Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Protocols, Standards, and Techniques WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Protocols, Standards, and Techniques WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Michel Daoud Yacoub © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0969-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress Disclaimer_61/8X91/4 Page 1 Tuesday, November 20, 2001 2:01 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 Dedication Technology has its time; knowledge is timeless. Technowledge boosts Technowledge. To those who idealize, conceive, standardize, implement, test, operate, main- tain, upgrade; to those professionals, for whose knowledge and work we owe the technology and all it conveys—to those technowledgers—I pay my most sincere tribute. I dedicate this book to my beloved family. Thank you, Maria N´ıdia, my pre- cious wife, and thank you, Alexandre, Helena, Carolina, Ricardo, Vin´ıcius, and Elisa, my wonderful children, for your love, patience, and unconditional support. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 Preface We can always wait a bit longer to write a better book on technology. We can always wait In this ever-changing technological scenario, keeping pace with the rapid evolution of wireless technology is a formidable, exciting, and indispensable task more than a challenge. The work is indeed herculean and often dis- couraging, for technology is vast, the number of topics to be approached is immense, the documentation on standards and recommendations comprises piles of uncountable pages, and we often find we are leaving something im- portant behind when selecting the appropriate subject matter to explore. The consolation, if any, is that as we explore the technologies, we find that much commonality exists among them, although particular features are rather dif- ferent in each. The challenge of writing a book in such a “hot” and vivacious field is to provide a clear and concise resource to accommodate the learning process of the basic functions of the main technologies. I did try to keep this in mind throughout the course of selection and description of the topics included in this book. I hope I have succeeded, at least to a certain extent. The book, divided into five parts, describes protocols, standards, and tech- niques for 2G and 3G technologies, including those specific to wireless mul- timedia. The first part—Introduction—contains three chapters and covers the basic principles of wireless communications. The second part—2G Systems— consists of two chapters and describes two leading technologies of the second generation. The third part—Wireless Data—comprises one chapter and intro- duces three main wireless data technologies. The fourth part—3G Systems— encompasses three chapters and details the general concepts of third- generation systems as well as two chief third-generation technologies. The fifth part—Appendices—provides a glimpse at some telecommunication is- sues that are relevant to the understanding of the main text and that are not covered in the introductory part of the book. A more detailed description of the book structure follows. Part I: Introduction Chapter 1—Wireless Network —developsthewireless network conceptswithin the Intelligent Network framework and describes the basic functions a tele- communication system must provide so that wireless and mobile capabili- ties can be implemented. General network and protocol architectures and channel structures are described that are common to the main systems. These © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 descriptions are based on ITU Recommendations, which generalize those con- cepts that have been used for the various cellular networks. Specific solutions are then detailed in the other chapters. Chapter 2—Cellular Principles—introduces the cellular technology funda- mentals, providing a unified approach of these concepts for narrowband and wideband solutions. Topics explored in this chapter include universal frequency reuse, sectorization, power control, handoff, voice activity, inter- ference, and others. Besides the traditional hexagonal tessellation for macro- cellular networks, the chapter examines the subject of reuse pattern for micro- cellular systems. In addition, hierarchical cell structure, overall mean capacity for multirate systems, and the main features of narrowband and wideband networks are also addressed. Chapter 3—Multiple Access—analyzes a considerable number of multiple access control techniques. Several conventional and more advanced duplex- ing and multiple access protocols are detailed that comply with the various classes of traffic and multirate transmission utilized in broadband services. The access and duplexing methods are explored in the frequency domain, time domain, code domain, and space domain. The performance of the tech- niques is investigated in terms of channel capacity, throughput, and delay. Part II: 2G Systems Chapter 4—GSM—describes the Global System for Mobile Communication cellular network in terms of its features and services, architecture, phy- sical channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and particular features. Chapter 5—cdmaOne—details the features and services, architecture, phys- ical channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and particular features for TIA/EIA/IS-95-A as well as for its evolved version TIA/EIA/IS-95-B. Part III: Wireless Data Chapter 6—Wireless Data Technology—depicts three data technologies ap- plied to wireless networks, namely, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), TIA/EIA/IS-95B, and High Data Rate (HDR). These technologies are de- scribed in terms of their basic architectures and achievable data transmission rates. Part IV: 3G Systems Chapter 7—IMT-2000—introduces the topic on third-generation wireless net- works based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT- 2000) concept. It describes the functional subsystems, the IMT-2000 family concept, and the capability set concept. It also develops the network func- tional model for IMT-2000. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 Chapter 8—UTRA—details the IMT-2000 radio interface for direct sequence code division multiple access, the so-called Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 3G radio transmis- sion technology. Descriptions include its FDD as well as its TDD options. Chapter 9—cdma2000—details the IMT-2000 CDMA multicarrier radio interface, the so-called cdma2000 3G radio transmission technology. Des- criptions include its various radio configurations, the 1xEV-DO radio con- figuration option being one of them. Part V: Appendices These Appendices provide tutorial information on topics such as OSI Refer- ence Model, Signaling System Number 7, Spread Spectrum, and Positioning of Interferers in a Microcellular Grid. The book is suitable as text as well as a reference. As a textbook, it fits into a semester course for both undergraduate and graduate levels in electrical engineering, wireless communications, and more generally in information technology. As a reference, it serves systems engineers and analysts, hard- ware and software developers, researchers, and engineers responsible for the operation, maintenance, and management of wireless communication systems. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 Acknowledgments I am grateful to a number of people who have generously helped with the completion of this book. Some provided me with updated material and origi- nal results, others revised parts of the manuscript, and still others stimulated discussions and lent me their ideas, suggestions, incentive, encouragement, motivation, and so many distinct forms of assistance. In the endeavor to cite their names, I may inadvertently leave some out, for they are many and my memory will certainly deceive me. To these who are not quoted here, my forgiveness. I thank Professor Kenneth W. Cattermole, Professor Att´ılio J. Giarola, Pro- fessor Helio Waldman, Professor Dalton S. Arantes, Professor Rui F. de Souza, Professor Ivan L. M. Ricarte, Dr. Antˆonio F. de Toledo, Dr. Ailton A. Shinoda, Dr. Omar C.Branquinho,Dr.C´esarK. d’ ´ Avila, Dr. ErnestoL.A.Neto, Dr. Paula R. C. Gomez,Alexandre R.Esper,Alexandre R. Romero, Antˆonio V. Rodrigues, Cl´audio R. C. M. da Silva, Edigar Alves, Fabbryccio A. C. M. Cardoso, and Gustavo Fraidenraich. I am also indebted to my colleagues of the Department of Communications (DECOM), School of Electrical Engineering (FEEC), at The State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). I would like to express my gratitude to FEEC, CPqD, CelTec/CelPlan, Eric- sson, IBM, Telesp Celular, Motorola, Instituto Eldorado, Lucent Technologies, CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESP for supporting my research efforts in wireless communications over the years. Finally, I am very thankful to the CRC Press staff for their support and incentive and for the opportunity to publish this book. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33 Char Count= 1047 Contents Part I Introduction 1 Wireless Network 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Intelligent Network 1.2.1 IN Protocol Architecture 1.2.2 IN Elements 1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements 1.2.4 Wireless IN Services 1.2.5 IN Standards 1.3 Network Architecture 1.4 Protocol Architecture 1.5 Channel Structure 1.5.1 RF Channel 1.5.2 Physical Channel 1.5.3 Logical Channel 1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems 1.7 Multiple Access 1.7.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access 1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access 1.7.4 Space Division Multiple Access 1.8 Summary 2 Cellular Principles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Cellular Hierarchy 2.3 System Management 2.3.1 Link Quality Measurement 2.3.2 Cell Selection 2.3.3 Channel Selection/Assignment 2.3.4 Handover 2.3.5 Mobility Support 2.4 System Performance 2.4.1 Interference Control 2.4.2 Diversity Strategies © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com [...]... establishment requests and responses to network-originated inquiries 1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems Wireless systems can be classified according to whether they have a narrowband or wideband architecture Narrowband systems support low-bit-rate transmission, whereas wideband systems support high-bit-rate transmission A system is defined as narrowband or wideband depending on the bandwidth of the transmission... TACS (ETACS), and Nordic Mobile Telephone system (NMT) in Europe; and Japan TACS (JTACS) and Nippon TACS (NTACS) in Japan Second-generation (2G) wireless networks emerged in the early 1990s and were totally based on digital transmission techniques 2G systems aimed at providing a better spectral efficiency, a more robust communication, voice and low-speed data services, voice privacy, and authentication... involved in a call, both wired and wireless, renders billing a difficult task IN flags can be used to facilitate the billing They can be included into the call record so that billing reflects the specific call handling and fees can be processed more easily r Data-Service Capability Short Message Service (SMS) is a very popular wireless feature Wireless phones are allowed to send and receive messages in addition... Disabled Default screen Composite P1: FDJ Simpo PDFCRC -Wireless November 16, 2001 11:33Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Merge and Split Unregistered book Char Count= 1047 5.19.1 Increase in the Transmission Rate 5.19.2 Power Control 5.19.3 Soft Handoff Criteria 5.19.4 Hard Handoff 5.19.5 Idle Handoff 5.19.6 Conclusions 5.20 Summary Part III Wireless Data 6 Wireless Data Technology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General... operates The system channel bandwidth is assessed with respect to the coherence bandwidth The coherence bandwidth is defined as the frequency band within which all frequency components are equally affected by fading due to multipath propagation phenomena Systems operating with channels substantially narrower than the coherence bandwidth are known as narrowband systems Wideband systems operate with channels... Simpo PDFCRC -Wireless November 8, 2001 10:33 Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Merge and Split Unregistered Char Count= 252 book bandwidth In narrowband systems, all the components of the signal are equally influenced by multipath propagation Accordingly, although with different amplitudes, the received narrowband signal is essentially the same as the transmitted narrowband signal In wideband systems,... is defined in terms of standards and specifications that are developed by different standardization organizations or industry associations Hence, standards and specifications vary for different technologies On the other hand, a common framework exists that characterizes the wireless systems This chapter describes the wireless networks in terms of their common features The main concepts developed here... the several PEs relies on out-of-band signaling or on SS7 protocols The SS7 protocols provide means to: r Place service logic and service data into network elements responsible for handling control and connection remotely r Enable the communication between intelligent applications and other applications r Access databases located in various parts of the network 1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements Some... Features and Services Traffic Classes IMT-2000 System and IMT-2000 Family 7.6.1 Interfaces 7.6.2 Global Roaming 7.7 Specific Functions 7.7.1 Overall System Access Control Functions 7.7.2 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions 7.7.3 Random-Access Functions 7.7.4 Radio Resource Request Acceptability Functions 7.7.5 Channel Coding Function 7.7.6 Handover Function 7.7.7 Location Management and Geographic... identification, etc.), user profile (services and features), and so forth An HLR may be co-located with an MSC or it may be located independently of the MSC It may even be distributed over various locations and it may serve several MSCs An HLR usually operates on a centralized basis and serves many MSCs r Gateway (GTW) The GTW serves as an interface between the wireless network and the external network r Service . Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Protocols, Standards, and Techniques WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:Java. screen Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Protocols, Standards, and Techniques WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Michel. Encryption 5.14 Voice Privacy 5.15 Roaming 5.16 Handoff 5.16.1 Types of Handoff 5.16.2 Handoff and Pilot Sets 5.16.3 Handoff Parameters 5.16.4 Handoff Messages 5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating 5.17