra- System shift is departures from formal correspondence where (a term operating in) one system in the source language (SL) has its translation equivalent ( a term operating in) a different non- corresponding system in the target language (TL), the shift occurs internally within a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Carford (1965:80) give examples of the system related to the singular and plural form of words between English and French. An English singular word ―advice‖ has translation equivalent French plural word ― des concil‖ and vice versa, a French singular word ― le pantalon‖ has translation equivalent an English plural words ― trousers‖. 2.2.2. Preposition phrases in English A preposition phrase (PP) is a group of words consisting of a preposition as the head and followed by its complement as a noun phrase. There are many different preposition phrase such as: preposition phrases of place, preposition phrases of time, prepositions phrases of cause and purpose….. Preposition phrases of place: the players were practicing on the field Preposition phrases of time: we camped there in the summer Preposition phrases of cause and purpose: the survivors were weak from exposure and lack of food. He will do anything for money Due to limitation the time, we only concentrate to study Preposition phrases of Place. 2.2.2.1. Concept of Preposition phrases of Place Quirk et al (1972) shows that preposition phrases of place are typical either adjuncts (relating an even or state of affairs to a location) or post – modifiers 11 (relating some object to a location); they may also act as obligatory ―predicative‖ adjuncts following the verb Be, as in Maggy is in the kitchen. Moreover, Quirk et al (1972) divides preposition phrases into several types: simple position and destination, negative position, dimension- types, relative position, passage, movement with reference to a directional path, orientation, resultative meaning, pervasive meaning, seven senses of over, verbs incorporating prepositional meaning and metaphorical or abstract use of place prepositions. According to Collins(2001), adjuncts consisting of a preposition and a noun group, such as ―in a box‖ and ― to the station‖, are called preposition phrases. Collins also divided preposition phrases of place into many kinds, but it is not clear. So we choose the theoretical background framework by Quirk et al (1972) for our analysis. 2.2.2.2. Types of preposition phrases of place Quirk et al ( 1972) shows that preposition phrase of place have many different sub - type such as : simple position and destination, negative position, dimension – types, relative position, relative destination, passage, movement with reference to a directional path, orientation, resultative meaning, pervasive meaning, verbs incorporating prepositional meaning and metaphorical or abstract use of place prepositions. Some prepositions of place: simple position and destination : abroad, about, above, across, against, ahead of, all over, along, alongside, amidst, among, around, astride, at, away from, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, close by, close to, down, in, in between, in front of, inside, near, near to, next to, off, on top of, opposite, out of, outside, past, through, under, underneath, up, upon, with, within and negative position : away from, off, out of and dimension types: at, on, in and relative position: by, over, under, above, over, on top of, behind, below, under, underneath and beneath and relative destination: by, over, under, across, through, past and movement with reference to a directional path: up, down, along, across and round and orientation: beyond, over, past and through. The structure for a preposition phrases of place as follows: ( Deg) + preposition place ( head) + ( object) 12 The head The most important component of preposition phrases of place is the head. It is the center of attraction of the preposition phrases, which must be a preposition of place. The head determines concord with the portion of the sentences and controls the overall meaning of preposition phrases. All the other components in the preposition phrases of place modify the head, for example: in the garden; on the floor; at the window…. Degree The degree consists of all the words placed before the head, which may include: very, quite, rather, too, more, most, only… For example: only in the garden …. Object The object is placed after the head preposition place, which includes noun phrases, pronouns, ing clauses or nouns. A noun phrase: the bus is in front of the car. A pronoun: he has a hundred people working under him A noun: in out of danger, in difficulties An ing clause: a letter from browning to his wife. 2.2.2.3 Function Preposition phrases of place have function as post modifiers in noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases. The table in the corner Walk to school 2.2.3. Phrases in Vietnamese. 2.2.3.1. Phrases in Vietnamese According Bui Minh Toan and Nguyen Thi Luong (2004), a combination of two words follows a rule of grammar called a phrase. There exist noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases in Vietnamese. 13 a. Noun phrases Definition Thuat, Ha and Quynh (2001) have defined a Vietnamese noun phrases as a free combination of a noun nucleus and one or more than one subordinate elements which can be front elements (that stand before the nucleus noun) or back elements (that stand after the nucleus noun) For examples: gian phòng khách Structures According to Tuong (2004), Vietnamese noun phrases elements include pre- nominal modifiers (quantifiers, articles, numerals, the particle " cái", classifiers, measure phrase) and post - nominal modifiers (noun adjuncts, adjective phrases, preposition phrases, relative clauses, demonstrative, and possessives), in addition to the head noun. Pre -nominal modifier Head Post- nominal modifier Classifier Noun Trong phòng riêng của bà quản gia Một Bãi cỏ Xanh Phủ Tổng trấn Madras Table 2.1. The word order of noun phrase in Vietnamese The head The head of a noun phrases must be a noun. It indicates which modifiers may be used and carries a heavy semantics load. The head of a noun phrases can be a single noun or a classifier. For examples: trong phòng riêng, bãi cỏ,phủ tống trấn… Pre - nominal modifier Sometimes, articles is one of cases of pre-nominal modifier. Most researchers argue that there are no lexical articles. According to Nguyen (1975), " một, nhữ ng, các" are articles in Vietnamese. Articles must precede the head noun. For example: một bãi cỏ xanh 14 Post- nominal modifiers The relation between the head noun and post - nominal modifiers favors to the syntax relation. A noun can have any of the following post - nominal modifiers: Noun adjuncts, for example: phủ Tổng trấn Madra. Adjective, for example: một bãi cỏ xanh. Possessives, for example: trong phòng riêng của bà quản gia. Functions Noun phrases in Vietnamese can function as subjects, predicates, noun modifiers, objects and adverbials b. Verb phrases Definition As for Bui Minh Toan and Nguyen Thi Luong (2004), a verb phrase is a syntactic unit consisting of an auxiliary (helping) verb preceding the main verb. It often contains a head verb, complements, objects, and modifiers as its dependents. Structure According to Bui Minh Toan and Nguyen Thi Luong (2004), Verb phrase in Vietnamese elements include pre- nominal modifiers and post - nominal modifiers, in addition to the head Verb. Pre-additive element Head Post - additive element Trèo Lên Ngồi Trên Table 2.2. The word order of Verb phrase in Vietnames. The head The central element is divided into five groups: Group 1: These verbs do not stand alone, they are usually followed by other verbs. There are many different types: -Modal verbs: phải, nên, cần,dám, có thể, sẽ, định... For example: Nó định nghỉ học Định is the central element -Passive: bị, được, mắc, phải, chịu... 15 For example: Anh ta bị thầy phạt Bị is the central element -Verb phrases with two parallely existential actions: đứng khóc, nằm ngủ, đi học, đi chơi, ngồi nghe... For example: Anh ta đi chơi phố Đi chơi is the central element Group 2: Verbs always go with additive elements -Verbs with sense of moving: mở, dậy, kéo, đến, xuống, đi, bưng.... For example: Anh ta đi ra Đi is the central element and ra is the additive element -Verbs with sense of achieving results: hiểu ra, đọc xong, bay mất, nhặt lấy, thu được, tìm thấy. For example: Nó để bay mất con gà Bay is the central element and mất is the additive element -Verbs with sense of affecting two objects: cho, tặng, biếu, lấy, mượn, vay, cầm, xin, gửi.. For example: My tặng Thọ hai cuốn truyện Central element: tặng Object 1: Thọ Object 2: hai cuốn truyện -Verbs with sense of governing two objects and objects’ activities are actions of order: bảo, sai, bắt, cho phép, buộc, khiến... For example: Thầy giáo bảo Nam lên bảng Bảo is the central element -Verbs with sense of governing an object and connecting with another object: trộn, pha, nối, chắp, hòa... For example: Trộn bột với đường Trộn is the central element Bột and đường are objects - Verbs with sense of governing additive element and having the structure A is B and meanings of evaluating: coi, bầu, lấy, xem, cử... For example: Coi anh là bạn 16 Bầu ông Thao là chủ tịch Group 3: combination of verbs: chạy ra chạy vào, bàn qua bàn lại, đi ngược về xuôi, trèo lên tụt xuống... Group 4: Verbs with sense of the state or a period of an action: bắt đầu học, tiếp tục đi, thôi nói, hết chạy, ngừng học.... Group 5:Verbs with sense of mood: lo lắng, bồn chồn, thoi thóp, thấp thỏm... For example: Người mẹ đang lo lắng về đứa con của mình Pre-additive element We can divide pre-additive element into the following : Words with sense of continuing of activity or state: đều, cũng, vẫn, cứ, lại, mãi, tiếp tục... For example: Họ vẫn ngồi im. Vẫn is pre-additive element of the verb phrase ―vẫn ngồi‖ Words indicate the time of action or state: từng, đã, vừa, mới, đang, sẽ... For example: Em sẽ kể anh nghe Chuyện con thuyền và biển Sẽ is the pre-additive element of the verb phrase ―sẽ kể‖ Words indicate the frequency: thường, hay, năng, ít, đôi khi, thỉnh thoảng... For example: Anh ta thỉnh thoảngghé qua chỗ tôi. Thỉnh thoảng is the pre-additive element of the verb phrase ―thỉnh thoảng ghé‖ Words indicate the negation or af...
Rationale
Translation can be considered an indispensable part in the fields of not only literature, culture and religion but also commercial advertisements, popular entertainment, public administration, and education, etc Translation plays a key role in the universalization of human knowledge It helps improve international understanding, socio-cultural awareness, professional communicative activities, implements of technologies, and so on
Translation is an core subject for the English major students at Quang Nam University It exploits our knowledge on different fields so we are required to equip not only specified knowledge and vocabulary but also translation theory For example, learners need to know how changes occur when they translate a noun phrase, a verb phrase or a preposition phrase into English To do this, it is obligatory for us to grasp the theory of shifts in translation
Translation is a multi- skilled process so it causes a lot of difficulties for leaners in choosing correct methods and using equivalents in the target text Especially it is also difficult for learners to translate preposition phrases of place because they are not confident to use necessary changes instead of using the word-for-word technique very often Specifically learners do not understand of shifts in translation so it is not easy for them to apply them to target translated versions As a result, they can mistranslate or convey wrong meanings
Up to now, there has not been any study of shifts in the Vietnamese translations of English preposition phrases of place Therefore, we choose the topic ― A study of changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray” We hope that our research paper will make a contribution to the learners' improvement of translation.
Significance of the Study
The researchers hope that this study, to some extent, can be useful for English learners in general and translators in particular to identify changes of preposition phrases of place in Vietnamese translations Moreover, it helps reduce the ambiguity of shifts for English learners as well as reduce mistakes in translation Especially, the English major students can get a lot of benefits from this study in order to partly improve their translation competence In general, the findings of the study can be a potential source for using and translating preposition phrases from English to Vietnamese effectively.
Scope of the Study
Due to limitation of time, space, knowledge and experience in this paper we just focus on preposition phrases of place and changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place mentioned in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray.
Aims and Objectives of the Study
This study aims at helping translators be able to understand clearly about changes in structure when translating English preposition phrases into Vietnamese Furthermore, the aim is to help English learners translate preposition phrases of place more accurately and partly improve translation skill
This study is intended to:
Identify changes in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place showed in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray
Give some effective suggestions for translating preposition phrases of place as well as some learning ways to enhance learners’ translation skills.
Research Questions
The study seeks answers to the retailing research questions:
1 What are the changes in Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases of place in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray?
What are some implications of the research on the learning and teaching of translation shifts of preposition phrases of place?
What are some suggestions that learners can apply to improve translation skill?
Organization of the Study
The research includes 5 chapters as below:
The chapter is the introduction of our study including rationale, aims and objective of the study, the scope of the study and organization of the study Chapter 2 Literature Review
The chapter consists of two parts
-The first part is a review of previous research related to the paper -The second part provides the theoretical background for the study
It also involves key terms of the study
The chapter mentions that the research methodology carried out in the research involving research design, data collection and data analysis and validity and reliability
The chapter presents the results and a discussion of the findings of the analysis conducted in exploring translation shifts in the Vietnamese translation of preposition phrases of place in novel "Vanity Fair" by William Makepeace Thackeray
The chapter summarizes and concludes what has been done in the research, implications of the study points and limitations of the study as well as some recommendations for further researches.
Literature Review
Regarding translation shifts, Vinay and Darbelnet's (1958, 2000 : 88-89) mention that shifts as a transposition which " involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message " as a modulation which show " a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view" Catford (1965) gives a new opinion to analyze translation shifts
He refers to translation equivalences as a range of difference levels such as phonology, graphology, grammar or lexis and ranks where the equivalence is " sentences to sentence, at another, group - to - group, at another word - to- word"
In Catford's view, there are key differences between formal correspondence and textual equivalence According to Munday (2001:60), textual equivalence is tied to particular Source language ( SL) - Target languge (TT) pair, while formal equivalence is a more general system - based concept between a pair of languages Nida and Taber (2003: 12) focus on rendering the meaning of a text, rather than of any single linguistic pair, certain radical departures from the formal structures are not only legitimate but may even be desirable Chi (2014) defines rank/ unit shifts based on two directions: shifts up the rank which " explicate the implicit message compacted in the nominalized constructions necessitate the tendency to go beyond the rank of the de-verbal noun with new added elements' and shift down the rank which tend to be simpler in the structure, removing any complication in expression if possible to maintain a clear message to the potential readership Trang (2016) explores types of translation shift in the Vietnamese translation of nominal group describing nature in the series of " a little House" by Laura Ingalls Wilder and " Wuther height" by Emily Bronte Truc and Chi (2017) study types of shifts via Vietnamese translation of English Intensifiers The authors refer translation shifts of intensifiers occurred in the Vietnamese translation including class shifts and unit/rank shifts and structure shifts
As for preposition study, there have been many works on preposition phrases in general Quirk et al (1972) shows that Preposition phrase of Place are typical either adjuncts (relating an even or state of affairs to a location) or post - modifiers ( relating some object to a location) According to Collins (2001), adjuncts consisting of a preposition and a noun group, such as ―in a box‖ and ― to the station‖, are called preposition phrases Tra (2005) studies English preposition of place and analysis of errors made by secondary school students and ― a study on preposition phrase of time in English by Trang (2009)‖ and Dieu (2010) mentions preposition of direction and some errors made by Vietnamese learners
Although many studies of preposition phrases in translation have been carried out, there have been few studies of changes in Vietnamese translations of English preposition phrases A study of changes in the Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray is completely new The study is in hope of putting some useful practical suggestions for teaching and learning preposition phrases translation.
Theoretical Background
According to Wikipedia, translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a translation that communicates the same message in another language The text to be translated is called the source text, and the language that it is to be translated into is called the target language; the final product is sometimes called the target text As for Advanced oxford dictionary, translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language E.A.Nida (1959) defines translation as the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the source text) and the production, in another language of a equivalent text (the target text ) that communicates the same message Catford (1965:20) shows that translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another ( target language) Savory (1968) explores translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expression As for Tanke (1975), translation is the process of communication in which the translation is interposed between a transmitter and a receiver who use different languages to carry out code of conversation between them Diaz -Diacaretz (1985) mentions that translation will be understood as the final product of problem solving and sign production of a receptor – text (RT) functionally equivalent to a source text (ST) by a human being in a given language for a given group of a text receivers According to
Bell (1991), translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original Peter Newmark (1991) mentions that translation includes both written and spoken language which are two important means of communication Peter Newmark (1991, p.7) states that " translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace the written message and statement in one language by the same message and statement in another language" Bui Tien Bao (1997) looks at translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text As for Houbert (1998:1), translation is understood as the process where by a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language
According to Peter Newmark, (1988, p.45- 47), there are some methods used in translation as follow: a Word - for - word
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context Cultural words are translated literally The main use of word - for - word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process b Literal translation
The SL construction are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context As a pre- translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved c Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures It " transfers" cultural words and preserves the degrees of grammatical and lexical " abnormality" ( deviation from SL norm) in the translation It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text- realization of the SL writer d Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from " faithful translation" only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value ( that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on " meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word- play or repetition jars in the finished version Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third of functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it make other small concessions to readership
In semantic translation, translators have to be legal to the author and respect the context Therefore, semantic translation is objective Peter Newmark (1980, p.63) proposes interlinear translation when considering semantic translation: " the primary senses of all words in the original are translated as though out of context , and the word- order of the original is retained The main purpose is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to constitute a pre- translation procedure for a complicated SL text" Since the form of the text is important, semantic translation may well not read like an original TL text e Adaptation
This is a " freest" form of translation It is used mainly for plays ( comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have " rescued" period plays f Free translation
Free translation produces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so- called " intralingual translation ", often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all g Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the " message" of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism ad idioms where these do not exist in the original h Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
In communicative translation, translators have the rights to correct or improve their logic, to replace clumsy with elegant, or at least functional, syntactic structures, to remove obscurities, to eliminate repetition and tautology, to exclude the less likely interpretations of an ambiguity, to modify and clarify jargon (i.e reduce loose generic terms to rather more concrete components), and to norminate bizarreries of idiolect ( i.e wayward uses of language) Further, one has the rights to concrete mistakes of fact and slips, normally stating what one has done in a foot note
Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as a departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from source language ( SL) to target language (TL) Items which can be shifted are grammar as Newmark (1988:55) states shifts is translation procedure involving a change in grammar from SL to
TL, and word- class as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:64) states transposition is the replacement of one word- class by another without changing the meaning of the message Newmark (1988:85) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts Another reason is when the grammatical structure of SL do not exist in TL Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL and TL The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by grammatical structure
Catford (1965: 73) divides into two major types namely level shifts and category shifts The category shifts are divided into structure shifts, class shifts, rand/unit shifts and intra - system shifts a Level shifts
Level shifts occur when an item at one linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL ( Catford: 73) The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between English ― this text is intended for…‖ to French ― Le present Manuels’ adresse a…‖ from the example above, level shift occurs when English ― this‖ as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French
― le present‖ as a modifier consisting an article + a lexical adjective b Category shifts
Research Design
The thesis aims at study of changes in the Vietnamese translations of Preposition phrase of Place in ―VANITY FAIR‖ by William Makepeace Thackeray In doing this, we will apply the combination of quantitative method namely describing, comparing, contrasting and analyzing and qualitative method also will use to measure the percentage and the number of occurrence of translation shifts
Qualitative method is used to analyze fundamental theoretical knowledge related to translation and preposition phrases and data resulting in the study Definitions and classifications of translation shifts will be presented to build up the foundations for the whole study
The quantitative method is used for counting the frequency via the rate of percentages of changes occurred in the Vietnamese translations of Preposition phrase The findings of the study will be derived from observation, description and analysis to of the data, deductive investigative approach is applied to draw conclusions after every analysis.
Research Procedures
The research procedures will be involved the following steps: data collection, data classification and data analysis The specific procedures will be carried out, as follows:
The data are collected from the literary works of "Vanity Fair" by William Makepeace The authors will pick up 200 the sentences containing Preposition phrase of Place and their Vietnamese equivalents, next consider them carefully and label them according to each types of shifts namely class shift, structure shift and unit/rank shift Then we count their occurrences and calculate their rate of percentage
The instrument used for collecting the data was the survey with the observation of instances of translation shifts
The qualitative method is used to analyze relevant materials as a basis for analysis Based on the theoretical background of shifts by Catford (1965), the data collected will be analyzed according to shifts We set up the Vietnamese equivalent models with each case of shifts Observing the changes in Vietnamese translations, they will be sorted out and grouped into various types of shifts Next, the quantitative method is used for counting the frequency of types of shifts via the rate of percentages of changes occurred in the Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases to have a general look of changes The data analysis is carried out in a comparison of the English preposition phrases of place with their changes in the Vietnamese translations We choose the typical examples extracted from the data for the analysis.
Validity and Reliability
The study would provide a basic knowledge of translation shifts in order to Vietnamese learners understanding more translation shifts in Vietnamese translations so that they could use them appropriately and proficiently in translation
The data, however, will be collected from only novel because of limited time and lack of scientific researching experience, so it seems that the study could not be adequate the demand of learners in all situations that translation shifts can be used And sometimes translators of English sources into Vietnamese language might not be intensive and extensive command of Vietnamese Therefore, some of the Vietnamese equivalent might not transfer the true implicit meaning the author
Despite the hardest try, the result that the researcher found out was not likely to cover all aspects of translation shifts in Vietnamese translations We could not collect authentic materials of data and the instrument used for collecting data was mainly manual Hence, the conclusion we had achieved were not expected to meet a large number of population's demand as well as the reliability of the study.
Structure Shifts
Structure shifts is the changing of words sequence in a sentence In grammar, structure shift can occur when two languages require the structure's different element It occurs at all ranks among the sentences, clauses, phrases The research finds 200 sample of translation shifts of preposition phrases of place that included into structure shift In this research, the samples of structure shift found in " Vanity Fair" by William Makepeace Thackeray can be as follow: 4.1.1 Preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases
Preposition phrases of place [P+NP] have function as post modifiers in verb phrases (NPs) When translated into Vietnamese, there is obviously a equivalents of phrases namely preposition phrases -> preposition phrases (PP -> PP), preposition phrases -> verb phrases (PP -> VP), preposition phrases -> noun phrases
Preposition phrases of place into preposition phrases
Via structure shifts, preposition phrases were translated into preposition phrases in Vietnamese translations as illustrated in [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
[1] Then came the struggle and parting below Words refuse to tell it All the servants were there in the hall
Tất cả gia nhân đều tập trung trong gian nhà lớn
[2] She interested Mrs Blenkinsop by evincing the deepest sympathy in the raspberry-jam preserving, which operation was then going on in the Housekeeper's room
Cô lấy lòng bà Blenkinsop bằng cách nhiệt liệt tán tụng phương pháp giữ món mứt quả được lâu ngày; công việc này đang tiến hành trong phòng riêng củabà quản gia
[3] You made everybody laugh in the Gardens, though you were crying yourself Đêm qua ông làm cho tất cả thiên hạ cười vỡ bụng ở công viên, mà chính ông thì khóc
[4]We all assembled in the little drawing-room where my Lady Crawley sits Chúng em tề tựu đủ mặt trong gian phòng khách, chỗ Crawley phu nhân đang ngồi
[5] Some time after this interview, it happened that Mr Cuff, on a sunshiny afternoon, was in the neighbourhood of poor Willi-am Dobbin, who was lying under a tree in the playground, spelling over a favourite copy of the Arabian Nights Ít bữa sau, một buổi chiều nắng ráo, William Dobbin nằm dài dưới gốc cây trong sân trường đang đánh vần cuốn truyện ―Nghìn lẻ một đêm
[6] Otherwise you might fancy it was I who was sneering at the practice of devotion, which Miss Sharp finds so ridiculous
Ngoài ra chắc các bạn tưởng rằng chính tôi đã phì cười trước cảnh cầu kinh mà cô Sharp cũng cảm thấy là hài hước
Preposition phrases of place into verb phrases
Preposition phrases also can be converted into verb phrases as in [7] [7] Sir Pitt went off after this enediction, and the solemn Tinker, rushlight in hand, led the way up the great bleak stone stairs, past the great dreary drawing- room doors, with the handles muffled up in paper, into the great front bedroom, where Lady Crawley had slept her last
Nói xong, lão Pitt đi ngủ Mụ Tinker trịnh trọng cầm cây nến, dẫn Rebecca trèo lên những bậc thang gác lạnh lẽo, xây bằng đá, đi qua những khung cửa lớn của một căn phòng khách lạnh lẽo; những tay nắm trên những cánh cửa trong gian phòng này cũng đều bọc giấy kín; cuối cùng hai người đi đến phòng ngủ, nơi Crawley phu nhân trước kia đã ngủ giấc ngủ cuối cùng của đời bà
Preposition phrases of place into noun phrases
The structure shifts of preposition phrases of place can be seen by replacement of noun phrases as seen in [8 ]
[8] Miss Sharp accompanies Miss Sedley It is particularly requested that Miss Sharp's stay in Russell Square may not ex-ceed ten days
Cô Sharp cùng đi với cô Sedley Xin đặc biệt yêu cầu phu nhân chỉ nên lưu cô Sharp ở lại khu phố Russell không quá mười ngày
Table 4.2 The changes of preposition phrases when preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in verb phrases
According to table 4.2 structure shifts of the case (1) [PP -> PP] was more common than that of the cases (2) [PP -> VP] and (3) [PP -> NP] The translator wants to focus on changing preposition phrases into preposition phrases
The occurrences has showed the variety in the equivalents of preposition phrases into preposition phrases In these cases, it can be realized that the translator wants the readers to pay their attention to the events It was obvious that their occurrences (6) were more than the cases of PP -> VP (1) and PP->
4.1.2.Preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in noun phrases
Preposition phrases can also play roles as post modifiers in noun phrases This cases that preposition phrases are converted into verb phrases, noun phrases and preposition phrases
Preposition phrases of place into verb phrases
The structure shift of preposition phrases are replaced by verb phrases as in [9], [10], [11],[12], [13], [14]
[9] The fact is, Miss Amelia, in the drawing-room balcony, was looking very eagerly towards the opposite side of the Square, where Mr Osborne dwelt, on the watch for the lieutenant him-self
Thì ra cô Amelia ngồi trên bao lơn phòng khám đang băn khoăn ngóng về phía bên kia công viên, chỗ Osborne ở, để tìm bóng viên trung úy
[10] For two years I have only had insults and outrage from her I have been treated worse than any servant in the kitchen
Hai năm nay, đối với em, bà ấy chỉ có một thái độ khinh miệt, sỉ nhục Bà ấy cư xử với em còn tệ hơn đối với bất cứ một con ở nào coi việc bếp núc Structure shift: PP -> VP
[11] I have been made to tend the little girls in the lower schoolroom, and to talk French to the Misses, until I grew sick of my mother tongue
Em bị phân công chăm sóc đám con gái nhỏ học lớp dưới, và chuyên tập cho bọn lớn tuổi nói tiếng Pháp, đến nỗi em thành phát ngấy tiếng mẹ đẻ
[12] Well, William Dobbin had for once forgotten the world, and was away with Sindbad the Sailor in the Valley of Diamonds
Vậy thì William Dobbin lần ấy đang quên khuấy cả thế giới để đưa hồn mình bay bổng theo chàng thủy thủ Sindbad tới thung lũng Kim cương
[13] This was no other than Captain William Dobbin, of His Majesty's Regiment of Foot, returned from yellow fever, in the West Indies, to which the fortune of the service had ordered his regiment, whilst so many of his gallant comrades were reaping glory in the Peninsula
Chính là đại úy William Dobbin, thuộc trung đoàn bộ binh thứ… của Hoàng gia; trung đoàn của anh ta đóng ở vùng tây Âu Vì bị sốt rét vàng da nên anh ta được về nước nghỉ,trong khi các bạn đồng ngũ vẫn còn ở lại để lập công
[14] The fiddlers in cocked hats, who played ravishing melodies under the gilded cockle-shell in the midst of the gardens
Nào là bọn nhạc công đội mũ vành tam giác chơi những bản nhạc mê hồn dưới mô hình một chiếc vỏ ốc mạ vàng treo giữa khu vườn
Preposition phrases of place into noun phrases
The samples [15] illustrates the changes from preposition phrases into noun phrases
[15] Sambo came into the room with his usual engaging grin, with a packet under his arm, and a note on a tray "Note from Mr Jos, Miss," says Sambo Thì thấy Sambo bước vào phòng; bác vẫn cười cười như mọi khi, nách cắp một gói gì, còn tay cầm một chiếc khay trên có đặt một phong thư Structure shift: PP -> NP
Preposition phrases of place into preposition phrases
[16] MISS JEMIMA!" exclaimed Miss Pinkerton, in the largest capitals
"Are you in your senses? Replace the Dictionary in the closet, and never venture to take such a liberty in future "
Này Jemima, dì có điên không đấy? Cất ngay quyển từ điển vào tủ Từ nay trở đi, đừng có bao giờ được tự tiện như thế, nghe không
[17] Says the man at the door, with a nod
Người đứng ở cửa sổ gật đầu đáp:
[18] She thought the grand illumination and ball at the Mansion House, given to the sovereigns, were especially in honour of George Osborne
The frequency of Structure shifts in the Vietnamese translations of
The frequency of translation shifts in the Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases of place is shown in the table 4.4
PP can be function as post modifiers in verb phrase
PP can be function as PP-> VP 6 3 post modifiers in noun phrases
Table 4.4 Structure shifts used in the novel " Vanity Fair"
Discussions of the Findings
Of which 200 samples are picked out, one hundreds eighty-five of occurrences (92,5%) are structure shifts [PP -> PP] The majority of preposition pharse of place are translated into preposition phrases when preposition phrases play the role as post modifiers in noun phrases Preposition phrases of place are translated into preposition phrases when preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases and preposition phrases into verb phrases when preposition phrases of place have function as post modifiers in noun phrases come the seconds in frequency with 6 occurrences, representing 3 percent The least common of structure shifts in this novel are preposition phrases into noun phrases, preposition phrases into verb phrases when preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases with only 1 occurrences, making up 0,5%
Figure 4.1 Structure shifts of preposition phrase of place when preposition phrase of place play the role as post modifiers in verb phrases
Figure 4.2 Structure shifts of preposition phrases of place when preposition phrases play the role as post modifiers in noun phrases
The pie chart shows clearly that the most popular structure shifts is used in the Vietnamese translations of the prepostion phrase of place extracted from the novel " Vanity Fair" by William Makepeace Thackeray We can realize that PP -
> PP are most frenquently by the translator with the highest rate at 75% when preposition phrases of place have function as post modifiers in verb phrases and 96,35% when preposition phrases play the roles as post modifiers in noun phrases compared with the two other cases PP->VP and PP-> NP
As for preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in verb phrases, it can be easily seen that structure shifts of PP -> VP and PP -> NP are also preferable to use found in the data with 12,5 per cent
Regarding preposition phrases of place play the roles as post modifiers in noun phrases, generally structure shifts of PP -> NP less occur in the Vietnamese translations of the prepostion phrases, of which structure shifts of
PP -> VP tend to use more popularly than PP -> NP with 1 per cent and 3 per cent respectively
In conclusion, structure shifts of PP -> PP appear most frequently They account for a higher rate than the two other cases On this aspect, preposition phrases can be replaced by various phrases namely preposition phrases, verb phrases, noun phrases in the Vietnamese translations Learners and translators can apply the structure shifts to translating preposition phrase of place into Vietnamese appropriately.
Conclusion
Based on what has been found via the study, the researcher wishes to review the findings of translation shifts of preposition phrases of place in the Vietnamese translations
Through findings and discussion, I conclude that the translation shifts mainly fall into structure shifts Structure shifts involve three cases: PP-> PP, PP-> VP, PP-> NP Among three cases, PP ->PP are the most popular shifts because PP-> PP appeared in 191 cases accounting for 95,5 per cent PP->VP are the second most popular making up 3,5 per cent with 7 occurrences The least structure shifts of 1 per cent are PP->NP
Regarding preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in verb phrases, the changes are specifically presented, as follows:
[1] PP -> PP; Preposition phrases-> Preposition phrases
[2] PP -> VP; Preposition phrases-> Verb phrases
[3] PP -> NP; Preposition phrases -> Noun phrases
Among above three cases, the largest proportion of structure shifts is PP ->
PP , which make up 75 per cent PP ->VP is as popular as PP-> NP with 12,5 per cent
When preposition phrases have function as post modifiers in noun phrases, they are formulated as follows:
[1] PP-> PP; Preposition phrases> Preposition phrases
[2] PP -> VP; Preposition phrases -> Verb phrases
[3] PP-> NP; Preposition phrases -> Noun phrases
Of which three these cases, PP->PP are more dominant with 96,35 per cent,
PP -> VP are relative at 3,13 per cent The cases of PP -> NP are less found in data, just at 0,52 per cent
Based on the results of the analysis, I find the translators apply many structure shifts in work and the variety of structure shifts in preposition phrase of place from English into Vietnamese Last but not least, I give some suggestion for application of translation shifts on studying and teaching for the learners to realize and improve their translation skill
In summary, applying shifts to translation is essential for learners to master because if learners do not master in using them, they will not necessarily change elements in phrases as well as have changes of clauses and they will leave a lot of errors in their translations Furthermore, it is also important and necessary for teachers to verify their teaching methods in order to help learners improve their translation skill
The research also reveals that the translator, very sophisticated in presenting their talent in translating, shows his readers that he chose proper shifts in translating the novel.
Pedagogical implications for translation shifts of Preposition phrase of
The researcher is aware that learners made various mistakes in their translation shifts Based on the study's findings, the researcher would like to give some pedagogical implications to improve learners' skills of translation
The translators are required to use translation shifts with changes of phrases embodied in structure shifts The following are some implications for using translation shifts for English learners and users in general and translators in particular when translating English preposition phrases of place into Vietnamese
It is necessary for them to grasp and master the use of translation shifts because they are one of the powerful tools in translation This helps them be more confident and active in transforming word classes and phrases from a source text into a target text More importantly, this reduces translation errors in translating English preposition phrases of place into Vietnamese In addition, applying translation shifts to translation learning is the best way for learners to improve their translation
Therefore, learners should be well - equipped with knowledge of translation shifts so that they can use them in translation To successful employ translation shifts, learners should distinguish features of kinds of translation shifts and know how to use them
According to the study's results, we can see that most of translation shifts appeared in novel However, the learners have limited knowledge of translation shifts Therefore, the solutions to deal with the obstacles are crucial A possible way for them to do is raising the awareness of translation shifts in preposition phrases of place as much as possible based on their teachers' instructions In addition, they can read novels with translated versions more often to get used to translation shifts in Vietnamese translations in preposition phrases of place
Teachers of English in general and of translation in particular can help learners understand and reduce their errors in translation shifts in preposition phrases of place by giving them clear and suitable instructions, examples and explanations They should create favorable conditions in their classes to enrich students' knowledge of translation shifts They had better encourage learners' to do homework related to translation shifts in preposition phrases of place, and to develop their self- correction strategies In addition, it will be better for teachers to ask learners to exchange their translation with each other in order to help them correct others' translations As a result, learners can be at ease with realizing others' mistakes and correcting their own ones effectively
I do hope that if the implications are applied effectively, the learners will get much progress in learning translation shifts in Vietnamese translations of preposition phrases of place and clearly understand translation shifts.
Limitations
During the process of the study, although the study has been completed with the whole- hearted help from the supervisor and the great effort of the researcher, there are still a lot of limitations of the study It is said that nothing is perfect and this study is not an exception It is so difficult for me to commit no errors and have no shortcomings in the research The primary reason is lack of experience in doing scientific research I have just done some small studies before, so this study is a big task for my ability but I have to try my best to finish Also, only three translation shifts are investigated and the investigation is not profound enough Thirdly, in spite of all the research's effort, the study is a bit subjective and not profound enough However, I do hope the study will be a valuable reference for anyone who is interested in the problem Furthermore, I always highly appreciate readers' contributed opinion for the study so that the study will become perfect.
Recommendations
The final aim of the study is to draw helpful suggestions for teaching, learning and especially in the translation shifts of preposition phrases of place
Translation shifts is one of the common kinds which help the Vietnamese translations more accurately Therefore, it is very necessary to have basis knowledge of translation shifts However, materials of translation shifts are limited Hence, teachers should help learners to understand more about grammar, especially translation shifts
Teachers are the ones who play an important role in provide and share knowledge to learners One of the easiest ways to help learners is to provide them an exact concept associated with giving examples to clearly explain translation shifts Moreover, translation shifts have lots of special types, so teachers should be careful in giving examples for each type
Learners in general and translators in particular had better master all the translation shifts to get basic knowledge of this field Besides, this also helps learners discover shifts by themselves and reduce ambiguity in translating translation shifts in preposition phrases of place
In conclusion, the findings of changes of translation shifts are keys to help learners And they should pay more attention to this grammar area so that they can avoid committing errors in translating
It is certain that the researcher cannot discover all features of translation shifts due to the research ability and the time limitation Also, only novel is studied partly As a result, a thorough understanding of translation shifts in preposition phrases of place in Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray Additionally, the two other types of translation shifts level shifts, class shifts, unit/rank shifts and intra - system shifts cannot be exploited in the study The researcher agreed that translation shifts is an exciting point of grammar which need to be analyzed Hence, the researcher suggests the other researchers should continue to pay more attention to level shift, class shifts, unit/rank shifts and intra- system shift The researcher wishes that the other researchers can find out more interesting points of translation shifts
[1] Alcaraz, Enrique and Brian Hughes (2002) Legal Translation Explained Manchester: St Jerome
[2] Bell, R.T (1991) Translating and Translation: Theory and Practice London & New York: Longman
[3] Barker, L.C (1995) English syntax Cambridge: The MIT Press
[4] Bui Tien Bao - Dang Xuan Thu (1997) Interpreting and Translation Course Book Nhà xuất bản Giáo Dục
[5] Catford, J.C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation London:
[6] Catford, J.C (1989).―Translation Shifts‖ Readings in Translation Theory, Loimaan Kirjapaino Oy
[7] Collins, C (2001) English Grammar Nhà xuất bản thành phố Hồ Chí
[8] Diaz-Diocaretz, M.(1985) Translating Poetic Discourse
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
[9] Duff Alan (1989) Translation Oxford University Press London
[10] Doan Thien Thuat, Nguyen Khanh Ha & Pham Nhu Quynh (2001) A concise Vietnamese grammar Ha Noi: World Publisher
[11] Doan Phan Anh Truc & Nguyen Phuoc Phuong Chi (2017) An analysis of shifts via Vietnamese translation of English intensifiers
Conference Proceedings on Interdisciplinary Research in Linguistics and Language Education Hue University of Foreign Languages
[12] Houbert, F (1998) Translation as a communication process
Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://accurapid.com/journal/05theory.htm [13] Ho Thị Huyen Trang (2016) An investigation into the Vietnamese translation of nominal group describing nature in the series of " a little House" by Laura Ingalls Wilder and " Wuther height" by Emily Bronte, Master Thesis
Da Nang University of Foreign Language Studies
[14] Le Thi Giao Chi ( 2014) Grammatical metaphor in English Official Documentation - A Corpus Approach to the Vietnamese Translation of Nominalisation, PhD Thesis UK: University of the West of England
[15] Martin, J R (1992) English text: System and structure Amesterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
[16] Munday, J (2001) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application London: Routledge
[17] Nida,E.A & Taber,C.R (1969/2003) The Theory and Practice of Translating Leiden: Brill
[18] Newmark, P (1991) About Translation: Multilingual Matters
Clevedon, Philadelphia, Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd
[19] Nguyen Hung Tuong (2004) The Structure of the Vietnamese Noun Phrase Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Boston University
[20] Nguyen Thi Hong Tra (2005) A study on English preposition of place and analysis of errors made by secondary school students Graduation thesis
Vinh university of Foreign language studies
[21] Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang (2009) A study on preposition phrase of time in English Graduation thesis Hai Phong Private University of Foreign language studies
[22] Ngo Thi Dieu (2010) A study on preposition of direction and some errors made by Vietnamese learners Hai Phong Private University of Foreign language studies
[23] Peter Newmark (1988) A Textbook of Translation London and New
York: Prentice Hall International (UK)
[24] Savory, T (1968) The art of translation London: Jonathan Cape Ltd [25] Tanke, E (1975) ―Electronic Data Processing in the Service of
Translators,Terminologists, and Lexicographers.‖ Philips Terminology Bulletin
[26] Terence Odlin (2003) Language Transfer Cambridge University
[27] Vinay, J & Darbelnet, J (1958/2000) A Methodology for Translation
In Venuti L (ed.), the translation Studies Reader (84-93) London & New York: Routledge
[28] Bùi Minh Toán & Nguyễn Thi Lương ( 2008) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất bản Đại học Sư phạm
[29] Diệp Quang Ban (2006) Ngữ pháp tiếng việt Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục [30] Hoàng Văn Vân ( 2005) Nghiên cứu Dich Thuật Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học & Xã hội
[31] GS Hoàng Phê (2016) Từ điển Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất bản Hồng Đức [32] GS Nguyễn Minh Thuyết - PTS Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (1998) Thành phần câu tiếng việt Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia
[33] TS Nguyễn Văn Thành (2003) Tiếng việt hiện đại Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học & Xã hội
[34] Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2016) Từ điển khái niệm Ngôn ngữ học Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia
[35] http://www.ukessays.com> essay>analysis- of- noun phrase in English and Vietnamese- education- essay.php
[36] hocday.com>running-head-the structure- of - noun- phrase- the- structure- of- vie.html
[37]http://luanvan.net.vn/luan-van/de-tai-a-study-on-prepositions-of- direction-and-some-errors-made-by-vietnamese-learners-71669/
[38]http://scholar.unand.ac.id/5155/2/CHAPTER%20I%20%281-
[39] https://www.Ukessays.com/esays/english-language/translation- shifts- in-students- translated- text-english-language-essay.php
[40]http://englishdecode.blogspot.com/p/definition-of-translation- shifts.html
[41] http://transvanilla.blogspot.com/2010/04/translation-shifts.html.