foreign language department english language and culture

Additionally, verbs are the only word type that is absolutely required to form a sentence is a verb.. Regular lexical verbs: − V Base: love, yell− V-ing Ing participle: loving, yelling −

THANG LONG UNIVERSITY

Academic Year 2022 -2023

FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

STUDENT’S CODE: A33661

HA NOI

I.Meanings of verbs 1

II.Forms and functions of verbs 2

1.Verb classification 2

2.The morphology of lexical verbs 3

3.Regular lexical verbs: 3

4.Irregular lexical verbs 3

A THEORY

I.Meanings of verbs

To my knowledge, verbs are the essential parts of sentences and clauses because they express what the subject is thinking or feeling, even if they are only existing Additionally, verbs are the only word type that is absolutely required to form a sentence is a verb Even nouns, which denote things, are not required to appear in every sentence Because verbs are so important, they have more rules than other types of words.

To put it simply, Verbs are words that describe actions, whether physical or mental Verbs also describe a “state of being,” like the verbs be, become, or exist.

- Example: I cross the street, enter the building, and buy some ice cream.

There must be atleast a verb in every sentence A sentence is incomplete or a sentence fragment if there is no verb A sentence, with the exception of imperative words (commands), also requires a subject, the thing conducting the action For example, there are a total of 7 different types of sentence structures in English, all of which cannot be form or work without a verb.

SVO I eat fried chicken SVC I am too fat

SVA I live in Hanoi

SVOO I make a cake for my mother SVOC I made my mother proud

SVOA I bring my laptop onto my room

II.Forms and functions of verbs

1 Verb classification

Base on the function of the items in the verb phrase we have lexical and auxilary verb In auxilary verb is divided into primary and modal verb

Auxilary verb is separated into: Primary auxiliary do, have, be

Modal auxiliary can, dare…

When verb (either habitually or in certain uses) will not admit the progressive, they are called stative When they will admit the progressive, they are called dynamic.

− Dynamic verbs include activity verbs such as abandon, ask, beg, etc; process verbs: change, grow, slow down, etc; transitional event verbs: arrive, fly, fall, etc; and momentary verbs: take, jump, breath, etc

It was raining heavily all day He felt from the stairs yesterday.

− Stative verbs include verbs of inert perception and cognition such as adore, hate, hear, imagine, etc; and relational verbs: apply to, be, belong to, consist of, etc.

I knew the answer.

I guess the students will not arrive on time.

We will consider lexical verbs under two heads: regular, irregular

3 Regular lexical verbs:

− V (Base): love, yell

− V-ing (Ing participle): loving, yelling − V-s: loves, yells

− V-ed (Past participle); loved, yelled

While the -ing form is straight forward addition to the base, the -s form has three spoken realizations:

− Pronounced /iz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiceless sibilants: passes, watches.

− Pronounced /z/ after bases ending in other voiced: robs, flows − Pronounced /s/ after bases ending in other voiceless sound: cuts, locks The past and the -ed participle of regular verbs also have three spoken realizations:

− Pronounced /id/ after bases ending in /d/ or /t/: added, cheated

− Pronounced /d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other than /d/: traveled, meowed.

− Pronounced /t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than /t/: packed, walked.

4 Irregular lexical verbs

Irregular lexical verbs do not have the past and the -ed participle spoken rules (burn, drive) These verbs typically have variation in their base vowel (find, bite) and varying number of distinct forms (cut, go).

Will and shall:

I will arrive in 2 hours I shall graduate in 2 months.

“Be going to” denotes future fulfilment of the present: It’s going to rain.

When are you going to go to HCMC?

Present progressive means fixed arrangements, plans, or programme: The train is leaving at 6:30.

I am watching TV now.

Simple present has the same meaning as present progressive: When is high tide?

The plane takes off tomorrow from Hanoi.

Will/shall + progressive denotes a future as a matter of course: When will you come?

What will you buy?

Be to + infinitive expresses arrangement, command, or contingent future: If he is to success, he must work harder.

My mother is to be back by an hour.

Be about to + infinitive expresses near future: The taxi is here, and we are about to leave I am about to watch it.

Future time in the past: some of the constructions above such as “be going to”, “progressive”, “will”, “be to + infinitive”, “be about to” can be used in the past tense:

I was meeting him in Paris the next day She was about to leave me.

6 The auxiliaries

An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc

There are three main classes of the auxiliary: The auxiliaries do, have, be; The modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, etc); Marginal modal auxiliaries (dare, need, use).

You needs to go now Can you give me a lift?

7 Tense

Tense helps us understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and our concept of time There are two tense forms: present and past

The package arrived last week I play video games every day

There are three persons: first person (I/We), second person (You), third person (He/She/It/They); and two numbers: singular and plural.

For all verbs except be, there are two forms for the present tense: the -s form and the base form The -s form is used for the third person singular, that is with he, she, it, and singular noun phrases as subject.

8 Aspect

The aspect of a verb is determined by whether the verb expresses a fact, an ongoing action, a completed action, or the end of an ongoing action Verbs have two aspects: the perfect aspect and the progressive aspect.

The perfect of a verb combines a form of the auxiliary have with the -ed participle of that verb The auxiliary has two present tense forms (has, have) and one past form (had)

You have slept three 12 hours today I have closed the shop for the day

The progressive combines a form of the auxiliary “be” with the -ing form My mom is speaking with her friends.

My dad was washing his car this morning.

9 Mood

Mood relates the verbal action to such conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility Finite verb phrases have three moods:

The Indicative is the usual mood in declarative, interrogative, and exclamative sentences:

Where are they?

How well are you at Math?

The Imperative has the base form and is used chieflfly as a directive to request action Keep quiet!

Stop him!

The Subjuntive includes the mandative subjunctive, fomulaic subjunctive and the were subjunctive.

− The mandative subjunctive expression of command, demand, or recommendation We used in that-clause after the expression of such notions as demand or request For example:

My boss suggests that I should be there at six We demand that he accept the rehab − The formulaic subjunctive: May the force be with you! God save the queen!

− The were subjunctive is so-called because in all instances it uses the verb were It is used chieflfly to convey a hypothetical or unreal situation For example: If I were you, I would kick him in the ass

If I were you, I would resign immediately

Verbs have two voices: active or passive The active is the voice that is used more commonly The active and passive have different verb phrases in that the passive has an additional auxiliary: a form of the auxiliary “be” followed by an -ed participle For example:

− Active: buy, is making, will make, etc.

− Passive: is brought, is being made, will be made, etc Active:

Facebook (S) bans a lot of users (iO).

The manager (S) has offered me (iO) a better salary Passive:

A lot of users (S) have been banned from Facebook I (S) was offered a better salary by the manager.

11 Verb phrase

The typical structure of verb phrase consists of a main verb preceded optionally by a maximum of four auxiliary verbs However, it is very unusual for all four auxiliaries to appear in one verb phrase.

For example: may have been being shocked, could have been destroyed.

There are finite and non-finite verb phrases While finite verb phrases have tense, mood and finite verb occur as the verb element of a clause; non-finite verb phrases consist of one or more such items: the infinitive, the -ing participle, -ed participle.

Finite verb phrases: I drink heavily.

My wife calls me an alcoholic Non-finite verb phrases:

To drink like that must be dangerous My wife found me drinking.

- Main clause: the hungry jaguar was waiting for its poor quarry - Subordinate clause: Hiding itself in the bush => Adverbial of reason 2) Complex sentence

- Main clause: What would happen to the yound girl

- Subordinate clause: If she went out alone at midnight => Adverbial of reason 3) Compound sentence

- No subordinate clause 4) Complex sentence

- Main clause: you should come to visit the Eiffel Tower - Subordinate clause: While in Paris => Adverbial of place 5) Complex sentence

- Main clause: He has travelled around the world.

- Subordinate clause: Since leaving school => Adverbial of time 6) Complex sentence

- Main clause: You should learn as much as possible

- Subordinate clause: or you won’t find a job in the future => Adverbial of reason 7) Complex sentence

- Main clause: Whole sentence

- Subordinate clause: What I had read in the book => Adverbial of reason 8) Complex sentence

- Main clause: John has a large sitting room

- Subordinate clause: Where his friends came to watch football matches on TV with him =>Adverbial of place

9) Complex sentence

- Main clause: I suddenly felt ashamed of my childishness

- Subordinate clause: What is more important => Adverbial of reason 10)Complex sentence

- Main clause: The child was even crying more wildly.

- Subordinate clause: Comforted by his mother => Adverbial of reason

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