BONE GRAFTING ppt

BONE GRAFTING Edited by Alessandro Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda Bone Grafting Edited by Alessandro Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Bone Grafting, Edited by Alessandro Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0324-0 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda Chapter 2 Basic Knowledge of Bone Grafting 11 Nguyen Ngoc Hung Part 2 Basic Science 39 Chapter 3 Influence of Freeze-Drying and Irradiation on Mechanical Properties of Human Cancellous Bone: Application to Impaction Bone Grafting 41 Olivier Cornu Part 3 Trauma Surgery 59 Chapter 4 Bone Grafting in Malunited Fractures 61 Fernando Baldy dos Reis and Jean Klay Santos Machado Chapter 5 Reconstruction of Post-Traumatic Bone Defect of the Upper-Limb with Vascularized Fibular Graft 75 R. Adani, L. Tarallo and R. Mugnai Part 4 Orthopaedic Surgery 89 Chapter 6 Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia: Combined Pharmacologic and Surgical Treatment Using Biphosphonate Intravenous Infusion and Bone Morphogenic Protein with Periosteal and Cancellous Autogenous Bone Grafting, Tibio-Fibular Cross Union, Intramedullary Rodding and External Fixation 91 Dror Paley VI Contents Chapter 7 Osteonecrosis Femoral Head Treatment by Core Decompression and ILIAC CREST-TFL Muscle Pedicle Grafting 107 Sudhir Babhulkar Chapter 8 Treatment of Distal Radius Bone Defects with Injectable Calcium Sulphate Cement 125 Deng Lei, Ma Zhanzhong, Yang Huaikuo, Xue Lei and Yang Gongbo Chapter 9 Spinal Fusion with Methylmethacrylate Cage 135 Majid Reza Farrokhi and Golnaz Yadollahi Khales Chapter 10 Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis Using Vancomycin-Impregnated Calcium Sulphate Cement 147 Deng Lei, Ma Zhanzhong, Yang Huaikuo, Xue Lei, Yang Gongbo Part 5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 157 Chapter 11 To Graft or Not to Graft? Evidence-Based Guide to Decision Making in Oral Bone Graft Surgery 159 Bernhard Pommer, Werner Zechner, Georg Watzek and Richard Palmer Chapter 12 Clinical Concepts in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Novel Findings to the Field of Bone Regeneration 183 Annika Rosén and Rachael Sugars Preface It was a great pleasure to receive the invitation to coordinate the edition of a book devoted to bone grafting surgery from InTech. Bone is the second most frequently transplanted tissue in the human body, after blood. Nearly one million bone graft procedures are performed worldwide each year. Although autologous bone graft remains the gold standard procedure, the pursuit of substitutes, to avoid clinical morbidity, is one of the greatest fields of research nowadays. The initial proposal offered to us, presented the project of an open access book, directed to a broad audience, formed by researchers, students and clinical practitioners. This project caught our attention because of two important reasons. First, because the breadth of the subject, constituted by bone grafts and bone grafts substitutes, causes it to be partially addressed in isolated chapters inserted in textbooks of different fields, such as orthopedics, neurosurgery, plastic surgery and dentistry. There are only few textbooks focusing specifically the theme, frequently printed editions which are often difficult to acquire. This is the second reason that makes this project so interesting. Also, as an open access online book, it is available everywhere around the world. In addition to allow worldwide reading, this book also has the advantage to put together authors from different continents, with different point of views and different experiences with bone grafting. Leading researchers of Asia, America and European countries contributed as authors. In this book, reader can find chapters from basic principles intended to students, to research results and description of new techniques from which experts can benefit a great deal. We wish to thank the authors, which contributed with their time and wisdom, to make this project possible. We wish to thank specially the InTech Publishing Process Managers, Jana Sertic and Ivana Zec, for their help and support. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi, MD, MSc Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Brazil João Batista de Miranda, MD, PhD Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Brazil [...]... in children Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B 2009; 18:79–85 [21]) 22 Bone Grafting 6 Practical bone grafting 6.1 Bone grafting fundamentals Bone grafting refers to a wide variety of surgical methods augmenting or stimulating the formation of new bone where it is needed There are five broad clinical situations in which bone grafting is performed: 1 2 3 4 5 To stimulate healing of fractures either... Knowledge of Bone Grafting 15 Heterogeneous Grafts Because of the undesirable features of autogenous and allogenic bone grafting, heterogenous bone, that is, bone from another species, was tried early in the development of bone grafting and was found to be almost always unsatisfactory The material more or less retained its original form, acting as an internal splint but not stimulating bone production... and bone graft substitutes have been developed Bone graft are involved in successful bone graft include osteoconduction (guiding the reparative growth of the natural bone) , osteoinduction (encouraging undifferentiated cells 12 Bone Grafting to become active osteoblast), and osteogenesis (living bone cells in the graft material contribute to become remodeling) Osteogenesis only occurs with autografts Bone. .. development of metallurgy, which allowed the rigid fixation of bone fractures with increasingly expensive implants, there was a slowly, but important, understanding of the biology of bone healing 4 Bone Grafting Although reports of autologous bone grafting date back to the ancient Egypt, the first description of systematic use of autologous bone grafting, with the modern principles and concepts, is attributed... of Bone Grafting Nguyen Ngoc Hung Hanoi Medial University, Military Academy of Medicine, Pediatric Orthopaedic Department - National Hospital of Pediatrics, Dong Da District, Ha Noi, Vietnam 1 Introduction Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal property Bone grafting. .. for autogenous bone grafts” Orthop Clin North Am.1999;30(4):591-8 [17] Sanders R. Bone graft substitutes: separating fact from fiction” J Bone J Surg (Am).2007;89A(3):469 [18] De Long Jr WG, Einhorn TA, Koval K, McKee M, Watson T, et al. Bone grafts and bone graft substitutes in orthopaedic trauma surgery” J Bone J Surg Am.2007;89A(3):64958 [19] Giannoudis PV, Dinopoulos H, Tsiridis E. Bone substitutes:... the bone graft material as a framework upon which to spread and generate new bone In the very least, a bone graft material should be osteoconductive Basic Knowledge of Bone Grafting 13 Osteoinduction Osteoinduction involves the stimulation of osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts that then begin new bone formation The most widely studied type of osteoinductive cell mediators are bone. .. host bone [11] 2.3 Sources of grafts Bone graft terminology has changed, leading to some confusion In this text, we use the new terminology For most applications, autogenous bone graft is indicated Other types of bone grafts are indicated only if autogenous bone graft is unavailable or if it is insufficient and must be augmented Another exception is when structural whole or partial bones, with or 14 Bone. .. development of bone grafting one century ago Bone graft could be defined as a bone fragment transplanted, whole or in pieces, from one site to another Bone grafting is the name of the surgical procedure, by which bone graft, or a bone graft substitute, is placed into fractures or bone defects, to aid in healing or to improve strength Bone is the second most commonly implanted material in the human body, after... is not without donor site morbidity 19 Basic Knowledge of Bone Grafting 5.4 Removal of iliac bone graft Ilium The iliac crest is an ideal source of bone graft because it is relatively subcutaneous, has natural curvatures that are useful in fashioning grafts, has ample cancellous bone, and has cortical bone of varying thickness Removal of the bone carries minimal risk and usually there is no significant . could be defined as a bone fragment transplanted, whole or in pieces, from one site to another. Bone grafting is the name of the surgical procedure, by which bone graft, or a bone graft substitute,. bone fractures with increasingly expensive implants, there was a slowly, but important, understanding of the biology of bone healing. Bone Grafting 4 Although reports of autologous bone. edition of a book devoted to bone grafting surgery from InTech. Bone is the second most frequently transplanted tissue in the human body, after blood. Nearly one million bone graft procedures are