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Edited by (Editor-in-Chief) Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks Edited by Dr. Winston Seah and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Goran Bajac Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Andreas Guskos, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks, Edited by Dr. Winston Seah and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-297-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Part 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Preface IX Review of Technology 1 A Survey of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks 3 Zhe Yang and Abbas Mohammed Review of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Sustainable Wireless Sensor Network 15 Yen Kheng Tan and Sanjib Kumar Panda Monitoring of Wireless Sensor Networks 45 Benahmed Khelifa, Haffaf Hafid and Merabti Madjid Communications and Networking 73 Diversity Techniques for Robustness and Power Awareness in Wireless Sensor Systems for Railroad Transport Applications 75 Mathias Grudén, Magnus Jobs and Anders Rydberg Energy Efficient Transmission Techniques in Continuous-Monitoring and Event-Detection Wireless Sensor Networks 97 Nizar Bouabdallah, Bruno Sericola, Sofiane Moad and Mario E. Rivero-Angeles On Clustering in Sensor Networks 125 Michel Marot, Alexandre Delye and Monique Becker Cluster-based Routing Protocols for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks 167 Moufida Maimour, Houda Zeghilet and Francis Lepage Contents Contents VI An Energy-aware Clustering Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks 189 Wibhada Naruephiphat and Chalermpol Charnsripinyo EECED: Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks 211 Buyanjargal Otgonchimeg and Youngmi Kwon Topology Control and Routing in Large Scale WSNs 225 Ines Slama Dynamic Routing Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks 253 Mukundan Venkataraman, Mainak Chatterjee and Kevin Kwiat Routing Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Defenses 279 Jaydip Sen Optimization for WSN Applications 311 Optimization Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks 313 Arslan Munir and Ann Gordon-Ross A k-covered Mobile Target Tracking in Voronoi-based Wireless Sensor Networks 339 Jiehui Chen, Mariam B.Salim and Mitsuji Matsumoto Power Efficient Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks 355 Dimitrios Zorbas and Christos Douligeris Node Deployment and Mobile Sinks for Wireless Sensor Networks Lifetime Improvement 373 George Zaki, Nora Ali, Ramez Daoud, Hany ElSayed, Sami Botros, Hassanein Amer and Magdi El-Soudani A Sink Node Allocation Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Suppression Particle Swarm Optimization 399 Hidehiro Nakano, Masaki Yoshimura, Akihide Utani, Arata Miyauchi and Hisao Yamamoto Hybrid Approach for Energy-Aware Synchronization 413 Robert Akl, Yanos Saravanos and Mohamad Haidar Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Part 3 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Contents VII Maximizing Lifetime of Data Gathering Wireless Sensor Network 431 Ryo Katsuma, Yoshihiro Murata, Naoki Shibata, Keiichi Yasumoto and Minoru Ito Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation for Wireless Sensor Networks 453 Rabindra Bista and Jae-Woo Chang A Chaos-Based Data Gathering Scheme Using Chaotic Oscillator Networks 485 Hidehiro Nakano, Akihide Utani, Arata Miyauchi and Hisao Yamamoto Systems Implementation 499 Energy-efficient Reprogramming of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks 501 Seán Harte, Emanuel M. Popovici, Stefano Rollo and Brendan O’Flynn Programming a Sensor Network in a layered middleware architecture 521 Michele Albano and Stefano Chessa Group Key Managements in Wireless Sensor Networks 547 Ju-Hyung Son and Seung-Woo Seo Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Part 4 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Wireless Sensor Networks came into prominence around the start of this millennium motivated by the omnipresent scenario of small-sized sensors with limited power de- ployed in large numbers over an area to monitor dierent phenomenon. The sole mo- tivation of a large portion of research eorts has been to maximize the lifetime of the network, where network lifetime is typically measured from the instant of deployment to the point when one of the nodes has expended its limited power source and becomes in-operational – commonly referred as rst node failure. Over the years, research has in- creasingly adopted ideas from wireless communications as well as embedded systems development in order to move this technology closer to realistic deployment scenarios. In such a rich research area as wireless sensor networks, it is dicult if not impossible to provide a comprehensive coverage of all relevant aspects. In this book, we hope to give the reader with a snapshot of some aspects of wireless sensor networks research that provides both a high level overview as well as detailed discussion on specic areas. The chapters in this book can be generally divided into the following areas: review of technology, wireless communications and networking, optimization for WSN applications, and systems implementation with a brief mention on security. Dr. Winston Seah and Dr. Yen Kheng Tan (Editor-in-Chief) Preface [...]... suitable for simulating wireless sensor network operations Nam is a package for visualization using for NS-2 3 Sensor Sim is a simulation framework for modeling sensor networks built upon the NS-2 simulator and provides additional feature for modeling sensor networks A Survey of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks 13 7 Conclusions and Future Work Routing technologies in sensor networks have attracted... in wireless sensor networks, the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), Altlanta, GA, USA Hollick, M., Martinovic, I., Krop, T & Rimac, I (2004) A survey on dependable routing in sensor networks, ad hoc networks, and cellular networks, the 30th EUROMICRO Conference Intel (2004) Instrumenting the word-an introduction to wireless sensor networks. .. also be improved by focusing on sensor network in mind 8 References Akyildiz, I F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y & Cayirci, E (2002) A survey on sensor network, IEEE Communications Magazine Braninsky, D & Estrin, D (2002) Rumor routing algorithm for sensor networks, First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), Atlanta,GA 14 Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks Chang, J H & Tassiulas,... the potential of cooperations among sensors in date collecting and processing, coordination and management of the sensing activity, and date flow to the sink Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the architecture of sensor networks WSN can be formed by sensors in an ad-hoc manner It belongs to the general family of sensor networks that use multiple distributed sensors to collect information on entities... in wireless sensor networks, The Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distriution Research Program (ATIRP’2000), College Park,MD Dan, T V & Langendoen, K (2003) An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks, the first international conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, ACM press, pp 171–180 Demirkol, I., Ersoy, C & Alagoz, F (2006) Mac protocols for wireless sensor. .. section 7 6 1.3 Design Factors of WSNs Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks Due to the large number of sensor nodes and the dynamics of their operating environment, it poses unique challenges in the architecture design of sensor networks Routing design is closely related to the system architecture mode In this section, we will summarize architectural issues of sensor networks and how they affect routing... Energy-efficient link layer for wireless microsensor networks, IEEE 2001 Computer Society Workshop on VLSI, pp 16–21 Sohrabi, K (2000) Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network, IEEE Personal Communications 7(5): 16–27 Xu, N (2002) A survey of sensor network applications, IEEE Communications Magazine 40 Ye, W & Heidemann, J (2003) Medium access control in wireless sensor networks, Technical... differentiating network services based on priority level It allows sensor networks to reflect on the criticality of data packets originating from the different sensor nodes 12 Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks 6 Research Platforms and Tools Great interests have motivated intensive research to realize the vision of WSN in the past few years Research prototype sensor nodes (UCB motes, WINS, Smart Dust, PC104, etc.)... (2006) Mac protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey, Communications Magazine, IEEE 44(4): 115–121 Ditzel, M & Langendoen, K (2005) D3: Data-centric data dissemination in wireless sensor networks, Wireless Technology 2005 pp Page(s):185 – 188 Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A & Balakrishnan, H (2000) Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks, the Hawaii International Conference... development of MEMS has led to smart disposable micro sensors, which can be networked through wireless 4 Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks connections to the Internet Fig 1 shows an architecture of communications in a WSN Sensor nodes are capable of organizing themselves, and collect information about the phenomenon and route data via neighbouring sensors to the sink The gateway in Fig 1 could be a . Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks 3 A Survey of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks Zhe Yang and Abbas Mohammed 0 A Survey of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks Zhe Yang. the sink. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the architecture of sensor networks. WSN can be formed by sensors in an ad-hoc manner. It belongs to the general fam- ily of sensor networks. Event-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks 211 Buyanjargal Otgonchimeg and Youngmi Kwon Topology Control and Routing in Large Scale WSNs 225 Ines Slama Dynamic Routing Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks
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