I Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi In-Tech intechweb.org Published by In-Teh In-Teh Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-prot use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2009 In-teh www.intechweb.org Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@intechweb.org First published January 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Zeljko Debeljuh Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design, Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-042-1 V Preface Mobile and wireless communications applications have clear impact on improving the humanity wellbeing. From cell phones to wireless internet to home and ofce devices, most of the applications are converted from wired into wireless communication. Smart and advanced wireless communication environments represent the future technology and evolutionary development step in home, hospitals, industrial, and vehicular and transportation systems. A very appealing research area in these environments has been the wireless ad hoc, sensor and mesh networks. These networks rely on ultra low powered processing nodes that sense surrounding environment temperature, pressure, humidity, motion or chemical hazardous, etc. Moreover, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver nodes of such networks require the design of transmitter and receiver equipped with high performance building blocks including antenna, power and low noise ampliers, mixers and voltage controlled oscillators. Several challenges are facing nowadays researchers to design such building blocks while complying with ultra low power consumption, small area and high performance constraints. CMOS technology represents an excellent candidate to facilitate the integration of the whole transceiver on a single chip. However several challenges have to be tackled while designing using nanoscale CMOS technologies and require innovative idea from researchers and circuits designers. While major researcher and applications have been focusing on RF wireless communication, optical wireless communication based system has started to draw some attention from researchers for a terrestrial system as well as for aerial and satellite terminals. This renewed interested in optical wireless communications is driven by several advantages such as no licensing requirements policy, no RF radiation hazards, and no need to dig up roads besides its large bandwidth and low power consumption. This second part of the book, Mobile and Wireless Communications: Key Technologies and Future Applications, covers the recent development in ad hoc and sensor networks, the implementation of state of the art of wireless transceivers building blocks and recent development on optical wireless communication systems. We hope that this book will be useful for the students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies. This part consists of eighteen chapters classied in four corresponding sections. 1.NetworkAspectsandApplicationsofAdHoc,SensorandMeshNetworks 2.AntennaDesign. 3.WirelessTransceiversBuildingBlocksinCMOSTechnology. 4.OpticalWirelessCommunications. VI The rst section contains ve chapters related to Network Aspects and Applications of Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks. In this section, the network layer design in cellular, ad hoc, sensor and mesh networks for specic applications have been presented. The second section contains ve chapters related to Antenna Design. In this section, different kind of UWB and microstrip antennas has been reviewed and developed. Their advantages, disadvantages, design technique, structure and application have been also covered. The third section contains six chapters related to Wireless Transceivers Building Blocks in CMOS Technology. The focus of the contributions in this section, are the propose of a tunable polyphase lter structure, the development of wireless transceiver-on-a-chip on CMOS technology and the conception and development of several RFICs, such as, LNAs (Low Noise Ampliers), mixer, and VCOs (Voltage Controlled Oscillators) in different applications. The forth section contains two chapters related to Optical Wireless Communications. In this section, terrestrial free-space optical communication system has been addressed, in addition, a non-mechanical compact laser communications terminal for future applications has been proposed. Section 1: Network Aspects and Applications of Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks Chapter 1 investigates the importance of CAC (Call Admission Control) in wireless networks for providing QoS guarantees. The key idea of this chapter, apart from offering a comprehensive study of CAC process in wireless networks, is to lay emphasis on the CAC method as a powerful tool to provide the desired QoS level to mobile users along with the maximization of network resource exploitation. Chapter 2 describes the strategies developed so far to handle the problem of communication in strip-like topologies. Four approaches are presented in order to describe how each topology can be investigated. The rst two are related to the network layer of ISO/OSI protocol stack, the third one proposes use of devices with directional antennas while the fourth one designs a MAC protocol based on synchronous transmit-receive patterns. Chapter 3 introduces architecture for an all-to-all ad-hoc wireless network that satises the QoS requirements as well as power saving aspects. The power control algorithm which uses received signal strength measurements is also introduced. Chapter 4 describes the wireless communication platform IQRF based on IQMESH protocol in terms of its advantages, strengths, limitations and specic implementations. Chapter 5 reviews the automotive environment spread communication technologies and their areas of application, from short range to long range communication over several kilometers away. Section 2: Antenna Design Chapter 6 investigates passive wireless devices in the frequency range from almost DC to tens of Megahertz. This chapter provides a brief introduction to this technology, performance estimations in terms of powering range with respect to permitted signal levels and human exposure issues and analysis of the impact of conductive/dielectric materials in the vicinity of the passive wireless devices. VII Chapter 7 introduces the UWB technology in terms of its history, denition, advantages and applications. An overview on UWB antennas including UWB planar monopole antennas and UWB printed antennas is presented. Two novel designs of UWB printed antennas are introduced and investigated in details where the structural properties and performance characteristics of these antennas are investigated. Chapter 8 develops a micromachined aperture coupled patch antenna devices using polymer micromachining and micro-assembly methods to improve signicantly the efciency, gain and bandwidth of the devices over conventional microstrip patch antennas. The new fabrication method provides an alternative low cost packaging approach as compared to conventional LTCC and PCB technology. Chapter 9 reviews different kind of microstrip antenna design mobile wireless communication systems such as microstrip antennas, microstrip array, compact and multiband microstrip antennas, broad band and UWB antennas, recongurable microstrip antennas and smart microstrip antennas. Their advantages, disadvantages, design technique, structure and application have been also covered. Chapter 10 develops and demonstrates a large-signal model for GaN HEMTs, which accurately predicts trapping and self-heating-induced current dispersion and IMD. Detailed procedures for both small-signal and large-signal model parameter extraction has been presented. Section 3: Wireless Transceivers Building Blocks in CMOS Technology Chapter 11 proposes a tunable polyphase lter structure, which can be applied to synthesize multi-standard application lters. This tuning characteristic can be also used to compensate for the bandwidth drift due to mismatches. Chapter 12 demonstrates the feasibility of low noise sensitivity 2.4GHz PLL for use in wireless communications in low cost LR-WPAN applications. The circuits have been fully integrated and implemented in 130nm CMOS technology. The proposed topology allows to realize much lower gain if it is required with a very simple calibration method. Chapter 13 discusses enabling technologies for multi-gigabit spectrally efcient wireless communication systems in the E-band. The performance of state-of-the-art E-band wireless communication for high-capacity wireless networks has been evaluated. The analysis has been supported by experimental results on the prototypes. Chapter 14 discusses the development of a 60-GHz wireless transceiver-on-a-chip on a 130- nm CMOS technology. The challenges and solutions for the design of 60-GHz components on CMOS including radio-frequency (RF) bandpass lter (BPF), power amplier (PA), low-noise amplier (LNA), mixers, voltage control oscillator (VCO) are described. These components are utilized to build the world’s rst all-integrated 60GHz wireless transceiver on CMOS which is also presented in this chapter. Chapter 15 provides a guide to the RF building blocks of smart communication receivers in accordance with the present state of the art. The conception and development of several RFICs, such as, LNAs (Low Noise Ampliers), mixer, and VCOs (Voltage Controlled Oscillators) in different applications have been introduced. The presented circuits can supply the necessities for many mobile applications, in particular, for SMILE (Spatial MultIplexing of Local Elements) front-end receiver circuitry. VIII Chapter 16 provides the fundamental background knowledge concerned with linear power amplier design for high spectrum-efciency wireless communications. In addition, the design considerations of the state-of-the art linear power ampliers together with the design techniques operating at the gigahertz bands in CMOS technologies have been also covered. Section 4: Optical Wireless Communications Chapter 17 discusses the terrestrial FSO (Free-space optical) communication system from its basics to error performance based on OOK, PPM and SIM modulation schemes. The properties of the atmospheric channel have also been highlighted in terms of signal attenuation and scintillation. Chapter 18 proposes a non-mechanical compact laser communications terminal for future applications. A laser beam is transmitted by selecting the laser pixel related to the direction of the optical signal received from the counter terminal. The beams are not deected by a mechanical mirror. Instead, they are turned on and off one after the other in accordance with the direction from which optical signals are received. Editors Salma Ait Fares GraduateSchoolofEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandCommunicationEngineering TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan Email:aitfares@mobile.ecei.tohoku.ac.jp Fumiyuki Adachi GraduateSchoolofEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandCommunicationEngineering TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan Email:adachi@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp IX Contents Preface V Section 1: Network Aspects and Applications of Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks 1. CallAdmissionControlinMobileandWirelessNetworks 001 GeorgiosI.Tsiropoulos,DimitriosG.StratogiannisandEiriniEleniTsiropoulou 2. CommunicationStrategiesforStrip-LikeTopologiesinAd-HocWirelessNetworks 027 DanieleDeCaneva,PierLucaMontessoroandDavidePierattoni 3. RSSBasedTechnologiesinWirelessSensorNetworks 037 SamithaEkanayakeandPubuduPathirana 4. SmartwirelesscommunicationplatformIQRF 061 RadekKuchta,RadimirVrbaandVladislavSulc 5. WirelessinFutureAutomotiveApplications 071 VolkerSchuermann,AurelBuda,StefanJonker,NormanPalmhofandJoergF.Wollert Section 2: Antenna Design 6. PassiveWirelessDevicesUsingExtremelyLowtoHighFrequencyLoad Modulation 093 HubertZangl,MichaelJ.Moser,ThomasBretterklieberandAntonFuchs 7. UWB(Ultrawideband)wirelesscommunications:UWBPrintedAntennaDesign 107 AbdallahAlshehri 8. Micromachinedhighgainwidebandantennasforwirelesscommunications 133 SumanthK.Pavuluri,ChanghaiWangandAlanJ.Sangster 9. MicrostripAntennasforMobileWirelessCommunicationSystems 163 HalaElsadek 10. Large-SignalModelingofGaNDevicesforDesigningHighPowerAmpliersof NextGenerationWirelessCommunicationSystems 191 AnwarJarndal X Section 3: Wireless Transceivers Building Blocks in CMOS Technology 11. PolyphaseFilterDesignMethodologyforWirelesscommunicationApplications 219 FayrouzHaddad,LakhdarZaïd,WenceslassRahajandraibeandOussamaFrioui 12. FullyIntegratedCMOSLow-Gain-Wide-Range2.4GHzPhaseLockedLoopfor LR-WPANApplications 247 WenceslasRahajandraibe,LakhdarZaïdandFayrouzHaddad 13. EnablingTechnologiesforMulti-GigabitWirelessCommunicationsintheE-band 263 ValDyadyuk,Y.JayGuoandJohnD.Bunton 14. WirelessCommunicationsat60GHz:ASingle-ChipSolutiononCMOS Technology 281 ChienM.Ta,ByronWicks,BoYang,YuanMo,KeWang,FanZhang,ZongruLiu, GordanaFelic,PraveenkumarNadagouda,TimWalsh,RobinJ.Evans,IvenMareels andEfstratiosSkadas 15. CurrentTrendsofCMOSIntegratedReceiverDesign 305 C.E.CapovillaandL.C.Kretly 16. PowerAmplierDesignforHighSpectrum-EfciencyWirelessCommunications 321 SteveHung-LungTu,Ph.D. Section 4: Optical Wireless Communications 17. TerrestrialFree-SpaceOpticalcommunications 355 Ghassemlooy,Z.andPopoola,W.O. 18. NonMechanicalCompactOpticalTransceiverforWirelessCommunicationswith aVCSELArray 393 MorioToyoshima,NaokiMiyashita,YoshihisaTakayama,HirooKunimoriandShinichiKimura [...]... International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference 2008 (IWCMC '08) (pp 712-717) Crete Island: IEEE Tragos, E., Tsiropoulos, G., Karetsos, G., & Kyriazakos, S (2008) Admission Control for QoS support in Heterogeneous 4G Wireless Networks IEEE Network Magazine, 22 (3), 30-37 26 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Tsiropoulos, G I.,... QoS Requirements in Cellular Networks IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13 (9), 898-910 24 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Hwang, Y H., & Noh, S K (2005) A call admission control scheme for heterogeneous service considering fairness in wireless networks Fourth Annual ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science 2005... in wireless networks and is widely called as Cell Residence Time (CRT) or cell dwell time CRT is mainly dependent on users mobility characteristics and on the geometry of the cells Fig 1 Transition diagrams considering network state a) Complete resource sharing scheme, b) Guard Channel scheme and c) Fractional Guard Channel scheme 8 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level. .. limited network does not violate the Service Level Agreements (SLAs) concerning ongoing calls CAC schemes for wireless networks have been widely studied under different network architectures and network administrator policies The objectives of the chapter are to present thoroughly the main concepts of CAC design and QoS provision in wireless and mobile networks The study will focus on system and traffic... demonstrates the susceptibility of hard handoff schemes to the link transfer time The second way may be attributed to the resource allocation mechanism since, if there are no channels available in the new cell, then the handoff call is forced-terminated 4 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design In soft handoff schemes, the handoff process is triggered at the boundaries... the handoff failure 6 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design probability Most schemes in the literature assign higher priorities to handoff calls resulting in less strict admission conditions for the admission of handoff calls These schemes are the same with the prioritization schemes mentioned above with the difference that they are destined to prioritize handoff... 0 Ci ni 0 k n ,i h,i k 0 in i n i ! ni 1 20 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design CBP and CDP may be obtained from Pnb i n i 0 1 n i p n i C i and Phb i p C i , respectively When α(0)=α(1)=…=α(Ti)=1 and α(0)=α(Ti+1)=…=α(Ci)=0, the FGC scheme reduces to the simple GC scheme with Ti acting... broad classification of different design approaches and strategies considered for efficient admission control CAC schemes are classified upon different rationales, used to apply call admission policy, aiding to an elucidatory synopsis of CAC under different network parameters The majority of CAC 2 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design schemes base their admission... measuring the proper network parameter every sampling period following a timewindow policy (Jamin, Danzig, Shenker, & Zhang, 1997), or by computing a relevant average value based on current and/ or previous measurements (Jamin, Shenker, & Danzig, 14 Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 1997; Floyd, 1996) Most CAC schemes employed in CDMA systems are designed according... voice and dataapplications IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 1 (3), 540-548 Call Admission Control in Mobile and Wireless Networks 23 Chen, I R., Yilmaz, O., & Yen, I L (2006) Admission Control Algorithms for Revenue Optimization With QoS Guarantees in Mobile Wireless Networks Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal, 38 (3), 357-376 Chlebus, E., & Ludwin, W (1995) Is Handoff . I Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design Edited by Salma Ait Fares and. Debeljuh Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design, Edited by Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-042-1 V Preface Mobile and wireless. the handoff call is forced-terminated. Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design4 In soft handoff schemes, the handoff process is triggered at the boundaries