Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies_1 pot

Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Edited by Ki Young Kim Intech IV Published by Intech Intech Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the Intech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2010 Intech Free online edition of this book you can find under www.sciyo.com Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@sciyo.com First published January 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies, Edited by Ki Young Kim p. cm. ISBN 978-953-7619-71-8 Preface Research and development in modern optical and photonic technologies have witnessed quite fast growing advancements in various fundamental and application areas due to availability of novel fabrication and measurement techniques, advanced numerical simulation tools and methods, as well as due to the increasing practical demands. The recent advancements have also been accompanied by the appearance of various interdisciplinary topics. The book attempts to put together state-of-the-art research and development in optical and photonic technologies. It consists of 21 chapters that focus on interesting four topics of photonic crystals (first 5 chapters), THz techniques and applications (next 7 chapters), nanoscale optical techniques and applications (next 5 chapters), and optical trapping and manipulation (last 4 chapters), in which a fundamental theory, numerical simulation techniques, measurement techniques and methods, and various application examples are considered. This book concerns itself with recent and advanced research results and comprehensive reviews on optical and photonic technologies covering the aforementioned topics. I believe that the advanced techniques and research described here may also be applicable to other contemporary research areas in optical and photonic technologies. Thus, I hope the readers will be inspired to start or to improve further their own research and technologies and to expand potential applications. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors for their outstanding contributions to this book. January 2010 Editor Ki Young Kim Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan E-mail: kykim1994@gmail.com Contents Preface V Photonic Crystals 1. Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures 001 Alexey Yamilov and Mark Herrera 2. Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Micro-cavities for Chip-scale Laser Applications 031 Adam Mock and Ling Lu 3. Anisotropy of Light Extraction Emission with High Polarization Ratio from GaN-based Photonic Crystal Light-emitting Diodes 053 Chun-Feng Lai, Chia-Hsin Chao, and Hao-Chung Kuo 4. Holographic Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Woodpile-type Photonic Crystal Templates Using Phase Mask Technique 071 Di Xu, Kevin P. Chen, Kris Ohlinger and Yuankun Lin 5. Quantum Electrodynamics in Photonic Crystal Nanocavities towards Quantum Information Processing 089 Yun-Feng Xiao, Xu-Bo Zou, Qihuang Gong, Guang-Can Guo, and Chee Wei Wong THz Techniques and Applications 6. Terahertz-wave Parametric Sources 109 Shin’ichiro Hayashi and Kodo Kawase 7. Cherenkov Phase Matched Monochromatic Tunable Terahertz Wave Generation 125 Koji Suizu, Takayuki Shibuya and Kodo Kawase 8. Nonreciprocal Phenomena on Reflection of Terahertz Radiation off Antiferromagnets 143 T. Dumelow, J. A. P. da Costa, F. Lima and E. L. Albuquerque VIII 9. Room Temperature Integrated Terahertz Emitters based on Three-Wave Mixing in Semiconductor Microcylinders 169 A. Taormina, A. Andronico, F. Ghiglieno, S. Ducci, I. Favero and G. Leo 10. Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Metallic Particle Ensembles 187 Kenneth J. Chau 11. Applications of Tilted-Pulse-Front Excitation 207 József András Fülöp and János Hebling 12. Applications of Effective Medium Theories in the Terahertz Regime 231 Maik Scheller, Christian Jansen, and Martin Koch Nanoscale Optical Techniques and Applications 13. Local Electric Polarization Vector Detection 251 Kwang Geol Lee and DaiSik Kim 14. Nanoimprint Lithography - Next Generation Nanopatterning Methods for Nanophotonics Fabrication 275 Jukka Viheriälä, Tapio Niemi, Juha Kontio and Markus Pessa 15. Nanoscale Photodetector Array and Its Application to Near-Field Nano-Imaging 299 Boyang Liu, Ki Young Kim, and Seng-Tiong Ho 16. Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions in Impurity Dielectric Nanoparticles 317 K.K. Pukhov, Yu.V. Orlovskii and T.T. Basiev 17. Photon-Number-Resolution at Telecom Wavelength with Superconducting Nanowires 341 Francesco Marsili, David Bitauld, Andrea Fiore, Alessandro Gaggero, Francesco Mattioli, Roberto Leoni, Aleksander Divochiy and Gregory Gol'tsman Optical Trapping and Manipulation 18. Optoelectronic Tweezers for the Manipulation of Cells, Microparticles, and Nanoparticles 367 Aaron T. Ohta, Pei-Yu Chiou, Arash Jamshidi, Hsan-Yin Hsu, Justin K. Valley, Steven L. Neale, and Ming C. Wu IX 19. An Asymmetric Magneto-Optical Trap 389 Heung-Ryoul Noh and Wonho Jhe 20. The Photonic Torque Microscope: Measuring Non-conservative Force-fields 411 Giovanni Volpe, Giorgio Volpe and Giuseppe Pesce 21. Dynamics of a Kerr Nanoparticle in a Single Beam Optical Trap 435 Romeric Pobre and Caesar Saloma [...]... University of Maryland 2 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Vlasov et al., 2005), optical memories (Scheuer et al., 2005), and to enhanced nonlinear interactions (Soljacic et al, 2002; Xu et al., 2000; Jacobsen et al., 2006) Several approaches to obtaining low dispersion in photonic crystal structures have been exploited: i At frequencies close to the photonic band-edge, ω(K) becomes flat and group velocity... photonic crystal as defined by Eq (5) We used ε0 = 2.25, Δε = 1, N = 80 and the modulation parameter γ is equal to 0.25 (b) Local (position-dependent) photonic bandgap diagramfor n(x) in (a) Ai( N ) and Bi( N ) mark the frequencies of the foremost photonic bands on the long- and shortwavelength sides of the photonic bandgap of the corresponding single-periodic crystal 3.1 Transfer matrix analysis and. .. order bands in two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals can have small dispersion not only at the Brillouin zone boundary but also throughout the band (Galisteo-López & López, 2004; Scharrer et al., 2006) where the second order dispersion can be significantly reduced Nevertheless, these high-frequency photonic bands allow little control over vg and are not spectrally isolated from other bands These... in Table 1 and the corresponding band structure is shown in Fig 4 Introduction of the long range modulation in the dielectric constant results in an expansion of the unit cell from a to L = Na and, thus, to a reduction of the Brillouin zone, accompanied by the folding of photonic bands The cases of even N = 2s and odd N = 2s + 1 should be distinguished In the former, the primary photonic bandgap (IIe)... spectra of PhSCs 16 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Diffraction gratings introduced in optical fibers are often spatially modulated Coupledmode theory has been developed to reduce the problem to a study of the amplitudes of the forward and backward propagating waves and to avoid a direct solution of Maxwell’s equations Although the method had been initially developed for optical fibers where... lines in b-d and f-g panels Ai( N ) and Bi( N ) denote the low-dispersion photonic bands as defined in Section 3 Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures 15 are also in excellent agreement (the observed deviation is less than 0.1%), Fig 3 Knowledge of the bandedge frequencies allows determination of all parameters of the tight-binding approximation for ω(K), Eq (2) Therefore, the entire band structure... chosen to enable an analytic treatment and differs slightly from Eq (4) Nonetheless, it shows the same spectral composition and modulation property The discrepancy between the two forms is expected to cause only small deviations from the analytical results obtained in this section Furthermore, the differences become insignificant in the limit N 1 4 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Fig 1 (a) Dependence.. .Photonic Crystals 1 Dual-Periodic Photonic Crystal Structures Alexey Yamilov and Mark Herrera1 Department of Physics, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, U.S.A 1 Introduction In this chapter we discuss optical properties of dual-periodic photonic (super-)structures Conventional photonic crystal structures exhibit a periodic modulation... in the inset of panel (b)) respectively (b) Solid and dashed thin lines plot the corresponding phase of t(ω) Bold line depicts the Bloch number K(ω)× a of the infinite crystal computed using Eq 8 6 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies The transmission coefficient through a finite segment of length L (equal to one period) can be related to the band structure of the corresponding periodic lattice... frequency spectral region) and leads to an identical K(ω) for two different definitions of the unit cell We also note that if the segment is chosen such that the corresponding “cavity” is located in the geometrical center (|t(ω0)| = 1), the FWHM of the resonance (Γ) in the transmission 8 Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies coefficient is equal to the width of the pass band in the periodic lattice . Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies Edited by Ki Young Kim Intech IV . lasing (Nojima, 19 98; Sakoda, 19 99; Susa, 20 01) , pulse delay(Poon et al., 2004; 1 Currently at department of Physics, University of Maryland Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies 2. (Bertino et al., 2004; 2007). We considered four S-polarized laser beams defined by 11 0 1 1 1 22 0 2 2 2 11 0 1 1 1 22 0 2 2 2 , { sin( ),0,cos( )}, , { sin( ),0,cos( )}, . , {sin( ),0,cos( )}, ,