Edited by (Editor-in-Chief) Smart Wireless Sensor Networks Edited by Mr. Hoang Duc Chinh and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. 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ISBN 978-953-307-261-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Part 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Preface IX Overview and Design Methodology 1 Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems 3 Jari Nieminen, Shekar Nethi, Mikael Björkbom, Aamir Mahmood, Lasse Eriksson and Riku Jäntti Factors that may influence the performance of wireless sensor networks 29 Majdi Mansouri, Ahmad Sardouk, Leila Merghem-Boulahia, Dominique Gaiti, Hichem Snoussi, Rana Rahim-Amoud and Cédric Richard Smart Environments and Cross-Layer Design 49 L. Ozlem KARACA and Radosveta SOKULLU Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Sensor Networks Enhancement 73 Alcides Montoya, Diana Carolina Restrepo and Demetrio Arturo Ovalle Network protocols, architectures and technologies 83 Broadcast protocols for wireless sensor networks 85 Ruiqin Zhao, Xiaohong Shen and Xiaomin Zhang Routing Protocol with Unavailable Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks 101 Deyun Gao, Linjuan Zhang and Yingying Gong Relation-based Message Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 127 Jan Nikodem, Maciej Nikodem, Marek Woda, Ryszard Klempous and Zenon Chaczko Contents Contents VI MIPv6 Soft Hand-off for Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Networks 147 Ricardo Silva, Jorge Sa Silva and Fernando Boavida Cooperative Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks 157 Hui Jing and Hitoshi Aida A Cluster Head Election Method for Equal Cluster Size in Wireless Sensor Network 173 Choon-Sung Nam, Kyung-Soo Jang and Dong-Ryeol Shin Optimizing Coverage in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks 189 Nauman Aslam Quality of Service Management and Time synchronization 205 Mechanism and Instance: a Research on QoS based on Negotiation and Intervention of Wireless Sensor Networks 207 Nan Hua and Yi Guo A Reliable and Flexible Transmission Method in Wireless Sensor Networks 229 Dae-Young Kim and Jinsung Cho Performance Analysis of Binary Sensor-Based Cooperative Diversity Using Limited Feedback 237 Ali EKŞİM and Mehmet E. ÇELEBİ Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks 253 Jonggoo Bae and Bongkyo Moon Time Synchronization of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 281 Li Liu Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part 3 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Contents VII Security 297 Security of Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Status and Key Issues 299 Chun-Ta Li A Compromise-resilient Pair-wise Rekeying Protocol in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks 315 Song Guo and Zhuzhong Qian Security architecture, trust management model with risk evaluation and node selection algorithm for WSN 327 Bin Ma and Xianzhong Xie Distributed Detection of Node Capture Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks 345 Jun-Won Ho Integrity Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks 361 Yusnani Mohd Yussoff, Husna Zainol Abidin and Habibah Hashim Technologies and Architectures for Multimedia-Support in Wireless Sensor Networks 373 Sven Zacharias and Thomas Newe Security and Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks 395 Arijit Ukil Part 4 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 For the past decade, there has been rapid development and advancement in the com- munication and sensor technologies that results in the growth of a new, aractive and challenging research area – the wireless sensor network (WSN). A WSN, which typi- cally consists of a large number of wireless sensor nodes formed in a network fashion, is deployed in environmental elds to serve various sensing and actuating applica- tions. With the integration of sensing devices on the sensor nodes, the nodes have the abilities to perceive many types of physical parameters such as, light, humidity, vibra- tion, etc. about the ambient conditions. In addition, the capability of wireless commu- nication, small size and low power consumption enable sensor nodes to be deployed in dierent types of environment including terrestrial, underground and underwater. These properties facilitate the sensor nodes to operate in both stationary and mobile networks deployed for numerous applications, which include environmental remote sensing, medical healthcare monitoring, military surveillance, etc. For each of these application areas, the design and operation of the WSNs are dierent from conven- tional networks such as the internet. The network design must take into account of the specic applications. The nature of deployed environment must be considered. The limited of sensor nodes’ resources such as memory, computational ability, communi- cation bandwidth and energy source are the challenges in network design. As such, a smart wireless sensor network, able to deal with these constraints as well as to guar- antee the connectivity, coverage, reliability and security of network’s operation for a maximized lifetime, has been illustrated. In this smart wireless sensor network (WSN) book, various aspects of designing a smart WSN have been investigated and discussed. The main topics include: advanc- es in smart wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, algorithms and protocols for smart WSN management and performance and quality of service (QoS) of smart WSNs. Sev- eral key issues, challenges and state-of-the-art methods for designing and developing smart WSNs will be addressed throughout the 23 chapters of this book. Chapter 1 pres- ents communication protocol stacks for WSNs which include physical layer, medium access control layer and network layer. State-of-the-art solutions applied in dierent layers to guarantee the communication reliability are discussed and evaluated. Novel communication protocols and simulation tools are proposed to enhance the perfor- mance and reliability of smart sensor systems. Chapter 2 discusses the factors that may influence the desired operation of WSNs. The impact of sensor nodes characteristics and network deployment on WSNs’ performance are investigated. WSNs’ information functions including the parameters and method of evaluating data importance are also presented. Chapter 3 and 4 focuses on design methodologies for WSNs. Chapter Preface Preface X 3 provides a survey of cross-layer protocol design frameworks and dene some major criteria to evaluate these frameworks. Meanwhile, chapter 4 proposes a novel model which applies the concept of intelligent multi-agent system on designing distributed sensor networks. Chapter 5 to 11 present various protocols and algorithms proposed for WSNs with the expectation of improving communication eciency, saving energy and maximizing network lifetime. Chapter 5 deals with a broadcast storm problem, an ecient broad- cast protocol is proposed in order to achieve maximum lifetime of the WSNs. Chapter 6 focuses on developing multi-hop routing protocol for WSNs which consists of un- available nodes due to failure. The protocol is designed and implemented in real sen- sor nodes. Experiments are conducted to evaluating the performance of the networks. Chapter 7 introduces a relational model that represents the dependences between nodes of the network and denes the actions of these nodes in dierent situations. Based on this model, communication activities of the network are managed in order to route the message from nodes to the base station eciently. Chapter 8 presents a frame- work for an eective support of mobility in WSNs. The approach is using the mobile IPv6 protocol, the Neighbor Discovery for nding sink nodes and subsequent node registration, and the so hand-o mechanisms for maintaining connectivity of mov- ing nodes. In chapter 9, game theoretic model is applied to form cluster-based WSNs. A cooperative game theoretic clustering algorithm is proposed for balancing energy consumption of sensor nodes and increasing network lifetime. The system-wide op- timization is obtained from the conditions of cooperation, each sensor node tradeo individual cost with the network-wide cost. Chapter 10 shows another energy-ecient cluster formation method. The optimized clustering structure is achieved by prevent- ing unequal size of clusters, nding the optimal number of nodes in a cluster, and re-electing cluster head for balancing local cluster. Chapter 11 deals with the problem of maximizing the covered area of 3-dimensional WSNs. A distributed algorithm is developed and executed at sensor nodes to establish a connected topology while maxi- mize the covered sensing area of the network. Chapter 12, 13, and 14 introduce novel techniques and mechanisms used for manag- ing the Quality of Service (QoS) of WSNs. Chapter 12 provides the understand of QoS mechanisms, presents research on an instance of QoS and shows the improvement achieved by applying this instance. Chapter 13 presents a new method which can be used to guarantee various level of communication reliability in WSNs. A flexible loss recover mechanism is proposed and the tradeo between end-to-end delays and mem- ory requirements for dierent levels of communication reliability is evaluated. Chapter 14 focuses on improving the transmission energy consumption of WSNs while the QoS of communication is guaranteed. Chapter 15 and 16 discuss the time synchronization techniques for WSNs. Chapter 15 provides an overview of time synchronization in WSNs. Fundamental techniques, influenced factors, uncertainties and errors, as well as evaluating metrics of time synchronization are identied. Dierent time synchroniza- tion methods are presented and evaluated. Chapter 16 focuses on time synchronization for underwater WSNs. The typical aributes of this type of WSNs are addressed; the eect of underwater environment on the performance of a specic time synchroniza- tion algorithm is studied and demonstrated through simulation. [...]... wireless sensors was driven by military applications but the introduction of civilian wireless sensor systems has greatly diversified application domain which has further boosted research efforts in the field of wireless sensor networks Present state of the evolution of wireless sensor nodes allows utilization of smart sensors to enhance the performance and robustness of WSNs From the communication engineering... of WSNs are constantly growing Wireless sensor nodes constituting a WSN consist of a sensor interface, microcontroller, memory and battery units together with a radio module Hence, wireless sensor nodes are able to carry out distributed sensing and data processing, and to share the collected data using radio communications In the beginning the development of wireless sensors was driven by military... of WSNs A special type of WSNs, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), is highlighted and studied This chapter also discusses and compares different hardware platforms and architectures for WMSNs In summary, with a variety of design and development aspects being considered and discussed, the concept introductions and research discussions of this smart wireless sensor network (WSN) book are expected... Methodology Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems 3 1 X Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems Jari Nieminen, Shekar Nethi, Mikael Björkbom, Aamir Mahmood, Lasse Eriksson and Riku Jäntti Aalto University, School of Science and Technology Finland 1 Introduction State-of-the-art Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology enables design and implementation... technical solutions are extremely important to enable economic feasibility of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks The chapter discusses new communication protocols and state-of-the-art design methodologies as well as good practices that together enable reliable operation of various wireless sensor networks We especially focus on reliability issues since many WSN applications are located in troublesome... digital signal processors Hence, most sensor systems are not using any kind of FEC currently Instead, only Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is used for error detection, where a check sum is calculated from the raw data using a predetermined code 2.3 Antenna Diversity Co-existence of high power wideband wireless local area networks (WLANs) and low power wireless sensor networks on unlicensed ISM bands is... spread spectrum technologies In the basic form of DSSS the signal is multiplied by a fixed code to spread the original data signal over a wider band Several wireless communication systems exploit DSSS such as IEEE 802.11b (IEEE 6 Smart Wireless Sensor Networks 802.11, 2007) and IEEE 802.15.4 (IEEE 802.15.4, 2006) On the other hand, FHSS devices hop on different frequency channels based on a predetermined... for comprehensive surveys The main contributions of this chapter include a review of current technologies used in wireless sensor networks and of the state-of-the-art solutions We also discuss and propose novel communication protocols to enhance the performance and reliability of smart sensor systems In each of the sections we present a comprehensive literature review and give the main references for... operating frequencies Therefore, to assess the physical properties of a real radio environment and investigate the 8 Smart Wireless Sensor Networks use of antenna diversity in WSNs, measurements using real nodes were carried out in an industrial warehouse The measurement setup consists of a sensor node equipped with a CC2431 (802.15.4 PHY) radio module connected to an Anritsu 50 Ω 2.41-2.45 GHz portable... enable collision-free transmissions in an efficient manner During the development of WSNs, research efforts in Advanced Communication Solutions for Reliable Wireless Sensor Systems 9 the field of access mechanisms for single-channel wireless sensor networks have been extensive However, the performance of WSNs could be improved by exploiting multiple frequency channels simultaneously to ensure robustness, . this smart wireless sensor network (WSN) book, various aspects of designing a smart WSN have been investigated and discussed. The main topics include: advanc- es in smart wireless ad hoc and sensor. boosted research efforts in the field of wireless sensor networks. Present state of the evolution of wireless sensor nodes allows utilization of smart sensors to enhance the performance and. Wireless Sensor Networks 207 Nan Hua and Yi Guo A Reliable and Flexible Transmission Method in Wireless Sensor Networks 229 Dae-Young Kim and Jinsung Cho Performance Analysis of Binary Sensor- Based