e unit 2 networking infrastructure

Once theyconnect, users have access to the same resources2.2: Metropolitan area network MAN.A metropolitan area network, or a MAN, is amedium-sized network that''''s larger than a CAN.. Top

ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure

submission

submission

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice

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1.A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams

2 Types networking :

2.1: Local area network (LAN).A local area network, or LAN, is the most common network type It allows users to connect within a short distance in a common area Once they connect, users have access to the same resources

2.2: Metropolitan area network (MAN).A metropolitan area network, or a MAN, is a medium-sized network that's larger than a CAN While a MAN is a costly network, it provides efficient connectivity between devices across a wide geographical range

2.3:Wide area network (WAN) A wide area network, or a WAN, is an extensive network that's not confined to geographical space Corporations and international companies may use WANs to provide a common network with far-reaching connectivity

3 Benefit of the network:Active networking is vital to career growth Often confused with selling, networking is actually about building long-term relationships and a good reputation over time It involves meeting and getting to know people who you can assist, and who can potentially help you in return

4 Constraint of the network:A constraint network can be represented by a graph called a primal constraint graph or just a constraint graph, where each node represents a variable and the arcs connect all nodes whose variables are included in a constraint scope of the problem

5 Evaluate the impact of current network technology, communication and standards: Improving the competitiveness of the 2000 century and shape of future developments in ICT

so that the necessities of society and the global economy are met ICT is at the very core of the knowledge-based society Activities will continue to strengthen the world's scientific and technology base and ensure its global leadership in ICT, help drive and stimulate product, service and process innovation and creativity through ICT use and value creation in the world and ensure that ICT progress is rapidly transformed into benefits for worldwide citizens, businesses, industry and governments These activities will also help reduce the digital divide and social exclusion

Protocol and standards:A protocol defines a set of rules used by two or more parties to interact between themselves A standard is a formalized protocol accepted by most of the parties that implement it

List some protocols

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):TCP is a popular communication protocol which is used for communicating over a network It divides any message into a series of packets that are sent from source to destination and there it gets reassembled at the destination Internet Protocol (IP):IP is designed explicitly as an addressing protocol It is mostly used with TCP The IP addresses in packets help in routing them through different nodes in a network until it reaches the destination system TCP/IP is the most popular protocol

Transmission Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications

Post office Protocol (POP):POP3 is designed for receiving incoming Emails

Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP):SMTP is designed to send and distribute outgoing EMail

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to another Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP):HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems HTML tags are used for creating links These links may be in any form like text or images HTTP is designed on Client-server principles which allow a client system for establishing a connection with the server machine for making a request The server acknowledges the request initiated by the client and responds accordingly

P2 Network topology definition:Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes of a network are arranged to relate to each other Topologies are categorized as either physical network topology, which is the physical signal transmission medium, or logical network topology, which refers to the manner in which data travels through the network between devices, independent of physical connection of the devices

2.1 Definition :Physical network topology deals with the physical elements of your network, such as cables, and connectors On the other hand, logical network topology provides a virtual representation of how your network is arranged and how the components connect with each other

2.2 Communication and bandwidth :

Throughput: Communication affects the throughput or the amount of data that can be

transmitted over a network in a given time Higher throughput is desirable for networks that handle large amounts of data, such as video streaming or file sharing networks

● Latency: Communication can introduce latency or delay in data transmission.

Latency can be affected by factors such as the distance between devices, the quality of communication channels, and the processing time at each device

● Reliability: Communication reliability is crucial for ensuring that data is transmitted

accurately and without errors Reliable communication protocols, error detection, and correction mechanisms are essential for maintaining data integrity

requirements on network performance can be observed in the following ways:

● Data Transfer Speed: Higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer speeds.

Networks with high bandwidth can handle large amounts of data simultaneously, resulting in faster communication and reduced latency

● Congestion: Insufficient bandwidth can lead to network congestion, where the

network becomes overloaded with data, causing delays and reduced performance Bandwidth requirements should be carefully assessed to avoid congestion

● Quality of Service: Bandwidth requirements are crucial for determining the quality of

service (QoS) provided by a network Applications with high bandwidth

requirements, such as video conferencing or online gaming, may require dedicated or prioritized bandwidth to ensure a smooth user experience

P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and severe types

3.1 Discuss 1 or 2 operating principles of a selected networking device

3.2 List network devices : network switch, router, Gateway

3.2.a : Network switch

A network switch connects devices within a network (often alocal area network, or LAN*) and forwardsdata packetsto and from those devices Unlike arouter, a switch only sends data to the single device it is intended for (which may be another switch, a router, or a user's computer), not to networks of multiple devices

3.2.b : Router

A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwardingdata packetsto their intendedIP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection

3.2.c : Gateway

A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwardingdata packetsto their intendedIP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection

3.3 List server types :

1 Web server

An open-source web server is used for accessing the world wide web through public domain software These servers connect stored information from an internet website to your own computer Web servers store information for the internet that is retrieved via "HTTP" code and sent to your web browser This is one of the most widely used types of server

Proxy servers act as a bridge between a host server and a client server A proxy sends data from a website to your computer IP address after it passes through the proxy's server This practice adds a layer of security since the information is requested then transferred from the source to the proxy server and never directly from a client to another user A proxy server can filter out various harmful internet entities

This allows users to bypass downloading data to their own hardware in order to access applications Application servers can effectively host large amounts of application data to many users at once, making them ideal for businesses

6 File server

A file server stores data files for multiple users They allow for faster data retrieval and saving or writing files to a computer This is a basic type of server used commonly by organizations where lots of users need access to files that are more conveniently and safely stored on a server than a personal computer

Database servers function as large storage spaces that organizations use and access to run multiple programs to meet their needs A database server can run independently of any database architecture

8 Mail server

A mail server stores and delivers mail for clients through email service platforms Because mail servers are set up to continually connect to a network, individual users can access their email without running any systems through their own device

4.1 Explain what is meant by interdependence

Inter- means "between," so interdependence is dependence between things We often use interdependence to describe complex systems Marriage creates a state of interdependence between spouses If your dog provides you with love and happiness, and you provide your dog with food and walks (and love and happiness), then your relationship with your dog is one of interdependence

4.2 What is a Workstation

A workstation (WS) is a computer dedicated to a user or group of users engaged in business or professional work It includes one or more high resolution displays and a faster

workstation may also have a higher-speed graphics adapter and more connected peripherals The term workstation also has been used to reference a PC or mainframe terminal on a local area network (LAN) These workstations may share network resources with one or more large client computers and network servers

Techopedia Explains Workstation

Workstations usually are built with an optimized design for complex data manipulation and visualization Examples include image rendering and editing, computer-aided design (CAD), animations and mathematical plots Workstations were the first industry segment to market collaboration tools and advanced accessories and enhancements These include 3D mice, multiple displays and high performance/capacity data storage devices

Eventually, mainstream PCs adopted workstation elements contributing to the decline of the workstation market segment Additionally, the cost differential decreased between lower-end workstations and higher-end PCs Low-end workstations used Intel Pentium 4 or AMD Athlon 64 CPUs, whereas high-end PCs used powerful processors such as the Intel Xeon, IBM Power, AMD Opteron or Sun UltraSPARC – a powerhouse for computer-processing work These latter machines are sometimes referred to as workstation class PCs and include features such as:

● Error-correcting code (EEC) memory support

● Additional memory sockets for registered modules

● Multiple processor sockets for more powerful CPUs

● Multiple displays

● Reliable operating systems (OSs) with advanced features

● High-performance graphics cards

microprocessors and Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris 10 and Linux-distributed operating systems

4.3 What is a Network software

Network software is a fundamental element for any networking system It helps administrators and security personnel reduce network complexities, and manage, monitor, and better control network traffic Network software plays a crucial role in managing a network infrastructure and simplifying IT operations by facilitating communication, security, content, and data sharing.Network software offers useful benefits to organizations It has become an important tool in facilitating

round-the-clock communication and allowing an uninterrupted exchange of information One of the most significant advantages of network software is its direct correlation with productivity The centralized nature of network software increases the productivity of the complete system This helps reduce end-user technical support problems.For example, if an end user accidentally damages their computer, the chances of losing data are reduced substantially as all its data is already shared on the network Another key benefit of network software is its ability to enable

programmatic management of network resources This eliminates the need for manual processes, thereby providing a dynamic and efficient network configuration to work with

network This is particularly useful when hiring or relieving

File management lets administrators decide the location of data storage and

control user access to that data

Access enables users to enjoy uninterrupted access to network resources Network security systems assist administrators in looking after security and

preventing data breaches

Although, it is important to note that traditional networks were hardware-based and comprised elements such as routers and switches with embedded software The decoupling of software from hardware, called software-defined networking (SDN), works exceptionally well to simplify the management of infrastructure, making it more adaptable to the constantly evolving course of the tech world The introduction

of SDN has been a turning point and has completely changed the way networking is done

Types of Network Software

There are numerous types of network software available, with most of them being categorized under the communications and security arena The varieties of network software differ based on their key features and costs The main role of network software is to eliminate the dependence on hardware by streamlining communications across multiple devices, locations, and systems Not only are they extremely useful for end-user hardware (laptops, desktops), the addition of software is bound to have a positive effect on the organization’s everyday functioning and operations

In many ways, data within networks is like a child With time, it only grows, and as it does, it requires adequate attention Soon enough, data needs to be stored spanning multiple locations and a wide range of devices Network storage software allows businesses to utilize a standard interface that manages countless databases between users or clients It serves as a good manager of access between various departments or essential communities within an organization This way, anybody having access can view or retrieve information with just a click, and at the same time, security concerns are also taken care of

2 Data archiving software

In today’s day and age of dynamic networks spread across various functioning corporate entities, data once misplaced is data lost Hence, it is vital to take regular backups As organizations grow and networks evolve in size, it gets especially tricky

to save data appropriately In addition to that, data that needs to be stored increases at

a rapid pace, and its management gets costlier In such a situation, data archiving software is a perfect choice

Organizations have heaps of data that might not have to be utilized daily but is still essential to be stored for various purposes, one of them being for regular compliance Data archiving software enables better management of such information and is an