BIOMECHANICS PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS ppt

[...]... wave in the 2 and 1(2) directions, a transverse wave in the 13 (23) and 12 planes, etc The technical moduli must then be calculated from the full set of Cij For 6 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications TABLE 1.2 Elastic Stiffness Coefficients for Various Human and Bovine Bonesa Experiment (Bone Type) Van Buskirk and Ashman [1981] (bovine femur) Knets [1978] (human tibia) Van Buskirk and Ashman [1981]... ultrasound wavelengths used in the experiment, and the molecular and ultrastructural levels of organization in both types of tissues are essentially identical Note that while C11 almost equals C22 and that C44 and C55 are equal for bovine Haversian bone, C11 and C22 and C44 and C55 differ by 11.6 and 13.4%, respectively, for bovine plexiform bone Similarly, although C66 and ½ (C11 – C12) differ by 12.0% for... American Society of Biomechanics, the Biomedical Engineering Society, and the Society 18 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications for Bone and Mineral Research In Europe there are alternate year meetings of the European Society of Biomechanics and the European Society of Biomaterials Every four years there is a World Congress of Biomechanics; every three years there is a World Congress of Biomaterials... where KV and KR are the Voigt (uniform strain across an interface) and Reuss (uniform stress across an interface) bulk moduli, respectively, and GV and GR are the Voigt and Reuss shear moduli, respectively The equations for KV, KR , GV, and GR are provided for both transverse isotropy and orthotropic symmetry in the Appendix to this chapter Table 1.5 lists the values of KV, KR , GV, GR , Ac*, and As*... measurements A nonlinear constitutive equation was developed based on these measurements [Lakes and Katz, 1979a] 14 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications FIGURE 1.6 Comparison of relaxation spectra for wet human bone, specimens 5 and 6 [Lakes et al., 1979] in simple torsion; T = 37°C First approximation from relaxation and dynamic data ⅷ Human tibial bone, specimen 6 ᭡ Human tibial bone, specimen 5, Gstd...2 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications FIGURE 1.1 Hierarchical levels of structure in a human femur [Park, 1979] (Courtesy of Plenum Press and Dr J.B Park.) the associated apatite crystallites (abbreviated Ap) The former is approximately 1.5 by 280 nm, made up of three individual left-handed helical polypeptide (alpha) chains coiled into a right-handed triple helix Ap crystallites... are given by (R, Θ, Z) and the deformed coordinates are given by (r, θ, z) The deformation is given by a set of restricted functions r=r R () (2.2) θ = βΘ (2.3) z = µZ + C1 (2.4) where the constants µ and β have been introduced to account for a uniform longitudinal strain and a symmetric residual strain that are both independent of the coordinate Θ 24 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications If β =... ± 0.29 4.63 ± 0.36 10.8 ± 1.7 11.7 ± 1.8 11.8 ± 1.1 8 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications can be found in Yoon and Katz [1976a] Presented below are the simplified equations for the case of transverse isotropy Young’s modulus is 1 ( ) E γ3 ( ) 4 = S33 = 1 − γ 2 2S11 + γ 3 S33 ′ 3 ( + γ 1− γ 2 3 2 3 ) (2S 13 (1.11) + S44 ) where γ3 = cos φ, and φ is the angle made with respect to the bone (3) axis... 9.1 7.3 76.4 67.2 Glycosaminoglycan Not determined 21.5 21.2 N.D 0.34 b Ref Herring [1977] Pellagrino and Blitz [1965]; Vejlens [1971] 4 Biomechanics: Principles and Applications 1.3 Elastic Properties Although bone is a viscoelastic material, at the quasi-static strain rates in mechanical testing and even at the ultrasonic frequencies used experimentally, it is a reasonable first approximation to model... Engineering Society, and the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (both American and English issues) for the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the British Organization, respectively Additional papers in the field may be found in the journal Bone and Calcified Tissue International The 1984 CRC volume, Natural and Living Biomaterials (Hastings, G.W and Ducheyne, P., Eds.) provides a good historical . Data Biomechanics : principles and applications / edited by Daniel Schneck and Joseph D. Bronzino. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1492-5 (alk. paper) 1. Biomechanics. . Maryland College Park, Maryland Arthur T. Johnson University of Maryland College Park, Maryland J. Lawrence Katz Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Kenton R. Kaufman Biomechanics. 44 and C 55 are equal for bovine Haversian bone, C 11 and C 22 and C 44 and C 55 differ by 11.6 and 13.4%, respectively, for bovine plexiform bone. Similarly, although C 66 and ½