Applications of Synchrotron Radiation potx

[...]... 217 1 Introduction The aim of this book is to demonstrate the applications of synchrotron radiation in certain aspects of cell microbiology, specifically non-destructive elemental analyses, chemical-state analyses and imaging (distribution) of the elements within a cell The basics for understanding and applications of synchrotron radiation are the same as those of X-ray spectrometry, which has... image of the elemental distribution within a section of a single cell 2 Synchrotron Radiation and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2.1 Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron radiation (SR) was observed for the first time in April 1947 at General Electric in an advanced type of accelerator, an electron synchrotron [1] While initially it was considered a nuisance, in the 1950s it became clear that the source of. .. synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet is about eight orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional X-ray tubes and in the energy range of 1–100 keV, which is further enhanced by an order of magnitude of two by a wiggler and four by an undulator The synchrotron radiation beams are usually fed into experimental areas through slits, focusing mirrors, and monochromators 10 2 Synchrotron Radiation. .. Schematic of the electron storage ring of a SR facility 8 2 Synchrotron Radiation and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy RF cavities The RF cavity system restores energy, which the electrons lose because of the emission of SR, and stabilizes the bunch of electrons by phase-stability principle The frequency of acceleration voltage is fixed to an integral multiple of the orbital frequency That is, in the phase of. .. bend the trajectory of electrons and force them to circulate in orbit Synchrotron radiation is emitted when an electron received centripetal force in the magnetic field of the bending magnet Synchrotron radiation emitted from an electron traveling at almost the speed of light is highly collimated by relativity effect The magnitude of the relativistic angular width of the bending magnet radiation (∆ψ) is... aspects of synchrotrons and synchrotron radiation based on the wealth of X-ray physics for over one century 1 Introduction 3 Fig 1.1a–e Images of a single cell using different techniques: (a) light microscopic image of a single cell, (b) scanning electron microscopic image of a single cell, (c) elemental distribution within a single cell, (d) transmission electron microscopic image of a section of a single... different functions of a single cell Synchrotron radiation is an electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by charged particles moving at relativistic speeds in circular orbits in a magnetic field Synchrotron radiation was initially considered a nuisance in high-energy accelerators and particle storage rings, electron accelerators in particular The energy loss as a consequence of synchrotron radiations is... processing of the material under investigation These in situ experiments provide information about the dynamics of processes, which take place during the transformation of the sample The large penetration depth of X-rays facilitate the study of samples in different sample environments such as furnaces, cryostats, pressure or chemical cells 2.3 Examples of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities Most of the experimental... mainly used for studies of ultra-trace element analysis A combination of fundamental and third harmonics of the undulator radiation covers an energy range from 5 to 37 keV The layout of beam line 39XU is shown schematically in Fig 2.5 Synchrotron radiation from the undulator radiation is monochromatized with a Si(111) double crystal monochromator The third harmonics from the undulator radiation is cut off... features of 2., 3 and 5 are superior to the other elemental analysis techniques By means of µ-XRF analysis using synchrotron sources, one can collect information on the distribution of trace constituents of a material with high lateral resolution In view of the high sensitivity for heavy elements, synchrotron radiation induced µ-XRF is particularly valuable for the trace-level microanalysis of the heterogeneous . Fluorescence Spectroscopy 5 2.1 SynchrotronRadiation 5 2.2 AdvancesinSynchrotronDevelopment 7 2.3 Examples of Synchrotron Radiation Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Synchrotron Radiation X-ray FluorescenceAnalysis(SR-XRF). microscopic image of the elemental distribution within a section of a single cell 2 Synchrotron Radiation and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2.1 Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron radiation (SR). energy loss as a consequence of synchrotron radiations is especially sig- nificant in electron synchrotrons and storage rings. In the 1950s and 1960s, synchrotron radiation was eventually discovered