Project apllying hydrogen fuel in vehicle engine

Production processThere are many different processes for producing hydrogen depending on the purpose to be used, but here are the 4 most representative processes for producing hydrogen f

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND

FACULTY OF VEHICLE AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

APLLYING HYDROGEN FUEL IN VEHICLE ENGINE

Subject :Alternative Energies for VehiclesLecturer : GVC.TS Nguyễn Văn Trạng

LIST OF MEMBERS PARTICIPATING INWRITING REPORT SEMESTER 2,

YEAR 2023 – 2024

Group: 09 (Class: AEVE320830E_23_2_01FIE)

Topic: Applying Hydrogen Fuel In Vehicle Engine.

List of images

1 Hydrogen is present in water 2 Hydrogen Applications 3 Production of hydrogen 4 Hydrogen production from water 5 Internal Combustion Engine 6 Fuel injector

7 Schematic diagram 8 HHO spray device

9 HHO blending device into fuel 10 Schematic diagram

11 Combustion of gasoline and hydrogen 12 Comparison of combustion chamber volume 13 Temperature Increment Equatio

Table directory

1 Properties of Hydrogen.

2 Global Hydrogen consumption by industry 3 Comparing hydrogen fuel with other fuel 4 1NZ-FE engine parameters.

5 Public chart of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p indication pressure pi=9.81bar

6 Rules of combustion of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p indication pressure pi=9.81bar

7 Gasoline engine air temperture and hydrogen engine at 6000v/p 8 Mass and exhaust temperture of gasoline engine and hydrogen engine at

6000v/p indication pressure pi=9.81bar

9 Work and cycle heat loss of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p indication pressure pi=9.81bar

10 Thermal efficiency and heat loss raito of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p indication pressure pi=9.81bar

11 Heat loss of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p and different loads

12 Thermal efficiency of gasoline engine and engine hydrogen at 6000v/p and load v

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROGEN FUEL 1

PART 1: OVERVIEW OF HYDROGEN 1

1.1 Overall about Hydrogen 1

1.2 Chemical composition of Hydrogen 1

1.3 The reason to choose Hydrogen 1

1.4 Applications of hydrogen 3

1.5 Production process 5

1.6 The advantages of Hydrogen 11

1.7 Safety in use and storage Hydrogen 13

1.8 Storage and transportation 14

There are several ways to transport hydrogen 15

There are four main ways to store hydrogen 15

1.9 Compare the performance of hydrogen with other fuels 16

PART 2: HYDROGEN APPLICATIONS IN VEHICLES 17

2.1 The gas fuel used on the vehicle 17

2.1.1 Natural gas 17

2.1.2 Companion gas from petroleum 18

2.1.3 Advantages of using hydrogen gas over other gases 19

2.1.4 Methods of using gaseous fuels to run internal combustion engines 19

2.2 Options for converting traditional fuel engines to hydrogen fuel 20

2.2.1 Gasoline engine 21

2.2.2 Diesel engine 26

2.3 Combustion properties of hydrogen gas in internal combustion engines 28

2.4.Fuel air ratio 30

2.5 Application of hydrogen fuel to 1zn-fe engine and comparison with other fuels 33

PART 3: CONCLUSION 38

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROGEN FUELPART 1: OVERVIEW OF HYDROGEN1.1 Overall about Hydrogen.

Hydrogen is a chemical element, symbolized as H in the periodic table of elements It is the simplest element in the periodic table and also the most abundant element in the observable universe, constituting about 75% of the total mass of the universe.

Under standard conditions, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas It has high gaseous reactivity, often existing in the form of H2 molecules Hydrogen can also exist as ions or atoms It is one of the most important elements in chemistry, participating in numerous significant chemical reactions and serving as a fundamental element in many organic and inorganic compounds Hydrogen is also a raw material for various industries, including the production of nitric acid, synthetic petroleum, and many other applications.

1.2 Chemical composition of Hydrogen

The chemical composition of hydrogen is elemental, so there are no other chemical components that form it In the periodic table of elements, hydrogen is represented by the symbol H and has an atomic number of 1 Hydrogen has one proton and one electron in its basic atomic structure Therefore, the basic chemical composition of hydrogen is one proton and one electron

1.3 The reason to choose Hydrogen

Figure 1 Hydrogen is present in water

Under standard conditions (0°C and 1 atm pressure), hydrogen exists as a gas.

However, at very low temperatures and high pressures, hydrogen can transition into a liquid or solid state.

The density of hydrogen gas is very low, approximately 0.08988 g/L at 0°C and 1 atm pressure This makes hydrogen one of the lightest gases.

Melting and boiling points:

The melting point of hydrogen is -259.16°C The boiling point of hydrogen is -252.87°C.

This makes hydrogen one of the substances with the lowest boiling points.

Boiling and dew points:

The boiling point of hydrogen at one atm pressure is -252.87°C The dew point of hydrogen at one atm pressure is -259.2°C The low dew point of hydrogen can make it useful in cooling and refrigeration applications.

Gaseous nature:

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas It has high gasification properties, forming H2 molecules Standard temperature and pressure

The properties of hydrogen vary depending on temperature and pressure Under high pressure, hydrogen may exhibit different chemical and physical properties.

Table 1 Properties of Hydrogen.

1.4 Applications of hydrogen

Hydrogen Fuel:

Hydrogen is used as a clean and efficient fuel source When burned, hydrogen produces only water and heat, with no emissions of carbon dioxide or other pollutants This makes hydrogen an environmentally friendly means of transportation for use in automobiles, trains, and other vehicles.

Armaments Industry

Hydrogen is used in the production of petroleum from hydrocarbons, as well as in the refining of oil and gas It can be used to remove sulfur and other impurities from petroleum and gas.

Chemical Production:

Hydrogen is a key raw material for the production of many important chemicals, including ammonia, methanol, and hydrochloric acid Cooling and Cooling:

Hydrogen is used in refrigeration and cooling systems such as in the food industry, cold storage, and the air conditioning industry.

100% natural energy

Hydrogen can be produced from many natural energy sources, including solar and wind This creates a clean and renewable energy source Dual Gas Application:

Hydrogen can also be used in dual gas applications, as a reducing agent in steelmaking and in the production of some organic products.

Figure 2 Hydrogen Applications

The table below we will see more clearly the distribution of hydrogen around the globe

Table 2 Global Hydrogen consumption by industry.

The highest density is Ammonia production with 55% and the lowest is 10%, indicating that hydrogen is not really popular for replacing traditional fuels.

1.5 Production process

There are many different processes for producing hydrogen depending on the purpose to be used, but here are the 4 most representative processes for producing hydrogen fuel as updated by the United States Department of Energy (DOE):

+ Reforming/gasifying natural gas:

(Natural Gas Reforming/Gasification) - a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a small amount of carbon dioxide produced by reacting natural gas with water vapor at high temperatures (700°C - 1,000°C) Carbon monoxide reacts with water to produce more hydrogen This method is the cheapest, most effective and most popular Syngas can also be produced by reacting coal, or biomass with high-temperature steam and oxygen in a pressurized gasifier This converts coal, or biomass, into gas components - a process known as gasification The resulting syngas contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which is reacted with water vapor to separate the hydrogen.

Natural gas reforming (NGR) is an advanced and mature production process built on the existing natural gas pipeline supply infrastructure Currently, 95% of hydrogen produced in the United States is by this technology in large factories and centers This is an important technological process for producing hydrogen in a short time.

- Reforming steam - Methane (Steam - Methane Reforming):

This is a proven production process in which high-temperature steam (700°C - 1,000°C) is used to produce hydrogen from a source of methane (such as natural gas) In reforming (simply regenerating) water vapor - methane, methane gas reacts with water vapor under a pressure of 3 - 25 bar (1 bar = 14.5 psi) in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide The process of steam regeneration is endothermic - i.e heat must be supplied to the process for the reaction to take place.

Then, in what is known as the “water-gas displacement reaction,” carbon monoxide and water vapor are reacted using a catalyst to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogen In the final process step known as “pressure oscillation adsorption,” carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas stream, leaving pure hydrogen Reforming steam can also be used to produce hydrogen from other fuels (such as ethanol, propane, or even gasoline).

Reaction of water vapor reforming - methane: CH4 + H2O (+ heat) → CO + 3H2 Water-gas displacement reaction: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+ small amount of heat).

- Partial Oxidation:

During partial oxidation, methane and other hydrocarbons in natural gas react with a limited amount of oxygen (usually from the air) that is insufficient to fully oxidize the hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water With less than chemically balanced oxygen available, the reaction products consist mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide (and nitrogen, if the reaction is carried out with air rather than pure oxygen), and relatively small amounts of carbon dioxide and other compounds Then, in the water-gas displacement reaction, carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.

Partial oxidation is an exothermic process Typically, this process is much faster than steam reform and requires a smaller reaction vessel As can be seen in the chemical reactions of partial oxidation, this process initially produces less hydrogen per unit of input fuel than the steam regeneration of the same fuel.

Methane oxidation: CH4 + ½O2 → CO + 2H2 (+ heat).

Water-gas displacement reaction: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+ small amount of heat) Low-cost reforming of natural gas could provide hydrogen today for fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs), as well as other applications In the longer term, the DoE expects, the production of hydrogen from natural gas will be enhanced with production from renewable energy, nuclear, coal (with carbon capture, storage) and other low-carbon domestic energy sources.

Hydrogen fuel consumption and emissions are lower than those of gasoline-powered internal combustion engines The only product from the FCEV exhaust is steam, but total greenhouse gas emissions have been halved and fuel consumption reduced by more than 90% compared to today's petrol cars.

Figure 3 Production of hydrogen

+ Electrolysis technology:

Electric current dissociates water into hydrogen and oxygen If electricity is produced by renewable sources (such as wind, solar), then the resulting hydrogen will also be considered renewable Projects to convert energy into hydrogen are currently vibrant, using excess renewable electricity (if any) to generate hydrogen through electrolysis.

Electrolysis technology is a promising option for producing carbon-free hydrogen from renewable and nuclear energy sources This is actually the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in a device called an electrolyzer Electrolyzers can range in size from small, device-sized units well suited for small-scale distributed hydrogen production to large, central production facilities that can be directly linked to renewable power sources.

Like a fuel cell, an electrolyzer consists of an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte Different electrolyzers work in different ways, mainly because of the different type of electrolytic material involved and the type of ions it conducts.

- Electrolyzer using polymer electrolytic film:

In Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMs), the electrolyte is a special solid plastic material Water reacts at the anode to form oxygen and positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) Electrons flow through an external circuit and hydrogen ions move selectively through the PEM to the cathode At the cathode, hydrogen ions combine with electrons from the outer chain to form hydrogen gas.

Anode reaction: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Cathode reaction: 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2 Electrolyzer

The alkaline electrolyte operates through the transport of hydroxide ions (OH-) through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode with hydrogen produced on the cathode side Machines using a liquid alkaline solution of sodium, or potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte have been on the market for many years Newer methods using solid alkaline exchange (AEM) membranes as electrolytes are showing great promise at the laboratory scale.

- Solid oxide electrolyzer:

The solid oxide electrolyzer, which uses solid ceramic materials as conductive electrolytes selectively charged negative oxygen ions (O2-) at high temperatures, produces hydrogen in a slightly different way.

The water vapor at the cathode combines with electrons from the outer circuit to form hydrogen gas and negatively charged oxygen ions Oxygen ions pass through the solid ceramic membrane and react at the anode to form oxygen gas and produce electrons for the outer circuit.

The solid oxide electrolysis machine must operate at a high enough temperature for the solid oxide film to work normally (about 700° - 800°C, compared to the PEM electrolysis machine operating at 70° - 90°C and the commercial alkaline electrolysis machine usually operating at temperatures below 100°C) Laboratory-scale advanced solid oxide electrolyte based on proton-conducting ceramic electrolyte is showing prospects for reducing operating temperatures to 500° - 600°C This type of electrolyzer can effectively use the heat available at these high temperatures (from a variety of sources, including nuclear power) to reduce the amount of electricity required to produce hydrogen from water.

Electrolysis is the leading hydrogen-producing route to achieving the Hydrogen Energy Earthshot goal of an 80% reduction in the cost of clean hydrogen to $1 per kilogram over 1 decade Hydrogen Energy Earthshot is the DoE's initiative to accelerate breakthroughs in abundant, affordable, and more reliable clean energy solutions this decade.

Hydrogen produced through electrolysis does not emit greenhouse gases, depending on the source of electricity used The power supply required - including cost and efficiency, as well as emissions due to power generation - must be considered when assessing the benefits and economic viability of hydrogen production through electrolysis.

In many parts of the United States, the grid today is not ideal for providing the electricity needed for the electrolysis process due to greenhouse gases emitted and the amount of fuel required for the generation of electricity Therefore, hydrogen production through electrolysis is being expected for renewable energy options (wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal) and nuclear energy These hydrogen-producing pathways result in near-zero emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants However, production costs need to be further reduced to be competitive with natural gas reforming methods.

Hydrogen production through electrolysis can provide opportunities for unstable and intermittent power generation, which is characteristic of some renewable energy

technologies For example, although wind energy costs continue to decline, the inherent variability of wind is an obstacle to the efficient use of wind energy Hydrogen fuel and power generation can be integrated at a wind farm, allowing flexibility to transform production to best match available resources with system operating needs and market factors.

In addition, during the period of excess electricity generation from wind farms, instead of cutting off the amount of electricity as is usually done, it is possible to use this excess electricity to produce hydrogen through the process of electrolysis.

Figure 4 Hydrogen production from water

+Reforming liquids derived from biomass:

Liquids derived from biomass sources - including ethanol and bio-oil - can be converted to produce hydrogen in a process similar to natural gas reforming Biomass-derived fluids can be transported more easily than their biomass feedstock, enabling semi-central production, or can produce dispersed hydrogen at refueling stations.

The process of reforming liquids derived from biomass into hydrogen is very similar to the process of reforming natural gas and includes the following steps:

Liquid fuels are reacted with water vapor at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce syngas, consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide Additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced by reacting carbon monoxide (produced in the first step) with high-temperature water vapor in a “water-gas displacement reaction” Finally, the hydrogen was separated and purified.

Reaction of water vapor reforming (ethanol): C2H5OH + H2O (+ heat) → 2CO + 4H2 Water-gas displacement reaction: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+ small amount of heat).

In the United States, there is more biomass than is needed for food and feed needs A recent report predicts that: With expected improvements in crop farming and breeding practices, up to 1 billion tons of dry biomass could be used as energy annually This is equivalent to a potential of about 13-14 million billion Btu/year (by 2030) Biomass has the potential to become a major contributor to renewable energy.

+Conversion of microbial biomass:

The biomass is converted into a sugar-rich material that can be fermented to produce hydrogen Microbial biomass conversion processes take advantage of the ability of microorganisms to consume and digest biomass and release hydrogen Depending on the route, this study may lead to commercial-scale systems over the medium- and long-term time frame.

In fermentation-based systems, microorganisms, such as bacteria, break down organic matter to produce hydrogen Organic matter can be refined sugars, coarse biomass sources such as corn stalks and even wastewater Because no light is needed, these methods are sometimes called “dark fermentation” methods.

During direct hydrogen fermentation, the bacteria produce hydrogen on their own These bacteria can break down complex molecules through a variety of pathways, and byproducts of some of these pathways can be combined by enzymes to produce hydrogen Scientists are working on how to make the fermentation system produce hydrogen faster (improve speed) and produce more hydrogen from the same amount of organic matter (increase production).

A microbial electrolysis battery (MEC) is a device that harnesses the energy and protons produced by bacteria to decompose organic matter, in combination with an additional small electric current, to produce hydrogen The technology is very new and researchers are working to improve many aspects of the system, from finding lower cost materials to identifying the most effective bacteria to use.

Biomass is an abundant resource and many bacteria have evolved to efficiently break down biomass to produce hydrogen and other products Fermentation has been used as an industrial technology to make biofuels and other products, and many challenges to system expansion have been solved for various products, allowing hydrogen researchers to focus on their own challenges to hydrogen production MEC-based systems are capable of producing hydrogen from resources that cannot be used to produce fuels and can reduce the large amounts of energy typically needed to treat wastewater while generating valuable fuel in the form of hydrogen.

Currently, improvements in the rate and yield of hydrogen production from fermentation through a number of methods such as microbial strain improvement, reactor system optimization, material sourcing and processing methods are being studied to improve productivity suitable for large-scale commercial purposes.

1.6 The advantages of Hydrogen

clean energy

When burned, hydrogen produces only water and heat, with no emissions of carbon dioxide or other pollutants This makes hydrogen a clean and environmentally friendly energy source.

and it's unlimited

Hydrogen can be produced from many renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and seawater The raw material for hydrogen production is water, which is a rich and unlimited resource.

Energy Efficiency

Hydrogen can be converted into energy with high efficiency and stored easily as a fuel.

A Wide Range of Applications

Hydrogen can be used in various fields such as fuel for automobiles, trains, aircraft, energy storage systems, and chemical manufacturing.

Disadvantages:

Production Cost:

The production of hydrogen from renewable energy sources is still facing high costs and incomplete technology If a non-renewable energy source is used, hydrogen production can also produce carbon dioxide emissions Filing System

Hydrogen has a low energy density and requires particularly complex and expensive storage and transportation systems It is necessary to build a safe storage system to avoid the risk of explosion.

Capability

Hydrogen is a flammable gas and if not handled carefully, it can cause safety and environmental problems.

In order to develop and deploy hydrogen energy systems on a large scale, large investments in infrastructure, including charging stations and hydrogen production stations, will be required.

Although hydrogen has many advantages as a clean and renewable energy source, it also needs to overcome some challenges to become an important part of the energy industry in the future.

1.7 Safety in use and storage Hydrogen

Safety in the use and storage of hydrogen is an important and necessary factor to ensure the safety of people and the environment Here are some measures to ensure safety when using and storing hydrogen:

Secure Storage System:

Hydrogen needs to be stored at high pressure or low temperature to reduce the risk of fire and explosion Storage systems must be robustly designed and ensure there are no hydrogen gas leaks.

Pressure Management

When using and storing hydrogen at high pressure, a pressure management system is required to ensure safety Safety valves and pressure sensors should be used to keep the pressure in the system at a safe level Fire and Explosion Prevention:

Hydrogen storage and utilization systems should be designed to prevent and control fire and explosion hazards This may include the use of fire protection and isolation systems to prevent the spread of fire and temperature.

Training/demonstration sessions.

Everyone working with hydrogen should be trained in safety measures and safe work procedures Specific instructions on how to use, store, and handle hydrogen should be provided.

Inspection and maintenance cycle 2.

Hydrogen storage and utilization systems should be periodically inspected and serviced to ensure that they are functioning properly and that there are no technical faults that could pose a hazard.

Risk Management

Risk assessment and design of risk control measures are necessary to ensure the safe use and storage of hydrogen Risks need to be identified and plans developed to mitigate them.

Regulatory compliance

Safety regulations and standards related to the use and storage of hydrogen need to be strictly followed to ensure safety and compliance with the law The application of these safety measures will help minimize risks and ensure safety in the use and storage of hydrogen.

1.8 Storage and transportation

As you can see, transport and storage embodiments may require changing the physical state of hydrogen from a gas to a liquid or a solid, compressing it, or chemically converting it to another carrier These modifications can make it easier to store and move hydrogen because in general, in gaseous form, hydrogen is lighter than air and is not energy dense by volume However, conversion, transportation, and storage are not without trade-offs, as each new step or form of complexity in the process adds to the cost Let's dive into the options.

There are several ways to transport hydrogen +Truck:

Hydrogen can be transported by truck in one of two ways: by liquid tanker or by “tube trailer” with compressed air tank Trucking is a flexible option to supply hydrogen to areas where demand is still growing That's also how laboratories and other facilities that require smaller volumes receive hydrogen today However, only a limited volume can fit on a truck and of course, these trucks need their own fuel to move hydrogen on their own.

+Pipeline:

Piping is best suited to provide clean hydrogen to end users in great and stable need, such as steel mills, over long distances While we don't yet know how much pipeline capacity is needed to support the use of hydrogen as a decarbonization tool in the US, we do know that reusing existing natural gas infrastructure for hydrogen is not necessary because hydrogen tends to degrade pipes that are not specifically designed for it Whatever the case, however, the IEA suggests that once in operation, pipelines are cost-competitive ways to transport hydrogen over distances of up to 5000 km.

Over longer distances, it may be economical to move hydrogen in some liquid form (slightly more) by ship The world's first long-haul shipment of liquid

hydrogen was completed last year, potentially as a first step in building a global clean hydrogen supply chain The cost and use of energy remains high and it is far from certain that we will transport hydrogen in its pure form; the International Renewable Energy Agency estimates that nearly half of the hydrogen exchanged between countries by 2050 will be in the form of ammonia

There are still many questions about how far and in what form we need to transport hydrogen But in the short term, as we learn from our early efforts to use hydrogen in new ways, maintaining hydrogen production and use at an early stage is better because it uses less energy and costs less money That's why the Department of Energy's hydrogen scaling strategy focuses on regional centers At the end of the day, we're likely to see a combination of all of the above.

There are four main ways to store hydrogen + Geological storage

Hydrogen can be stored as an underground gas in empty salt caverns, depleted aquifers, or decommissioned oil and gas fields In fact, there has been a long precedent for underground gas storage like this This method is called “geological” storage and it is an ideal option for long-term hydrogen storage, necessary for seasonal energy storage It's one of the largest and cheapest options available today, but it's not available everywhere.

+Compressed air

Like any gas, hydrogen can be compressed and stored in containers But hydrogen requires very high-pressure containers and contains a limited amount of energy Whether

we are talking about ground tanks or pipe trucks, compressed air is one of the most expensive and least energy-intensive options we have today, but it is also one of the simplest.

+Liquid storage and freezing (Or storage at another stage)

Hydrogen is much more energetically concentrated in liquid form The downside is that to achieve that means cooling it to near absolute zero, which requires significant energy and complex insulated containers Historically, this was meant only for space travel in the form of rocket fuel, but could be used for long-distance transportation.

As mentioned above, hydrogen can also be converted into a liquid such as ammonia , which has a higher energy density and a well-developed global infrastructure as it has been used to produce fertilizers and chemicals.

1.9 Compare the performance of hydrogen with other fuels

Table 3 Comparing hydrogen fuel with other fuel

To compare the performance of hydrogen with other fuels, we can consider a number of important factors such as cleanliness, efficiency, energy consumption, storage capacity, and environmental impact Here is a comparison between hydrogen and other fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and electricity:

Hydrogen: Hydrogen is a clean energy source that produces no carbon dioxide or other pollutants when burned It only produces water as a byproduct.

Diesel and Gasoline: The combustion of diesel and gasoline produces emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, which are harmful to the environment.

Performance :

Hydrogen: Hydrogen can be highly efficient in converting energy into working capacity, especially when used in hydrogen-powered vehicles.

Diesel and Gasoline: The performance of diesel and gasoline may depend on the type of engine and operating conditions, but is generally lower than hydrogen in some cases.

Energy consumption:

Hydrogen: The production of hydrogen can require large amounts of energy, especially when using methods of producing hydrogen from fossil fuels or renewable energy.

Diesel and Gasoline: The energy consumption in the production and use of diesel and gasoline can be high and cause a lot of carbon dioxide emissions Storage Capability:

Hydrogen: Storing and transporting hydrogen requires complex and expensive systems, especially with hydrogen in gaseous form.

Diesel and Gasoline: Diesel and gasoline can be stored and transported easily in existing fuel supply systems.

Convenience and Usability:

Hydrogen: Using hydrogen may require the development of new infrastructure, including charging stations and hydrogen production stations.

Diesel and Gasoline: Diesel and gasoline have been widely used and are available in the existing fuel supply system.

In summary, although hydrogen has many advantages as a clean and renewable energy source, it also needs to overcome some challenges to become a popular energy source in the future.

PART 2: HYDROGEN APPLICATIONS IN VEHICLES 2.1 The gas fuel used on the vehicle

2.1.1 Natural gas

- Natural gas, also called fossil gas or simply called gas Containing most of Hydrocarbons ( 85% of Methane ( CH4 ) and 10% of Ethane ( C2H6 ) and others chemical gases )

- Natural gas is exploited and extracted into fuels to provide about 25% of total energy for the world

- Natural gas is often described as the cleanest fossil fuel It produces 25% –30% and 40% –45% less carbon dioxide per distributed joule than oil and coal respectively and is likely to cause less pollution than other hydrocarbon fuels.

- CNG : Compressed Natural Gas contains 87% CH4 – Methane Compressed at high pressure 200-250bar Not only contributes to reducing harmful emissions, CNG compressed natural gas also saves up to 40% of fuel costs compared to gasoline and diesel Currently, the number of vehicles using CNG gas in the world has a stable growth rate of 30%/year According to statistics, since 2011, more than 14.8 million cars in the world have switched to CNG (more than 5 million cars in Asia alone) On combustion, CNG natural gas can generate a temperature of about 1954oC Has odorless, colorless, non-toxic and less polluting properties than gasoline

- LNG : Liquefied Natural Gas contains 94.3% CH4 – Methane Colorless, Odourless, Non-toxic When burning, LNG can create a flame with a very high temperature (about 1,880 degrees Celsius) and is able to burn completely without leaving residue to make equipment and machinery safer, reduce wear, less maintenance and increase life Burning LNG produces 40% less CO2 emissions than coal and 30% less than petroleum, which makes LNG the cleanest fuel compared to traditional fuels Therefore, LNG is a fuel chosen by many countries in the energy transition process, reducing greenhouse gas emissions

2.1.2 Companion gas from petroleum

- CNG : Compressed Natural Gas, which is natural gas extracted from natural gas fields or as a companion gas in the process of oil and gas exploitation

- LNG : Liquefied Natural Gas is a natural gas that is liquefied when deep refrigerated to -162oC after being processed, removing impurities.

- LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a liquefied petroleum gas mixed with light hydrocarbons, with the main components of propane and butane, liquefied to facilitate storage and transportation LPG is produced from natural gas flows extracted from oil fields or through crude oil processing LPG has colorless, odorless properties.

▪ LPG is propane and butane; Natural gas is Methane