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Trang 1AMERICAN NATIONAL ANSI/ ASTM D 288 - 61 (Reapproved 1978)
STANDARD
Standard Definitions of Terms Relati n g to
Thi s S1unda r d , issued under lhe fixed dc~ 1i: na11on D 288: 1hc number immediu1ely followin i: lhe de S • na1 1 on ind 1 ca1es lhc
ycJr or original udoption or m lhe case of rev1s 1 on the )Car or lasl revision I\ number in parenlhe~e., 1ndi~"lllC> 1he year or las1 rcariprovul
I n ca se of a d ispu t e r e• ord l n ll t h e t er m s here defin ed , t h e d efin i o ns co nt a in ed in t h is sta n da r d ar e t a be
us ed In th e ir e nti re t y, all n o t es and s upplementary comme nt s belnst cons id e r ed 01 part o f th e d efi n i io n
asphalt-black to dark-brown solid or sem
i-solid cementitious material which gradually
liquefies when heated, in which the pred
om-inating constituents are bitumens, all of
which occur in the solid or semisolid form
in nature or are obtained by refining petr
o-leum, or which are combinations of the
bi-tumens mentioned with each other or with
petroleum or derivatives therec;if
beftzine-this term is archaic and misleading
Non -The lcrm "petroleum bcnzin" has
appeared in the U.S Pharmacopoeia for man}
years design a tin g u relined light naphtha used for
extraction purposes This term should onl} be
used for m a terial meeting lhe U.S
Pharmaco-poeia spccifica1 i ons The term "benzm" should
never be used without the prefix ·•pel r ole um."
crude petroleum- a natural(} occurring
mix-ture, consisting predominantly of
hydrocar-bons, or of sulfur or both, nitrogen or
ox-ygen derivatives of hydrocarbons or both,
which is removed from the earth in liquid
stale or is capable of being so removed
Non -Crude petroleum is commonly
accom-panied by var} ing quanhlies of extraneous
sub-stances such as waler inorganic muller and gas
The removal of such cxlrJneous substances alone
docs nol ch a n e the status of the mixture as
c r ude pet r oleum If such removal appreciably
affects lhc compo~it1on or lhc oil mixture than
lhc rcsulling product is no longcr crude
petro-leum
crude shale oil-oil obtained as a distillate by
the destructive distillation or oil-shale
cymogene-lhis term is archaic and should
not be used
engine distillate-refined or unrefined
pelro-leum distillate similar to naphtha, but often
or higher distillation range
extraction naphtha-naphtha suitable for ex-traction purposes
Non-Specifications for cxlraclion naphtha appear in ASTM Method D 1155 Analysis or
Oil-Soluble Sodium Petroleum Sulfonates 1 fuel oil-any liquid or liquefiable petroleum product burned for the generation of heal
in a furnace or firebox, or for the genera-tion or power in an engine, exclusive of oils with a nash point below 100 F (38 C), tag closed tester, and oils burned in cotton or woolwick burners Fuel oils in common use fall into one of four classes:
(/) residual fuel oils, which are topped crude petroleums or viscous residuums ob-tained in refinery operations;
(2) distillate fuel oils, which are distillates derived directly or indirectl> from crude petroleum;
(3) crude petroleums and weathered crude petroleums of relatively low commer-cial value; and
(4) blended fuels, which arc mixtures or two or more of the three preceding classes
gas oil- a liquid petroleum distillate having a
'Thcs.: defin11ions arc und.:r lhe jurisdic11on or /\STM
Commillcc D-2 on Pc1rol.:um Pmducl> :ind I uhn.: 1111\ Cum:nt •-dllion effective Scpl IK 1%1 Or u 1nJll \ -
su ed 19211 Replace s D 211K 57
In 1961 dclini1 ions for p,.,,,,,,.,,,,, W u.~ ;inJ /'1•1r11/u111111
were added
' Ann"a/ 8 110 A oj ASTM Stu111/urtf.r Pan H
Trang 2viscosity intermediate between that of
kero-~ine and lubricating oil
other than !;l as oil as defined above ma} be and
an: used in the manuf a cture of gas
by its composition is suitable for use as a
carburant in internal combustion engines
kerosioe-A relined petroleum distillate
suit-able for use as an illuminant when burned
in a wick lamp
Non - The nash point may not be below 73 F
(23 C), as determ ined by the Abel Te s ter (which
is approximately equ1valcnl lo 73 F (23 C) .is
determined by the T Jg Closed Tester, ASTM
Method D 56, Test for Flash Poinl by the Tag
Closed Tester).' In the United Stutes of
Amer-ica, local ordinances or insurance regulations
n:quire Oash points higher than 73 F (23 C)
ligroioe-a saturated petroleum naphtha
boiling in the range 20 to 135 C (68 to 275
F) and suitable for general laboratory use
Non - Th is term shoul d be use '<! in place of
"benzine" or "petroleum ether."
lubricating grease- a solid to seminuid
product of dispersion of a thickening agent
in a liquid lubricant Other ingredients
in-cluded
naphthenic acids-carboxylic acid derivatives
of cycloalkane hydrocarbons (naphlhenes)
The monobasic acids have the general type
formula CnH 2 n :uOz where x is the number
of rings in the molecule
natiYe asphalt-asphalt occurring as such in
nature
origin, with an ash content of more than 33
percent, and containing organic matter that
yields oil when destructively distilled but
not appreciably when extracted with the
ordinary solvents for petroleum
petrolatum- a petroleum wax of unctuous
structure containing substantial amounts of
oil
should not be used (sec ligroine)
to refined, partly relined or unrefined
petroleum products and liquid products of
natural gas not less than I 0 percent of which
distills below 347 F ( 175 C) and not less than
0 288
95 percent of which distills below 464 F (240 C) when subjected lo distillation in
accord-ance with ASTM Method D 86, Test for Dis-tillation of Petroleum Products 2
Non - The "naphthas" us e d for s pecific pur
-poses such us cleaning, manufacture of rubber manufacture of puinl' and vam i h es etc arc made to conform lo specific ati ons which ma) require products of consider a bl y g rc:aler vola 11 1it} than that sci by the limiL~ of lhis g eneric defini-tion
petroleum di:>tillate with volatility, nash point, and other properties, making it suit-able as a thinner and solvent in paints vJr-nishcs, and similar products
N<>TI I Specifications arc set forth in detail
in ASTM Specifications D 235, for Petroleum Spirits (M i neral Spirits) >
N OT I 2 - The term "turpentine substllu te," as applied to petroleum spints, 1s to be condemned
as false and misleading In Great Brita in the term "petroleum spirits" is applic '<l to a ver} light hydrocarbon mixture having a nash point below 32 F (0 C)
petroleum tar-viscous black or dark-brown product obtained in petroleum refining, which wilt yield a substantial quantity of solid residue when partially evaporated or fractionally distilled The term "tar" should
never be applied to materials derived from
without the prefix "petroleum."
petroleum wax-a product separated from petroleum which is solid or semisolid at 77
F (25 C) and consists essentially of a mix-ture of saturated hydrocarbons
pitch-this term shall not be applied to petro-leum products
precipitation naphtha-A naphtha suitable for determination of the precipitation number
of lubricating oils
NOTl! -S pecilicalions arc set forth in detail i n ASTM Method D 91 Test for Prc cip1 1a1i on
Number of Lubricating Oils: ' ASTM Method D
1313 Tc sl for Sludge Form ation in Mincrnl Transformer Oil b) High-Pre ssure Oxidation Bomb '
rfligolene-this term is archaic and should not
be used Stoddard solYent-J relined petroleum distil-late with vclatility, nash point and other
• I 1111110/ Boak of 1 I STM S1a11dards l'urt l•>
Trang 3properties making it suitable for use as a
drycleaning solvent
NoTF.-Srccilication~ :ire set forth tn detail in
ASTM Specifi c.i tion~ D 484 for Hydrocarbon
Dryclc;tning Solvc·n1s.'
topped crude petroleum-a residual product
remaining after the removal, by distillation
0 288
vol-atile components
This s10 11 tlord Is rubj1w to rcvnion at any lime by the re.spontible uehmeal committee' 01111 must be rt:•ic11ed t •<'ry fi•·e years and if not re • lted Mhl'f reopproved or withdrawn Your comments ore I n vited either for rt•vi tion of thn 1 antlartl or for 11tldltlo11ol 1t111dor d 111 1/d b e oddrts.1ed to ASTM Heodq11arter r Your comment.• w/11 reulvt eartji1/ co11rrdua11011
at a 111c•• t 11 g 11f tl1e re.1po11.11ble technical committee which you 1110)' attend If you feel that yo11r commtnt r have no rt~e1vecl
a fair heari ng you rh1111/tl make your views known to the ASTM Committee 011 Stondardr, 19111 Race St Ph//odt•lphio Pa ,
IY/(Ji, ll'hit'h will <rhedule a fiirther hearillJ( rcgardtnJ( yo ur c-omments fallinK ratl.tfat•tlon tht•re, you 11101• u pptol ttl the
A STM ll aurtl of Dlrct1orr