Chuyên đề tốt nghiệp: A study on lexical difficulties of be seniors in translating specific legal economic terminologies in economic legal reports.

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Ms Le Thuy Linh, M.A., Lecturer in the Faculty of Foreign Languages, for effectively and diligently guiding my research I consider myself extremely fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn a great deal from her, including model direction, consistent support, and careful checking throughout the progress of the research Ms Linh, as a lecturer with extensive experience and deep expertise in the theory and practice of translation, has been extremely helpful in all aspects, from outline

formation to the final stage of completion Ms Linh, hopefully, will always be a passionate and experienced lecturer for future courses, as she is now.

I would like to congratulate the National Economics University, particularly the Faculty of Foreign Languages, for creating a professional and welcoming learning atmosphere in which many aims and desires can be realized As a result, I was able to gain access to vital skills that I would not have had otherwise For

my graduation thesis, in particular, I used the school library and the digital library,

which provided me with a wealth of relevant resources and allowed me to broaden my knowledge not only in translation practice, but also in a variety of other key

Tam also thankful for my relatives and friends for their support throughout this

difficult period Family has always been spiritually uplifting, and friends have always helped each other finish this essay by exchanging resources and offering advise.

Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who took the time to read my article, and I sincerely value their input It is believed that this research paper will be useful to

individuals who are interested in the topic of this article.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the current global environment, there is a high demand for studying and investigating countries’ legal systems worldwide A country desires access to another country's legal system in order to resolve relevant disputes In addition, English has become an international language today, proof that most international

conventions, laws, or international trade regulations are mostly published in

The majority of translation documents are private documents such as identity

cards, household registration, degrees, certificates, and study abroad records There are also various enterprise and company documents, such as business records, tax declarations, customs declarations, import and export procedures, business registration permits, and financial statements that are more necessary than ever.

The translation of legal documents from English or many other languages into

Vietnamese has created significant barriers not only for BE seniors who initially

step into translation but also for experienced translators in this field.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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2.3.2 Importance of economic legal documents in business 14 2.3.3 Language in economic legal documents - - «+++<«+++s+ 14 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Go 5e 18 3.1 Translation qualification Of BE Seniors s- 55555555 s55 sssss+ 18 3.2 Obstacles in translating economic legal terms of BE seniors 20

3.2.1 The main problems of BE seniors in translating economic legal

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3.2.2 Popular reasons and the factors of them which makes seniors feel

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3.3.1 Using google translate or similar translation Sites 30

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: BE seniors’ experience in transÏafIOI - «=s«c+sc+sssseesrrs 18 Figure 3.2: Confidence level of students when translating economic legal

(COCUT€TIES - - G5 0112101151 9119 1 910 191 H1 TH HH kh 19 Figure 3.3: Degree of student error when translating economic legal terms 20 Figure 3.4: the most significant problems in terms that prevented students from

translating economic legal terminology «<< s<++<s++ 21 Figure 3.5: The most significant reasons of problems in translating economic

Tegal OCUI€TIS G1 1111 HH ng 23 Figure 3.6: Student’s access level to legal economic reports - - 24 Figure 3.7: Senior’s ways to approach economic legal statements 24 Figure 3.8: Difficulties caused by high requirements in translating economic

Tegal OCUI€TIS G- G1 1E HH ng 25 Figure 3.9: Difficulties in political and linguistic differences 27 Figure 3.10: The reason for insufficient translation support SOurces 28 Figure 3.11: Popular solutions used when facing difficulties in translating

ECONOMIC legal terMS 211077 31

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the study's topic and justification, the research objectives and research questions, the scope and significance of the thesis, and the overall structure of the research.

1.1 Rationale of the research

Legal translation is a complex process that requires not only linguistic proficiency but also a deep understanding of the legal system and terminology in both the

source and target languages.

Among legal translators, business and economic law presents a particularly

challenging domain due to the high level of technicality and the specificity of the

legal vocabulary used This is especially true for BE seniors who may encounter

lexical difficulties in translating specific legal terms in economic legal reports.

In this report, we will explore the lexical difficulties that BE seniors face when translating specific legal terms in economic legal reports, and we will provide insights and recommendations for improving the translation process in this research.

In today's globalized world, the need for studying and investigating legal systems of different countries has become essential Countries seek access to another country's legal system to resolve disputes and to understand the legal framework in which businesses operate This is particularly important for international trade,

where companies need to ensure compliance with the legal regulations of the countries that they operate in.

English has become the language of international communication and commerce Most international conventions, laws, or regulations are published in English.

Therefore, having a good command of English has become a prerequisite for anyone seeking to do business or work in an international environment.

Despite the importance of English as a lingua franca, translating legal documents from English or other languages into Vietnamese remains a significant challenge This is especially true for new translators who lack experience in this field Translating legal documents requires not only an understanding of the language but also a deep understanding of legal concepts, terminology, and conventions.

Moreover, legal translation requires a high level of accuracy and attention to detail,

as even a minor error can have serious consequences A mistranslation of a legal document can lead to misunderstandings, legal disputes, and even lawsuits Therefore, translators need to have not only linguistic skills but also legal expertise

to ensure the accuracy and quality of the translated documents.

In addition to legal documents, there is a high demand for translating various enterprise and company documents, such as business records, tax declarations, customs declarations, import and export procedures, business registration permits, and financial statements These documents are critical for businesses to operate in a foreign market, comply with local regulations, and facilitate trade Accurate translation of these documents is crucial to ensure smooth business operations and

avoid legal issues.

In conclusion, the demand for legal and enterprise document translation is

increasing rapidly, driven by globalization and the need for international trade While English has become the language of international communication,

translating legal documents from English or other languages into Vietnamese remains a challenging task, requiring a high level of linguistic and legal expertise As such, the demand for experienced legal translators is likely to continue to rise in the future.

1.2 Purpose of the research

The purpose of the research is to investigate the lexical difficulties that senior students of Business English (BE) face when translating specific legal terms in economic legal reports The study aims to identify the challenges that students encounter when dealing with legal terminology and to provide helpful solutions in order to address these difficulties.

The research could be valuable for improving the teaching and learning of BE, particularly in the legal domain, and for enhancing the translation skills of senior

students in this field The findings may also have practical implications for professionals working in legal translation or related fields.

1.3 Scope of the research

The research focuses exclusively on the linguistic obstacles associated with translating legal vocabulary contained in economic legal documents approached by fourth-year Business English students at NEU.

The legal documents mentioned here are business records, tax declarations,

customs declarations, import and export procedures, business registration permits, and financial statements These documents can be written in English or Vietnamese, and their legal terms are officially applied to the entire legal system

where the language is used.

1.4 Research questions

To meet the objective of comprehending lexical obstacles encountered by students in legal economic report translation, this research will follow two main questions:

- What are the main difficulties in translating lexicon that BE seniors often

encountered when learning and translating legal documents?

- Which solutions or tips could be done to improve translation skills when translating legal documents?

1.5 Research methods

The research study mentioned in the prompt aims to address two research questions To answer those questions, the study will employ two research methods: the data collection method and the comparative method.

The data collection method is a research method used to collect data from a target population In this study, the research will administer a questionnaire to 100 senior Business English majors at NEU The questionnaire will collect data related to the research objectives, which can then be analyzed using statistical methods This method is an effective way of collecting large amounts of data from a diverse group

of people within a short period.

The comparative method, on the other hand, is a research method used to compare two or more groups or variables In this study, the research will compare the translation solutions completed by the students Moreover, it will request the students’ translation exercises to further analyze the data collected through the questionnaire The comparative method is an effective way of identifying

similarities and differences between different groups or variables.

The use of both methods in this study is beneficial as it allows for a more comprehensive analysis of the research questions By using the data collection method, it allows collecting a large amount of data related to the research objectives This data can then be analyzed using statistical methods to identify patterns and trends In addition, using the comparative method, the research can identify similarities and differences between the translation exercises completed

by the students This can provide further insight into the research questions 1.6 Design of the research

The study is divided into four sections: Introduction, Theoretical framework,

Findings and Discussion, and Conclusion.

Chapter 1 — Introduction: A summary of the study's background and setting, including the rationale, scopes, methods, aims, and design.

Chapter 2 - Theoretical Framework - provides a theoretical basis for the research, which is related to the topic's theoretical background and relevant investigations Chapter 3 - Results and Discussion - provides and interprets the study's findings Chapter 4 - Conclusion - summarize all sections of the research.

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Definition of translation

Translation is a mental process that involves translating the meaning of a particular

linguistic discourse from one language to another It is the method used to convert

the content of a text from the source language to the target language.

"Translation is generally used to refer to all the process and methods used to convey the meaning of the source language in to the target language as closely, completely and accurately as possible" (Ghazala, Hasan 1995 Translation as problems and solutions (4th ed) Syria: Dar Elkalem ElArabi).

The source language (SL) which is the language to be translated from, and the target language (TL) which is the language to be translated into.

This definition highlights that translation is a process that involves people working over time to simplify expressions in the same language or to translate from one language to another The result of translation is a product that gives us access to

different cultures, ancient societies, and civilization through the translated texts For a translator to be successful, they must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a high level of linguistic sensitivity It is crucial for the translator to convey the writer's original intentions, thoughts, and

opinions as accurately and faithfully as possible in the translated version 2.1.2 Translation methods

The techniques utilized in translation can be characterized as the way we translate,

including a literal or liberal interpretation, consideration of words or meaning,

focus on form or content, emphasis on letter or spirit, consideration of manner or matter, attention to form or message, interpretation of direct or implied meaning, within or outside of context There are numerous ways to be applied in

compilation, however, this research will base on the two major old-new methods

of translation, LITERAL and FREE.

(Ghazala, Hasan 1995 Translation as problems and solutions (4th ed) Syria: Dar Elkalem ElArabi).

2.1.2.1 Literal translation

The source-language grammatical structures are transformed to their target-language equivalents, whereas the lexical words are translated separately, out of

context This demonstrates the issues that need to be addressed as a pre-translation procedure This method employs three distinct approaches:

Word-for-word translation

Each English word is converted into a Vietnamese equivalent or conversely, which is kept the same as and consistent with that of English The fundamental purpose of word-for-word translation is to comprehend the mechanics of the source

language or to pre-translate a complex material As an example:

e She- is- very- adorable

(Cô ấy- thì- rat- dé thương)

e Anh ta- là- một- giáo viên- giỏi

(He- is- a- teacher- qualified)

This technique of translation considers translation to be the translation of individual words All that remains is to discover the Vietnamese counterpart of the English word, independent of changes in grammar, word order, context, or special application While this strategy appears to be simple and efficient, it can result in mistakes, awkwardness, and misunderstandings, particularly when translating across languages with diverse grammatical structures, syntax, and idiomatic expressions.

Furthermore, the entire focus is on the source language, whereas the target

language should blindly, flawlessly, and precisely copy, mimic, and mirror it As a result, it appears to be a simple, basic method of translation, which makes it popular among learners in particular.

One-to-one literal translation

Each source-language term has a corresponding target-language word in

one-to-one translation It takes into account collocational meanings in their strong context.

“word-for-word translation is less prevalent than one-to-one translation." This translation approach entails translating each source-language word or phrase into an identical target-language word or phrase with the same number, grammatical class, and language type That is, a noun becomes a noun, two nouns become two

nouns, and one adjective becomes one adjective An idiom should be translated into another idiom, a collocation into another collocation, a proverb into another proverb, and a metaphor into another metaphor All of these translations are done

inside the context and not outside of it As an example:

e Singing has never been my forte (Ca hat chưa bao giờ là sở trường của tôi) e Mary is good at taking care of her siblings (Mary thi gidi trong viéc cham

sóc em ut)

The direct translation strategy is similar to the first in that it retains the original language sequence while translating it into the target language and requires that

the target language employ the same number and type of words.

It does, however, differ in two respects It evaluates the context of the text being translated first, and then, whenever possible, it translates collocations, idioms, and

figurative terms from the source language into their target language counterparts.

As a result, it may be considered more relevant and preferable than literal translation.

Direct translation

The direct translation method is a way of translating text that emphasizes the accurate and complete translation of the meaning from the source language to the target language This approach is also referred to as close or literal translation and takes into account the context of the text, the grammar and word order of the target language, as well as any idiomatic or figurative language used in the target language.

It is important to note that literal meaning of a word varies based on the text,

context, and other words it is used with For instance, the word "GO" has different

literal meanings in different contexts due to its polysemous nature.

To go along with Đồng ý với

To go around with Làm bạn với

To go back on không giữ lời hứa

To go down with Mắc bệnh

The literal meaning of "go" can vary depending on its context and combination with other words This method of translation aims to accurately and closely translate the true meaning of a word or expression within its linguistic context,

regardless of whether it is used metaphorically or not The method is limited by the context and is considered to be the most widely accepted among methods of literal translation It is popular among translation students and professionals in

2.1.2.2 Free translation

Free translation is characterized by the absence of constraints on the translator This method allows the translator to deviate from the text's context, word meanings, and even the type of text.

This means that they have the freedom to search for the intended message or spirit behind the text However, the translator's understanding is still bound to some

degree by the context and text Thus, they cannot translate the text based on

personal preferences, but rather on their understanding of the message Bound free translation

This style of independent translation is obtained directly from the context, however it may depart from it in some way, such as amplification, expressivity, and

effective, rhetorical, or formal language As an example:

e Never let the fear of striking out keep you from playing the game

(Đừng bao gid dé nỗi so hại khiến ban chin bước)

e He was sad deep down

(Trái tim anh ta vỡ nát vì nỗi đau)

e You are the apple of my eye

(Em là người phụ nữ đẹp nhất của anh)

All of these free translations are adapted from the original in some respect They have departed from the context, but not too far from it or outside of it This suggests that this form of free translation is neither loose or without constraints, but is somehow connected to context For these reasons, this form of free translation can be appropriate, especially when supported by the sort of content or language that

allows for some degree of hyperbole or expressivity Loose free translation

This style of free translation deviates from immediate language context to conclusions It is dependent on the translator's interpretation of what the speaker/writer want to communicate As a result, it is derived from the original context rather than directly related to it As an example,

e Ma’am, it is half past eleven

(Thưa cô, đã đên giờ ra về roi)

In this example, it is implied that the time is up in a class, or meeting, and the speaker announces this incident.

e Honesty is the best policy

(Tốt hon là khai thật ra)

This saying is used when the police are interrogating a certain criminal, and forcing him to tell the truth.

e Thanks, I'll take your comments

(OK, vay là đủ rồi)

In this example, the sentence expresses the speakers discomfort when hearing

complaints from others.

This approach of free translation allows the translator to go much beyond the literal context of texts and convey the intentions and implications It enables the translator to be more imaginative in replicating the original text's substance and meaning in

a more natural and comprehensible way for the target reader.

2.1.3 Translation process

2.1.3.1 Scope out the text to be translated

The first step is to gain a sense of the text you'll be translating That is, the subject and substance, the length, the writing style, whether it is technical, and the various portions.

There are two techniques to translation (with several compromises in between): (1) you start translating sentence by sentence, for instance, the first paragraph or

chapter, to get the feel and tone of the text, and then you intentionally sit back,

review the position, and read the rest of the SL text; (2) you read the entire text two or three times, and find the intention, register, tone, mark the difficult words and passages, and start translating only after you have taken your bearings.

2.1.3.2 Initial translation

Translators often work in a methodical manner, translating each paragraph of 10 to 15 words at a time It is critical to select the optimum processing duration because it enables the translation to be understandable and not disconnected, and

it prevents brain overload when connecting information between previous phrases

and the current one that needs to be translated.

In comparison, translating a statement that is too short or too lengthy will result in a confusing translation, a lack of concepts, and an unnatural and nonsensical translation.

2.1.3.3 Review the accuracy of the translation

After completing the initial draft, the translator will go methodically through the translation, comparing each individual sentence with the original (source) material The major purpose here is to ensure that they haven't overlooked any information

or misunderstood any meaning.

Translators maintain to both the text's structure and moods: The structure provided by connective words (conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite article,

generic terms, referential synonyms, punctuation marks) linking the sentences ensures that the text has chronology, depth, and logic The rest is about feelings The translator must clearly differentiate whether the terms are appropriate in the sentence or not This should be based on the concept of the text as well as the value that the phrases wish to portray, such as positive, negative, emotional, and neutral, before selecting the appropriate words.

2.1.3.4 Refine translation wording

The translator subsequently re-reads the translation, this time without reference to the source material, focusing purely on expression quality Final adjustments will be performed to further enhance and "polish" the translated content.

(Peter Newmark 1988 The Process of Translation A textbook of translation P.19) 2.2 Classification of translation problems

Translation problems are any difficulty we come across at translating they are anything in the source-language text which prevents us from translating a translation problem can be posed by grammar, words, style, and sound However, this study only focuses on 2 main problems that are highly related to economic

legal term translation: lexical and grammatical ones.

(Ghazala, Hasan 1995 Translation as problems and solutions (4th ed.) Syria: Dar Elkalem ElArabi).

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2.2.1 Grammartical problems

2.2.1.1 different target-language grammar

The difference in grammar between English and Vietnamese poses challenges in translating English tenses into Vietnamese For instance, while some simple tenses

like future simple, past simple, or present simple may have direct translations in

Vietnamese, more complex tenses such as past perfect continuous or future perfect

continuous often lack equivalent expressions in Vietnamese This discrepancy can result in difficulties in accurately conveying the intended meaning and chronological sequence of the original phrase The absence of certain English tenses in Vietnamese grammar may require translators to find alternative ways to convey the same meaning, which can be challenging The nuances and intricacies of complex tenses may not have direct counterparts in Vietnamese, leading to potential loss of meaning or ambiguity in the translation Translators need to carefully consider the appropriate ways to express complex tenses in Vietnamese, taking into account the grammatical structures and linguistic features of both

2.2.1.2 Complicated source-language grammar

“Of the four topics my teacher has recommended to me, I have singled out only one” This phrase is complicated because it begins with "of" and moves the main clause (which has been highlighted) to the rear Virtually all translation students find it challenging to grasp clearly and immediately.

Nevertheless, when compared to the following normal and direct structures, this idea becomes evident: “I have singled out only one of the four topics my teacher has recommended to me”, where the main clause is right at the beginning

2.2.2 Lexical problems

These issues come up when a term, phrase, or expression is not clearly and

immediately understood, is misinterpreted, or is not contained in mainstream dictionaries The following are the major issues that might obstruct the senior's translation.

2.2.2.1 Synonymy

Synonyms are words that have the same or a similar meaning Synonymy raises concerns about the differences in the levels of closeness or absolute identification of the meaning of synonymous words compared to another in the same language

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as well as between the two languages (source language and target language), and how effective or ineffective that difference may be on meaning in context.

2.2.2.2 Polysemy

A polysemous word refers to a word that has multiple meanings or senses It is a term used in linguistics to describe words that have more than one related but

distinct meaning, often resulting from semantic evolution or context-dependent usage Polysemous words can create challenges in translation as the correct

meaning must be determined based on the context in which they are used Proper understanding of the intended meaning and context is essential in accurately translating polysemous words to convey the intended meaning in the target

language Context, cultural nuances, and domain-specific knowledge play a crucial

role in interpreting and translating polysemous words effectively Translators need

to be mindful of the various senses of polysemous words and choose the appropriate meaning to ensure accurate and meaningful translations in different

For example, the English word "run" can be translated into Vietnamese as "chay" (to physically run), "vận hành” (to operate), "xoay quanh” (to revolve around), or

"có hiệu lực” (to be in effect)

2.2.2.3 Translation and culture

The difficulties in translating cultural concepts are among the most challenging lexical challenges described and shown in simple terms It addresses a wide range of topics between countries, including living culture, ideology, religion, politics, and law Although the topic of culture is perhaps the most complicated to handle in translation, especially for students, it is possible to introduce to it in general, clear terms at a later stage of the curriculum.

Cultural and institutional differences can lead to non-existent equivalents for translation into the target language Culture is a broad concept that includes the values, concepts, practices, and cultural characteristics of a nation or a group of people Meanwhile, institution is the way of organization, operation, and regulation of an organization, agency, or political, economic, and social system in

a country.

Cultural and institutional differences can make it difficult to translate into the target language Since every language and culture has unique aspects, not every term or word in the target language can be exactly equivalent to words in the source

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language This is especially true in cases when terms or concepts in one country's institutions do not exist in another country's language or culture.

2.3 Economic legal documents

To understand more about the legal economic report term, this study will explain

in detail through the concept of legal report, thereby helping readers have a better overview of the legal economic report.

2.3.1 Definition

2.3.1.1 Definition of economic legal document

A legal report is a legal document created to provide detailed information about the legal status of an organization or individual Legal reports may include information about agreements, contracts, property, liability, insurance, and other legal matters Legal reporting is used to assess the risks and opportunities of an

organization or individual in the course of doing business and to guide stakeholders

on their current legal status.

(Everest 2021 Cau trúc và nội dung báo cáo pháp lý

Legal economic report is a part of legal report It is a document that includes legal information about the operating status of a business or economic organization This report is usually created to be made available to stakeholders, including investors, banks, authorities and other organizations.

Economic legal reports often include information such as the legal status of the business, such as ownership issues, changes in organizational structure, liabilities, and tax issues In addition, this report also provides information on the business performance of the enterprise, including finance, production, consumption and

Legal and economic reports are an important tool to help stakeholders assess the performance of an enterprise and make decisions about investment, cooperation,

lending or share purchase.

2.3.1.2 Definition of specific terminology

Specific terminology refers to specialized or technical terms that are unique to a

particular field or domain These terms are often used in specific industries, professions, or academic disciplines and have specific meanings and usage within

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those contexts Specific terminology may include jargon, technical terms, acronyms, or specialized vocabulary that is not commonly used in everyday

In the context of legal and economic language, specific terminology may include legal terms, financial terms, economic concepts, regulations, laws, and industry-specific vocabulary These terms have precise meanings and usage within the legal and economic domains, and accurate translation of such terminology is crucial to ensure the integrity and accuracy of legal and economic documents, reports, and communications.

2.3.2 Importance of economic legal documents in business

Economic legal report is an important tool to help businesses ensure the legality and finance in business activities, it helps enterprises to ensure the following factors:

Ensuring legality: Economic legal reports help businesses ensure the legality of

their business activities, while avoiding legal risks Businesses can proactively resolve legal issues and avoid unnecessary legal disputes.

Financial assurance: Economic legal reports help businesses ensure the finicality of their business activities By identifying and assessing liabilities, accounts payable and other legal expenses, businesses can effectively manage their finances

and avoid unnecessary financial risks.

Increased transparency: Economic legal reports help businesses increase transparency in business activities By disclosing information related to legal issues, businesses will help stakeholders such as investors, banks and authorities better understand their activities.

Enhance credibility and reputation: Economic legal reports help businesses enhance their prestige and reputation in the market By having clear and accurate legal and economic reports, the business will be seen as a reliable partner in the

eyes of business partners.

2.3.3 Language in economic legal documents

Language used in economic legal documents is typically precise, formal, and technical It is important for economic legal documents to use clear and concise language to ensure that the intended meaning is accurately conveyed and that there is no room for ambiguity or misinterpretation However, this study only mentions

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the difficulties in terms of terminology in the field of economic legal Therefore,

the analysis of this problem will be through the following two information.

2.3.3.1 Types of economic legal report and their equivalents in both Vietnamese and English

There are several types of economic legal reports that businesses and organizations may be required to produce or submit Some of the most common types of

economic legal reports include:

Financial Reports: Financial reports are documents that provide information about the financial performance and position of a business, including balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements.

Audit Reports: An audit report is a document prepared by an external auditor that evaluates the financial statements and internal controls of a business or organization.

Tax Reports: Tax reports are documents that provide information about a business's tax liabilities, including income tax returns, sales tax returns, and payroll

tax reports.

Environmental Reports: Environmental reports provide information about a business's impact on the environment, including emissions, waste disposal, and

resource usage.

Sustainability Reports: Sustainability reports provide information about a business's social and environmental performance, including its impact on

communities, employees, and the environment.

Compliance Reports: Compliance reports provide information about a business's

compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, including labor laws, health

and safety regulations, and environmental laws.

Due Diligence Reports: Due diligence reports provide information about a business's financial and operational performance, typically prepared by a prospective buyer or investor.

Market Research Reports: Market research reports provide information about a business's target market, including customer demographics, purchasing behavior,

and market trends.

Feasibility Studies: Feasibility studies provide an analysis of a proposed business

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venture, including market demand, financial projections, and operational requirements.

Risk Assessment Reports: Risk assessment reports provide an evaluation of a business's exposure to financial, legal, and operational risks, and provide recommendations for risk management and mitigation.

2.3.3.2 Some requirements of economic legal terms

Terminology in legal economic reports also has certain requirements to ensure accuracy, completeness and legality These following are some basic requirements

for terms in legal economic reporting:

Clarity: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be written in plain language that is easy to understand The report should avoid technical jargon and legalistic terms that might be unfamiliar to stakeholders The terms used should be defined clearly and precisely, so that there is no confusion or doubt about their meaning.

Accuracy: Economic legal terms in an economic legal report should accurately reflect the underlying economic concepts they represent The report should be based on reliable data and analysis, and the terms used should be consistent with the economic principles they represent Any assumptions or estimates used in the report should be clearly disclosed.

Consistency: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be consistent throughout the report This means that the same term should be used consistently to refer to the same concept throughout the report Using consistent terminology helps to avoid confusion and ensures that the report is easy to read

and understand.

Completeness: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should cover all the relevant aspects of the economic concepts they represent The report should provide a comprehensive analysis of the issues at hand, and the terms used should reflect this Any omissions or gaps in the analysis should be explained.

Contextual appropriateness: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be appropriate for the specific context in which they are used The report should use terms that are relevant to the specific economic and legal issues being addressed For example, if the report is about a merger, the terms used should be relevant to mergers and acquisitions.

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