ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES pot

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES Edited by Mariano E. Brizzio Acute Coronary Syndromes Edited by Mariano E. Brizzio Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Molly Kaliman Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Acute Coronary Syndromes, Edited by Mariano E. Brizzio p. cm. 978-953-307-827-4 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Antiplatelet Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease – Past, Present and Future 1 Mariano E. Brizzio Chapter 2 Thrombotic Inception at Nano-Scale 7 Suryyani Deb and Anjan Kumar Dasgupta Chapter 3 Physiopathology of the Acute Coronary Syndromes 27 Iwao Emura Chapter 4 Evolution of Biochemical Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome – Impact Factor of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin Assays 45 Amparo Galán, Josep Lupón and Antoni Bayés-Genis Chapter 5 Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome, from Plaque Formation to Plaque Rupture 65 Hamdan Righab, Caussin Christophe, Kadri Zena and Badaoui Georges Chapter 6 Plaque, Platelets, and Plug – The Pathogenesis of Acute Coronary Syndrome 77 Anggoro B. Hartopo, Budi Y. Setianto, Hariadi Hariawan, Lucia K. Dinarti, Nahar Taufiq, Erika Maharani, Irsad A. Arso, Hasanah Mumpuni, Putrika P.R. Gharini, Dyah W. Anggrahini and Bambang Irawan Chapter 7 Acute Coronary Syndrome Secondary to Acute Aortic Dissection – Underlying Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Options 99 Kazuhito Hirata, Tomoya Hiratsuji, Minoru Wake and Hidemitsu Mototake VI Contents Chapter 8 Atypical Presentation in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome 109 Hyun Kuk Kim and Myung Ho Jeong Chapter 9 Exercise Training for Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery 117 Ching Lan, Ssu-Yuan Chen and Jin-Shin Lai Chapter 10 Risk Evaluation of Perioperative Acute Coronary Syndromes and Other Cardiovascular Complications During Emergency High Risky Noncardiac Surgery 129 Maria Milanova and Mikhail Matveev Chapter 11 Early Evaluation of Cardiac Chest Pain – Beyond History and Electrocardiograph 163 Ghulam Naroo and Aysha Nazir Chapter 12 Coronary Bypass Grafting in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Operative Approaches and Secondary Prevention 171 Stephen J. Huddleston and Gregory Trachiotis Chapter 13 Markers of Endothelial Activation and Impaired Autonomic Function in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes – Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Implication 179 Arman Postadzhiyan, Anna Tzontcheva and Bojidar Finkov Chapter 14 Acute Coronary Syndrome from Angioscopic Viewpoint 205 Yasunori Ueda Preface This book has been written with the intention of providing an up-to-the minute review of acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerotic coronary disease is still a leading cause of death within developed countries and not surprisingly, is significantly rising in others. Over the past decade the treatment of these syndromes has changed dramatically. The introduction of novel therapies has impacted the outcomes and surviving rates in such a way that the medical community need to be up to date almost on a “daily bases”. It is hoped that this book will provide a timely update on acute coronary syndromes and prove to be an invaluable resource for practitioners seeking new and innovative ways to deliver the best possible care to their patients. Mariano E. Brizzio, MD Editor in Chief The Valley Heart and Vascular Institute, Ridgewood, New Jersey USA [...]... that by modulating 20 Acute Coronary Syndromes the nano-surface, one can tune the thrombotic level, the desirable level depending on the patient status For ACS, the desired state is a nanoform that attenuates the aggregatory response, and in case of hemorrhage the situation may be complimentary in nature 6 References Aragam KG, Bhatt DL Antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes. J Cardiovasc... Levy-Toledano S, Legrand YJ, Rendu F Collagen-induced platelet activation mainly involves the protein kinase C pathway Biochem J 1990 Jun 1;268(2):325-31 22 Acute Coronary Syndromes Kottke-Marchant K Importance of platelets and platelet response in acute coronary syndromes. Cleve Clin J Med 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 1:S2-7 Koziara JM, Oh JJ, Akers WS, Ferraris SP, Mumper RJ Blood compatibility of cetyl alcohol/polysorbate-based... ticlopidine to clopidogrel after coronary stent placement? Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2000; 1(2): 83–87 Bennet CL, Davidson CJ, Raisch DW, et al Thrombotic Thombocytopenic purpura with ticlopidine in the setting of coronary artery stents and stroke prevention Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2524-2528 Wiviott S et al Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patient with acute coronary syndromes N Engl J Med 2008;357:2001-2015... ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 Nov 18 Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al.; for the ACUITY Investigators Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes N Engl J Med 2006;355:2203-2216... dual aspect of the nano-scale objects is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), a leading cause of death in the global scenario What is known today regarding the effect of nanoscale objects may really be a tip of iceberg and with the advent of smarter nanoparticles one may think of more versatile use of nanotechnology in the management of ACS 2 Role of platelets in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) ACS is a complex... Conclusions Antiplatelet therapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of coronary patients The continuous introduction of new agents is geared to improve results in patient ongoing percutaneous coronary interventions However, the side effects of theses should be monitored closely In the end, the ideal management of patients with acute coronary syndrome should be to be a collaborative effort between cardiologist... H; Held, C; Horrow, J; Husted, S et al Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes" N Engl J Med 2009;361 (11): 1045–57 Tcheng, JE; Kandzari, DE; Grines, CL; Cox, DA; Effron, MB; Garcia, E; Griffin, JJ; Guagliumi, G et al "Benefits and risks of abciximab use in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower... Phipps RP, Schneider A, Frampton M, Cyrys J, Oberdörster G, Wichmann HE, Peters A.Ultrafine particles and platelet activation in patients with coronary heart disease results from a prospective panel study.Part Fibre Toxicol 2007 Jan 22;4:1 24 Acute Coronary Syndromes Shrivastava S, Bera T, Singh SK, Singh G Ramachandrarao, P.; Dash, D.: Characterization of antiplatelet properties of silver nanoparticles... 10.1002/smll.201100472 [Epub ahead of print] 3 Physiopathology of the Acute Coronary Syndromes Iwao Emura Department of Surgical Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagaoka Hospital, Japan 1 Introduction The widespread application of catheter-based interventions, and chronic treatment have contributed to improved long-term prognosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 1-5 Despite these... into SRA+ cells in PB by stimulation of M-CSF contained in plaque content, and that increased SRA+ cells in PB might be a useful indication of disrupted, fissured or eroded plaque and coronary thrombus 26 Acute Coronary Syndromes Although several scavenger receptors, such as SRA, CD36, scavenger receptor-B1, CD68 and Lox-1 have been shown to bind oxidized low-density lipoprotein, SRA and CD36 are responsible . ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES Edited by Mariano E. Brizzio Acute Coronary Syndromes Edited by Mariano E. Brizzio Published. Function in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes – Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Implication 179 Arman Postadzhiyan, Anna Tzontcheva and Bojidar Finkov Chapter 14 Acute Coronary Syndrome. Kumar Dasgupta Chapter 3 Physiopathology of the Acute Coronary Syndromes 27 Iwao Emura Chapter 4 Evolution of Biochemical Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome – Impact Factor of High Sensitivity