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[...]... Gopel, J Hesse, and J.N Zemel, Eds., A Comprehensive Survey, Weinheim, Germany: VCH, 1989–1994 Vol 1: Fundamentals and General Aspects, T Grandke and W.H Ko, Eds Vol 2, 3, pt 1–2: Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, W Gopel et al., Eds Vol 4: Thermal Sensors, T Ricolfi and J Scholz, Eds Vol 5: Magnetic Sensors, R Boll and K.J Overshott, Eds Vol 6: Optical Sensors, E Wagner, R Dandliker, and K Spenner,... antigen-coated 1-8 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments surface, where the two selectively bind After the specific binding occurs, the unbound fluorescent molecules or radioisotopes are washed away, and the antibody concentration is determined by fluorescence spectroscopy or with a scintillation counter, respectively These sensing techniques can be quite costly and bulky, and therefore... semiconductor material and by coating the device with thin film materials which act as optical filters Chemical Sensors Chemical measurands include ion concentration, atomic mass, rate of reactions, reduction-oxidation potentials, and gas concentration The last column of Table 1.1 lists some of the transduction mechanisms that 1-6 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments 1.E-06 8.E-07... Spenner, Eds Vol 7: Mechanical Sensors, H.H Bau, N.F deRooij, and B Kloeck, Eds J Carr, Sensors and Circuits: Sensors, Transducers, and Supporting Circuits for Electronic Instrumentation, Measurement, and Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993 J.R Carstens, Electrical Sensors and Transducers, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Regents/Prentice-Hall, 1993 J Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors, 2nd ed., Woodbury,... the cell voltage under standard conditions [7], and C is the analyte concentration For gases, either in the dissolved or gaseous states, the C term in Equation (1.1) becomes the partial pressure of the gas 1-12 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments High Impedance Voltage Measuring Circuit Internal Reference Electrode External Reference Electrode Standard Solution Analyte Solution... output signal Biosensors Biological measurands are biologically produced substances, such as antibodies, glucose, hormones, and enzymes Biosensors are not the same as biomedical sensors, which are any sensors used in biomedical applications, such as blood pressure sensors or electrocardiogram electrodes Hence, although many biosensors are biomedical sensors, not all biomedical sensors are biosensors Table... physical sensors Figure 1.1 depicts a sensor block 1-1 1-2 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments Measurand Input Primary Transduction Intermediate Transduction Output Signal Power FIGURE 1.1 Sensor block diagram Many sensors employ multiple transduction mechanisms in order to produce an electronic output in response to the measurand Passive transduction mechanisms require input power... and small, rugged construction Many other types of microsensors are commercially under development, including accelerometers, mass flow rate sensors, and biosensors FIGURE 1.3 Schematic cross section of a silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor A differential pressure deforms the silicon diaphragm, producing strain in the integrated piezoresistors 1-10 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and. .. environment and such cells operate as self-powered fuel cells There are no life-limiting, consumable elements in these toxic gas sensors, in contrast to lead anode in the Pb/O2 oxygen sensor RGain iL RLoad _ Op Amp Counter Electrode + | VOut | = RGainiL Sensing Electrode FIGURE 1.7 Two-electrode circuit for an amperometric gas sensor 1-16 Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments. .. 1961, Chap 5 D.J.G Ives and G.J Janz, Reference Electrodes, Theory and Practice, London: Academic Press, 1961, pp 497–501 D.J.G Ives and G.J Janz, Reference Electrodes, Theory and Practice, London: Academic Press, 1961, Chap 11 A.P.F Turner, I Karube and G.S Wilson, Eds., Biosensors, Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 A.D.S Tantram, M.J Kent, and A.G Palmer, U.K Patent . Electromagnetics, and Radar Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices Systems,. including: Circuits, Signals, and Speech and Image Processing Electronics, Power Electronics, Optoelectronics, Microwaves, Electromagnetics, and Radar Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments Broadcasting. h0" alt="" The Electrical Engineering Handbook Third Edition Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Richard C.