Lexical problems Tnn
These issues come up when a term, phrase, or expression is not clearly and immediately understood, is misinterpreted, or is not contained in mainstream dictionaries The following are the major issues that might obstruct the senior's translation.
Synonyms are words that have the same or a similar meaning Synonymy raises concerns about the differences in the levels of closeness or absolute identification of the meaning of synonymous words compared to another in the same language
11 as well as between the two languages (source language and target language), and how effective or ineffective that difference may be on meaning in context.
A polysemous word refers to a word that has multiple meanings or senses It is a term used in linguistics to describe words that have more than one related but distinct meaning, often resulting from semantic evolution or context-dependent usage Polysemous words can create challenges in translation as the correct meaning must be determined based on the context in which they are used Proper understanding of the intended meaning and context is essential in accurately translating polysemous words to convey the intended meaning in the target language Context, cultural nuances, and domain-specific knowledge play a crucial role in interpreting and translating polysemous words effectively Translators need to be mindful of the various senses of polysemous words and choose the appropriate meaning to ensure accurate and meaningful translations in different contexts.
For example, the English word "run" can be translated into Vietnamese as "chay" (to physically run), "vận hành” (to operate), "xoay quanh” (to revolve around), or
"có hiệu lực” (to be in effect)
The difficulties in translating cultural concepts are among the most challenging lexical challenges described and shown in simple terms It addresses a wide range of topics between countries, including living culture, ideology, religion, politics, and law Although the topic of culture is perhaps the most complicated to handle in translation, especially for students, it is possible to introduce to it in general, clear terms at a later stage of the curriculum.
Cultural and institutional differences can lead to non-existent equivalents for translation into the target language Culture is a broad concept that includes the values, concepts, practices, and cultural characteristics of a nation or a group of people Meanwhile, institution is the way of organization, operation, and regulation of an organization, agency, or political, economic, and social system in a country.
Cultural and institutional differences can make it difficult to translate into the target language Since every language and culture has unique aspects, not every term or word in the target language can be exactly equivalent to words in the source
12 language This is especially true in cases when terms or concepts in one country's institutions do not exist in another country's language or culture.
Economic legal document << 65 6 S5 %9 96%69158989959699566565866 13 “SP 2i on aa
Importance of economic legal documents in business
Economic legal report is an important tool to help businesses ensure the legality and finance in business activities, it helps enterprises to ensure the following factors:
Ensuring legality: Economic legal reports help businesses ensure the legality of their business activities, while avoiding legal risks Businesses can proactively resolve legal issues and avoid unnecessary legal disputes.
Financial assurance: Economic legal reports help businesses ensure the finicality of their business activities By identifying and assessing liabilities, accounts payable and other legal expenses, businesses can effectively manage their finances and avoid unnecessary financial risks.
Increased transparency: Economic legal reports help businesses increase transparency in business activities By disclosing information related to legal issues, businesses will help stakeholders such as investors, banks and authorities better understand their activities.
Enhance credibility and reputation: Economic legal reports help businesses enhance their prestige and reputation in the market By having clear and accurate legal and economic reports, the business will be seen as a reliable partner in the eyes of business partners.
Language in economic legal documents .- - ô+++<ô+++s+ 14
Language used in economic legal documents is typically precise, formal, and technical It is important for economic legal documents to use clear and concise language to ensure that the intended meaning is accurately conveyed and that there is no room for ambiguity or misinterpretation However, this study only mentions
14 the difficulties in terms of terminology in the field of economic legal Therefore, the analysis of this problem will be through the following two information.
2.3.3.1 Types of economic legal report and their equivalents in both Vietnamese and English
There are several types of economic legal reports that businesses and organizations may be required to produce or submit Some of the most common types of economic legal reports include:
Financial Reports: Financial reports are documents that provide information about the financial performance and position of a business, including balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements.
Audit Reports: An audit report is a document prepared by an external auditor that evaluates the financial statements and internal controls of a business or organization.
Tax Reports: Tax reports are documents that provide information about a business's tax liabilities, including income tax returns, sales tax returns, and payroll tax reports.
Environmental Reports: Environmental reports provide information about a business's impact on the environment, including emissions, waste disposal, and resource usage.
Sustainability Reports: Sustainability reports provide information about a business's social and environmental performance, including its impact on communities, employees, and the environment.
Compliance Reports: Compliance reports provide information about a business's compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, including labor laws, health and safety regulations, and environmental laws.
Due Diligence Reports: Due diligence reports provide information about a business's financial and operational performance, typically prepared by a prospective buyer or investor.
Market Research Reports: Market research reports provide information about a business's target market, including customer demographics, purchasing behavior, and market trends.
Feasibility Studies: Feasibility studies provide an analysis of a proposed business
15 venture, including market demand, financial projections, and operational requirements.
Risk Assessment Reports: Risk assessment reports provide an evaluation of a business's exposure to financial, legal, and operational risks, and provide recommendations for risk management and mitigation.
2.3.3.2 Some requirements of economic legal terms
Terminology in legal economic reports also has certain requirements to ensure accuracy, completeness and legality These following are some basic requirements for terms in legal economic reporting:
Clarity: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be written in plain language that is easy to understand The report should avoid technical jargon and legalistic terms that might be unfamiliar to stakeholders The terms used should be defined clearly and precisely, so that there is no confusion or doubt about their meaning.
Accuracy: Economic legal terms in an economic legal report should accurately reflect the underlying economic concepts they represent The report should be based on reliable data and analysis, and the terms used should be consistent with the economic principles they represent Any assumptions or estimates used in the report should be clearly disclosed.
Consistency: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be consistent throughout the report This means that the same term should be used consistently to refer to the same concept throughout the report Using consistent terminology helps to avoid confusion and ensures that the report is easy to read and understand.
Completeness: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should cover all the relevant aspects of the economic concepts they represent The report should provide a comprehensive analysis of the issues at hand, and the terms used should reflect this Any omissions or gaps in the analysis should be explained.
Contextual appropriateness: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be appropriate for the specific context in which they are used The report should use terms that are relevant to the specific economic and legal issues being addressed For example, if the report is about a merger, the terms used should be relevant to mergers and acquisitions.
Legal validity: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report must be legally valid and comply with all relevant legal requirements and regulations The report should be based on applicable laws and regulations and should be consistent with legal precedents Any legal risks or uncertainties should be identified and explained.
Objectivity: Economic legal terms used in an economic legal report should be objective and free from bias The report should present a fair and balanced analysis of the issues at hand, and the terms used should reflect this Any potential conflicts of interest should be disclosed, and the report should avoid making subjective or unsupported statements.
* Note that these requirements are not so much about law enforcement, they are more about stylistic and translation requirements.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Go 5e 18 3.1 Translation qualification Of BE Seniors s- 55555555 s55 sssss+ 18 3.2 Obstacles in translating economic legal terms of BE seniors
The main problems of BE seniors in translating economic legal [500111910211 ooo eee eee eee eeee eee
As mentioned in the previous sections, translating legal economic documents in general, as well as terms in legal economy in particular, is a relatively difficult category in the translation industry Translators must not only have a certain level of expertise in translation, but also have a deep understanding of both legal and
20 economic Therefore, it is inevitable that students who have been entering the translation industry in such a short time have many difficulties when translating documents related to that topic.
The problems with translating economic legal terminology can be divided into many forms, but this report follows the four main categories drawn from the previous chapter These are specialized terms, polysemy, proper nouns, and finally, word equivalents.
According to the data collection process, more than 34% of the total answers of students who participated in the study felt that they had problems mainly in translating terms For students, translating legal economic terms is also a big challenge Besides the high level of expertise and legal complexity, translating such documents also requires students to face other difficulties such as differences in terminology usage between countries, the constant change of terminology, and possible grammar and style problems.
= Specific terms = Polysemous word Propernoun s = Equivalent word
Figure 3.4: the most significant problems in terms that prevented students from translating economic legal terminology
In addition, finding equivalent words is also a notable barrier, with 28.3% of student’s answers show that it was difficult to translate too Indeed, finding a word
21 that expresses the right level of formality that the original text gives, as well as the meaning that the word is intended to be, is a task that requires a lot of time and knowledge.
This is because economic legal terms are often highly specialized and it is difficult to find complete equivalents in the target language In addition, the search for word equivalents depends on the specific context and situation in the document, as well as the differences in terms used between countries This can lead to misunderstandings and errors in the translation process even, there are many words that do not exist in the source or target language, leading to the translator not being able to represent the translation honestly and accurately.
Another interesting part in the table above is the problem of translating polysemous words, with about 44 questions among 180 answers (24.5%) This shows that it was difficult to translate this problem As is known, polysemous words are words that contain many different meanings, they will usually be understood in the most common sense, especially words in English Therefore, when translating English documents, students are often confused in choosing the most appropriate words to maximize the accuracy and technicality that the text requires.
Finally, the other problem in translating economic legal terms is proper nouns,which included more than one tenth of total answers (12.7%) Translating proper nouns can be a challenging task for students, as it requires a deep understanding of cultural nuances and the context behind the names Proper nouns often have unique spellings, pronunciations, and meanings that can vary significantly across different languages and cultures Moreover, students may face difficulties in finding appropriate translations of proper nouns, particularly when there are no direct equivalents in the target language To overcome these challenges, students need to develop strong research and critical thinking skills and rely on various resources,including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and online translation tools.
Popular reasons and the factors of them which makes seniors feel
In order to have the best and most accurate understanding of why it is so difficult to translate legal economic terms for students, let's continue to analyze and look at the following chart.
10 0 Lack of translation Lack of translation Linguistic and political High requirements of the a experience support sources difference text
Figure 3.5: The most significant reasons of problems in translating economic legal documents
The way the study selects these four main causes is based on both objective and subjective aspects In other words, the difficulty in translating these terms comes from the translators themselves or from the side of the source and target languages. 3.2.2.1 The lack of translation experience
For subjective reasons, it is considered that the translator is inexperienced in legal economics Indeed, based on the data provided by the figure above, more than 40% of students feel that they lack the need ability to translate economic and legal documents As mentioned, although most students have two years of experience in translation, their exposure to legal and economic documents is relatively small. They only had occasional access to these documents and reports through the primary learning process Readers can refer to the following two pie charts:
Figure 3.6: Student’s access level to legal economic reports
Figure 3.7: Senior’s ways to approach economic legal statements
The lack of contact with difficult documents, as well as their passive learning when only performing the translation process through the school's requirements on the subject, leads to many students who are inexperienced in translation economic
24 legal documents This is also considered the most significant cause of all.
3.2.2.2 High requirements of the translation
The second reason that students consider it popularly is that the documents are highly demanding in translation A legal economic report document of a business certainly requires a translator to have good expertise because it is related to the reputation as well as the operation of the business According to the report, up to
69 students believe that translated texts require accuracy and high technicality in legal expertise, that number accounts for 48.6% of the total answers.
Translation requires accuracy and Translation emphasizes political Translation requires too much high technicality inthe legal — sensitivity and cultural sensitivity understanding in the economic profession and legal fields
Figure 3.8: Difficulties caused by high requirements in translating economic legal documents
In fact, legal and economic documents of businesses are critical documents that contain important information regarding the financial and legal aspects of the company They often contain complex information, such as financial statements, contracts, and legal agreements, that require a high level of accuracy and technical expertise to translate effectively Inaccurate translations of legal and economic documents can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and legal issues For example, a mistranslation of a contract could lead to a breach of contract, resulting in financial losses and damage to the reputation of the company Additionally, legal and economic documents often contain specific terminologies and language that are unique to the field, making it challenging for individuals without a strong
25 background in these areas to understand and translate accurately.
The next majority of students think that the level of understanding of economic and legal knowledge is too great to be able to translate related documents easily. The number of 37.3 percentage of the answers showed that it was difficult to absorb that knowledge Indeed, it is not easy for a final year student to be knowledgeable in both major fields of economics and law.
Economics and law are two complex and highly specialized fields that require a significant amount of time, effort, and dedication to master Learning these two fields simultaneously can be challenging and overwhelming for students, as they require different skill sets and knowledge Firstly, economics is a social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services It involves the study of micro and macroeconomics, statistics, finance, and accounting, among others To understand economics, students need to develop analytical and quantitative skills, as well as a deep understanding of economic theories and concepts.
On the other hand, law is a system of rules and regulations that governs society and aims to ensure justice and fairness It involves the study of various legal subjects, such as civil law, criminal law, contract law, and international law, among others To understand law, students need to develop critical thinking, analytical, and communication skills, as well as a deep understanding of legal principles and concepts.
Moreover, both economics and law require a strong foundation in mathematics, logic, and critical thinking Students need to be able to analyze complex information, interpret data, and make informed decisions based on their findings. Therefore, learning economics and law simultaneously can be challenging as it requires a lot of time and effort to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge.
First, to talk about the difference between the languages of the two countries, we can easily see that both countries have a rich language system, with many distinct tones and structures in sentence formation This diversifies the expression and expressiveness of the language However, this can also be seen as a difficult challenge for translators, especially those who do not have much experience like students.
According to reports, up to 51 of students have trouble finding the corresponding words for the target language, that number accounts for 42.8% of the total 119 answers collected among 91 BE seniors The terms used in legal reporting are heavily formal and specific, so when translated into the target language, it requires the target language to exhibit the same character For BE students, it may be easier to translate texts from English to Vietnamese when they can demonstrate translation from English to Vietnamese, since that target language is their mother tongue, for Therefore, the level of understanding and proficiency in using the language will be better than translating from Vietnamese to English On the contrary, when translating from Vietnamese to English, the target language will be the language that they must learn to be able to apply in the translation Therefore, they have to look up and carefully consider how to choose words, to bring the best effect when translating and avoid misunderstandings.
The shortage of equivalent No terminology in the target The confusion caused by choosing language to translate language polysemous words
Figure 3.9: Difficulties in political and linguistic differences
Another factor that affects quite a lot in language differences is the translation of multi-meaning words, which accounts for nearly two fifths of the respondents (38.7%) Polysemous words are said to be universal words because they can be applied in many situations, expressing many different meanings However, when translating words with multiple meanings, we need to be careful for the following reasons Polysemous words often carry a few meanings unrelated to the purpose
27 the text wants to bring, which causes confusion in the way students choose words. Choosing the wrong word will also cause unfortunate misunderstandings and misdirection that the text wants to express.
One last remarkable problem is the difference in the legal and political system that makes the difference in language Specifically, there will be many words that the source language has, that the enemy language does not have, and vice versa. Therefore, when faced with these difficulties, students often find it difficult to find ways to solve them Indeed, more than 18% of the BE senior’s response indicated that students could not find the same term in the target language This is completely understandable, when the economic policies of Vietnam and the UK are completely different, moreover, Vietnam's politics and law are based on the communist party's line, and the ones of the UK are the Labor Party and the Conservative Party.
3.2.2.4 Difficulties in insufficient translation support sources