SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS Edited by Nancy Malla Sexually Transmitted Infections Edited by Nancy Malla Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Sexually Transmitted Infections, Edited by Nancy Malla p. cm. ISBN 978-593-51-0258-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: An Overview 3 Nancy Malla and Kapil Goyal Part 2 Bacterial Infections 29 Chapter 2 Chlamydia trachomatis Infections of the Adults 31 Sabina Mahmutovic Vranic Chapter 3 Gonorrhea in Men Sex Men and Heterosexual Men 47 Ángela María Rosa Famiglietti and Susana Diana García Chapter 4 Mucosal Immunity and Evasion Strategies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae 69 Mónica Imarai, Claudio Acuña, Alejandro Escobar, Kevin Maisey and Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa Chapter 5 Syphilis 89 Roberto Saraiva, Augusto Daige, Joao Jazbik, Claudio Cesar, Marco Mello and Evandro Lopes Part 3 Protozoal Infection 105 Chapter 6 Human Trichomoniasis due to Trichomonas vaginalis – Current Perspectives 107 Nancy Malla Part 4 Human Papilloma Virus Infection 125 Chapter 7 Human Papillomavirus Infection in Croatian Men: Prevalence and HPV Type Distribution 127 Blaženka Grahovac, Anka Dorić, Željka Hruškar, Ita Hadžisejdić and Maja Grahovac VI Contents Chapter 8 Human Papilloma Virus and Anal Cancer 141 João Batista de Sousa and Leonardo de Castro Durães Chapter 9 Recurrent Oral Squamous Papilloma in a HIV Infected Patient: Case Report 155 Helena Lucia Barroso dos Reis, Mauro Romero Leal Passos, Aluízio Antônio de Santa Helena, Fernanda Sampaio Cavalcante, Arley Silva Júnior and Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira Part 5 Epidemiology 163 Chapter 10 Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Army Personnel in the Military Environment 165 Krzysztof Korzeniewski Chapter 11 Syphilis and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Sero-Prevalence Among Female Sex Workers and Men Who Have Sex with Men in Ecuador and Andhra Pradesh (India) 183 Juan Pablo Gutiérrez and Erika E. Atienzo Chapter 12 Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour Related to Sexually Transmitted Infections in Portuguese School (Adolescent) and College Students 199 Lúcia Ramiro, Marta Reis, Margarida Gaspar de Matos and José Alves Diniz Chapter 13 Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, and Practice of the UNIFIL Peacekeepers on Human Immunodeficiency Virus 219 Abdo R. Jurjus, Inaya Abdallah Hajj Hussein and Alice A. Gerges Preface Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are considered as neglected diseases and are on the list of diseases targeted by WHO for control. Apart from HIV, STIs cause significant morbidity. Several STIs adversely affect outcome of pregnancy and may lead to neonatal and genital infections. Genital infection with Human papilloma virus (HPV) may lead to cervical cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. High risk group persons and women, particularly adolescents are disproportionately vulnerable to STIs, many of which remain asymptomatic favouring spread of infection. The risk of acquiring STIs is highest in urban areas, in low socioeconomic groups, in the young and in association with illicit drug users and prostitution. Prevention is the Hall mark for control of STIs. Prevention and control of STIs require a global initiative, the success of which will largely depend on the development of safe and effective vaccines. Currently, except for hepatitis B infection, no such vaccines exist. Although, there is plethora of the literature available on STIs and many books are available on the individual infections covered in this book, yet numerous advances continue to be made in understanding the different aspects of these infections. In Tech publisher has planned to publish the book and have invited authors with their rich expertise on the topics contributed by them. The purpose of the book and approach used is an attempt made to present the historical as well as advanced reference material on different aspects of STIs. This book is essentially a collection of chapters providing novel knowledge on some of the most debated topics. The book is intended for general reference work for physicians, researchers and students interested in the subject. The strong and genuine enthusiasm of the authors is clearly visible in their respective contributions. The book does not cover all the sexually transmitted infections. In the introductory chapter, an attempt has been made to provide an overview on the STIs with special reference to syndromic approach for management as a general practitioner in the field, especially those who may not have access to specialist literature. I am sure that the information provided in this book, will stimulate the reader to understand different aspects on the topics contributed and will be of interest to health care professionals, scientists dedicated to this field as well as readers, in general. I wish to put on record my gratitude to many colleagues for reviewing few chapters and for their time and valuable suggestions. Their ideas shaped the book and guided X Preface every step of its creation. In particular, I would like to acknowledge the help of Prof. Jane Carlton for her suggestions for the chapter on Human trichomoniasis, Prof. D.R. Arora and Dr. Neelam Taneja for chapter on Syphilis, Dr. Mini P. Singh for chapters on Human Papilloma Virus and Dr. Kusum Sharma for chapter on Chlamydia. Lastly, I would like to thank the In Tech publishers for appointing me 'Book Editor' and providing me an opportunity to review the chapters contributed in this book. Nancy Malla Professor and Head, Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India . SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS Edited by Nancy Malla Sexually Transmitted Infections Edited by Nancy Malla Published. Sexually Transmitted Infections, Edited by Nancy Malla p. cm. ISBN 978-593-51-0258-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: . Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 1. Introduction Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread primarily through person-to-person sexual contact.